The nominative plural form of the noun is. Plural of nouns. Nominative case. the origin of the word and its structural elements

Difficult plural forms of nouns

Among the forms of nouns, the formation of which may be associated with certain difficulties, one should include the plural forms of the nominative case ( directors or directors, valves or valve?) and the genitive plural form of some nouns ( five grams And five grams, five oranges or five orange?)

1. Plural forms of the nominative case of nouns: directors or directors?

The nominative plural form of nouns is checked in dictionary order (according to the dictionary). See rubric "Word Check" on our portal. Please note: the search for a word in dictionaries is carried out by the initial form (nominative case, singular)!

The dictionary entry reads as follows: if the entry does not contain special indications of the plural form (litter pl.), then the ending is used to form the nominative plural -And or -s. If a different ending is required (or options are acceptable), then a litter is put: pl. -A. For example:

In modern Russian literary language options, fluctuating in the form of them. n. pl. h., have over 300 words. The focus of distribution of flexion -and I) are the spheres of vernacular and professional language. For this reason, the forms -and I) often have a colloquial or professional coloring: contracts, locksmith, turner. The forms on -s(s) are more neutral and for most words meet the traditional norms of the literary language. However, in some cases the forms -and I) have already supplanted the forms on -s(s).

In addition, you can remember a number of patterns that facilitate the choice of inflection (ending) of the nominative plural:

Declinable neuter nouns, the initial form of which ends in -KO, have unstressed plural inflection. h. im. P. -And (faces, feathers, apples). The exception is nouns with stressed plural endings. hours: troops And clouds.

Other neuter nouns in plural form. h take the ending -and I): swamps, fields, seas, windows.

Form on -and I some words may be singular or predominant: side - sides (sides only in phraseological combination hands to the sides); century - century (eyelids only in phraseological combinations for once, forever and ever, forever and ever), eye - eyes, meadow - meadows, fur - furs, snow - snow, stack - stacks, silk - silk.

Forms can have different meanings: tones(about color) and tones(about sound) of bread(about cereals) and loaves(about baked bread) workshops And workshops(at the enterprise) and workshops(medieval organizations of artisans).

Noun forms can differ in stylistic coloring: sides and outdated. sides; Houses and outdated. houses; stern and outdated. stern; horns and outdated. and a poet. horns; varieties and outdated. varieties; volumes and outdated. then we, and thunders and a poet. thunder; coffins and a poet. coffin.

Finally, noun forms can be equal and interchangeable: of the year And years(But: years of youth, severe deprivation; nineties, zero years), workshops And workshops(at the enterprise), storm And storms.

In order to resolve the issue of the status of the "controversial" form of the word (non-normative, variant, stylistically colored, etc.), in any case, you need to refer to the dictionary.

Non-standard plurals are formed in words child - children, man - people, bottom - bottom and some others.

2. Plural forms of the genitive case of nouns: five grams or five grams?

For most masculine nouns that end in a hard consonant in their initial form ( orange, tomato, fly agaric, computer, sock), characteristically ending -ov in the genitive plural form: oranges, tomatoes, fly agarics, computers, socks etc. An extensive number of exceptions can be distinguished from this rule - similar nouns, but having a zero ending in the genitive plural: one stocking - no stockings, one Ossetian - five Ossetians, one gram - five grams And five grams etc. These words include:

Names of people by nationality and by belonging to military formations, mainly used in plural forms in a collective meaning: Magyars - Magyars, Turkmens - Turkmens, midshipmen - midshipmen and midshipmen, partisans - partisans, soldiers - soldiers; this also includes the form r. n. pl. h. Human.

Names of paired items: boots - boot, eyes - eyes, cuffs - cuffs, shoulder straps - shoulder strap, stockings - stocking, epaulettes - epaulette, boots - boots.

Names of measures and units of measurement: 220 volts, 1000 watts, 5 amps, 500 gigabytes. If such names are used outside the "measuring" context (in other words, the genitive case form is not countable), then the ending is used -ov: live without excess kilograms, not enough gigabytes.

It should be noted that the names of fruits, fruits and vegetables, which are masculine nouns, in the initial form ending in a solid consonant ( orange, eggplant, tomato, tangerine), in the genitive plural form. hours have an ending -ov: five oranges, a kilogram of eggplant, New Year without tangerines, tomato salad.

For some nouns, the formation of plural forms. h. n. difficult; these are the words dream, prayer, head. On the contrary, words cheek And woodworker do not have other forms, except for the plural form. h. case.

See: "Russian Grammar", M., 1980.

Most masculine nouns of the 1st declension in the nominative plural are characterized by the main ending -ы/-и. This ending has:

1) nouns containing more than one syllable, of which the last one is stressed (in the nominative singular): argument, boxer, opening day, veteran, leader, debutant, defús, mound, motel, trainee, psychic, etc. The exception is two words: sleeve - sleeve and cuff - cuff;

2) a considerable number of monosyllabic nouns with constant stress in case forms (singular): ball - balls, bass - basses, fight - boú, goal - goals, fat - fats, club - clubs (smoke), garden - gardens, soup - soups, cheese - cheeses; gene - genes, grams - grams, cargo - cargoes, probe - probes, club - clubs (association of people); lacquer - lacquers, elevator - elevators, warehouse - warehouses, syllable - syllables, review - review, cake - cakes, toast - toast, pound - pounds, chef - chefs and some. others

Note. A mistake, and a fairly common one, is the formation of mopmá.

At the same time, a significant part of nouns is characterized by the -a form as normative, i.e. the only one possible from the point of view of the literary norm. Forms on -á / -я (shock) have:

1) many monosyllabic nouns: side (but in idioms: hands on the sides), century (but in idioms: to live through the ages, forever and ever, forever and ever, for some eyelids), top (top in the meaning of `lifting folding carriage roof`), eye, house, fodder, edge, forest, log, meadow, fur (in the meaning of `dressed skins` or `products from them`), horn, family (in the meaning of `kind, type of troops or weapons`) , growth, snow, account (in the meanings of `monetary document`, `digit of financial transaction`), current (in the meanings of `threshing place`, `place of drawing`), tone (in the meaning of `color, shade of color`), bread ( in the meaning of `cereal`), barn, color (as the color of something), silk (silk in the meaning of `product`).

The ending -я (with an increase in the suffix -j- or ovj-) has nouns tooth, son-in-law, wedge, stake, com, scream (in the meanings of `a device for carrying weights`, `point, mounted on a pole`), godfather, husband ( in the meaning of `married man in relation to his wife`);

2) many nouns with more than one syllable with a constant stress on the first syllable (in singular forms): ádress (as a designation of residence), shore, borov (as part of a chimney), býer, býfer, veer, véksel, vénzel, vertel, evening, city, voice, doctor, dowel, huntsman, gutter, pearls (as products), millstones, bins, cutter, kuver, clover (as `crops of this culture`), bell, body (in all meanings except `torso` and `typographic font`), dome, coachman, camp (in all meanings, except for `socio-political grouping`), plow, master, number, image (in the meaning of `icon`), short, circle, order (as a reward) , warrant (in the meaning of `document`), island, vacation, sail, passport, quail, cook, train, gut, cellar, belt, wire, pass (in the meaning of `document`), sugar (sugar - in special use in the meaning `varieties of this substance`), térem, black grouse, poplar, torbas, týes, cold (cold in the meaning of `cold weather`), farm, skull, best man, ramrod, ̀junker (in the meanings of `pupil of a military school in pre-revolutionary Russia` and `volunteer non-commissioned officer` in the Russian army), anchor and nek. others

Note. The forms found in written and oral speech in -a from the following words do not meet the literary norm: age, hair, choice, discharge, exit, admission, cone, lapel, lecturer, month, profile, sniper, rector, transport, trainer, circle.

The ending -я (with an increase in the suffix -j-) has nouns ear, rim, rein (`belt for driving a horse`).

Several dozen nouns have variant forms in -ы/-и and -á/-я. Some of these nouns are commonly used words, the variant forms of which are normative and stylistically equivalent. These include: bunker, heap, pennant, glider, jumper, asp, inspector, instructor, tunic, proofreader, cruiser, pretzel (only the -i form is used in phraseology: write out a pretzel), shred, flap, lighter, seine, gadfly , whirlpool, order (as a term of architecture), baker, clerk, pole, mine (the form of the mine is preferable), bailiff, handwriting, searchlight, poodle, report (the form of reports is preferable), editor, mouthpiece, sweater, sector, scooter, locksmith, sable (in the meaning of `fur, fur products` only sable), sauce, slipway, report card, tenor, turner, tractor, tumbler, truffle, non-commissioned officer, paramedic, courier, outbuilding, weather vane, workshop, skipper, schnitzel, stack, stamp , plug, storm, sharpie, hawk.

The number of words whose variant forms are characteristic of poetic, sublime speech is insignificant. Such variant forms include snow, wind, thunder, leaves (of plants), men, sons, poplars. Wed, for example: "Crazy winds are walking along these simple autumn glades" (R. Kaz.); "I love you, My swinging winds" (A. Prokofiev); "As if sneaking up on a quiet sky, A cloud stretched. Lightning. Thunder. On the field, a spruce with its green umbrella, Behind the field - somewhere far away - at home" (A. Reshetov); "Ask those soldiers who lie under the birches, and let their sons tell you if the Russians want wars" (Evt.); "And the spring whistles and mutters. Poplars are flooded knee-deep. Maples wake up from sleep, So that, like butterflies, the leaves clapped" (Zabol.).

Note. Forms in -а/-я and -ы/-и are not stylistic variants if they refer to homonyms or to different meanings of the word. For example: teeth (for a saw) and teeth (for a person, an animal); roots (`roots and leaves used in lishu') and roots (part of a plant; mathematical term); husbands (`men in relation to wives`) and husbands (` statesmen`), etc.

Rakhmanova L.I., Suzdaltseva V.N. Modern Russian language. - M, 1997.

As noted earlier (see paragraph 2.2.1. Gender of nouns), in the form nominative plural(primarily masculine nouns) there is a large number of endings, which is associated with the history of the development of the declension system of Russian nouns.

1. Currently, among the masculine nouns of the second declension, two endings are most common: -s/-s And -and I, and in colloquial speech and vernacular, the ending -and I. It partially replaces the ending -s/-s and in literary language.

So, in the 19th century, forms were common houses, trains, and in the twentieth century - houses ́, trains ́. Already in recent decades forms directors, professors became obsolete, and their place was taken by the options for director ́, professor ́.

However, the process of replacing the ending -ы / - and the ending -а / -я in the literary language is much slower than in common speech, precisely because the forms with -а / -я are largely perceived as second-rate, reduced.

The use of both endings is determined by a number of factors:

A) ending -а/-я have nouns denoting paired concepts:

eyes ́, sleeves ́, cuffs ́;

b) most monosyllabic words have a plural ending -s/-s (cakes, fleets, noises), but exceptions are possible (houses ́, varieties ́);

V) ending -а / -я, as a rule, have two in the plural Difficult words with stress on the first syllable.

Wed: ka ter - boats, ramrod - ramrod ́.

If the stress in the initial form falls on the second syllable, then the plural ending is common -s/-s: watermelon - watermelons;

G) in trisyllabic and polysyllabic words, the ending is common -s/-s with an accent in the middle of a word: pharmacists, contracts(form contracts although it is permissible, it is still undesirable!);

e) foreign words (more often of French origin) with the final -er / -er and the stress on the last syllable usually have the ending -ы / -и:

officer - officers, kiosker - kioskers, chauffeur - chauffeurs (!);

note to the last form. The form used in colloquial and professional speech driver supported by the colloquial singular with the stress on the first syllable - chauffeur. But such pronunciation is not literary (!).

e) words of Latin origin with the final -tor/-sor usually have the ending -ы/-и ( computers, processors), although for animate nouns, which are quite frequent and common in speech, the ending -а / -я becomes common.

Wed: commentators, lecturers, novators - directors ́, doctors ́, professors ́;

and) the ending -а/-я usually have two-syllable and three-syllable nouns with stress on the first syllable and with the final -l/-l and -r/-r:

shako - shako, tunic - tunic(admissible - jackets).

Sometimes the same noun is simultaneously subject to several mutually exclusive factors. It is among these words that largest number options in speech.

For example, words factor, vector disyllabic with stress on the first syllable, so in the plural they could have the ending -а / -я. At the same time, these are inanimate nouns of Latin origin with a final -tor, so they can end with -s/-and . In the literary language, the action of the second factor wins and variants are normative vectors , factors.
Noun bunker disyllabic with stress on the first syllable, so it can have an ending -a. But as a word of German and not French origin in -er, it can end in -s. In the literary language, both forms are equal: bunker And bunkers.

Sometimes the use of one or another ending is determined by the meaning and compatibility of the word:

hog(horizontal parts of chimneys) and hogs(castrated male pigs);
conductors / conductors of trams And conductors in the machine(special devices in mechanisms);
buildings - factory, cadet corps ́ And body of a person or animal;
fur(dressed animal skins) and bellows;
images in the novel And images of saints in the church;
knightly orders And orders for feats;
reins for a horse And occasions(urges);
belts - robes And Time Zones(admissible - time zones);
letter gaps And factory passes;
sable(fur) and sable(animals);
bank accounts ́ - office accounts;
sons from first marriage And sons of the fatherland;
electric currents And current ́ in the field;
tones in music And tones in painting;
apply the brakes - eliminate the brakes in work;
spiritual teachers And school teachers;
bread in the oven And bread in the field;
colors(paints) and flowers(plants);
junkers(large landowners in Germany) and Junkers(pupils of military schools).

2. Nouns of the second gender of the second declension mostly have the ending -а/-я in the plural: ring ́ - rings, porch ́ - porches.

This ending (unlike masculine nouns) is usually unstressed: villages, glass, buckets.

In the initial form, the stress usually falls on the last syllable: village, glass, bucket.

But the stress ending -а / -я is also possible - mirrors(in the initial form, such nouns usually have an accent on the stem - mirror).

Much less often, neuter nouns have the ending -ы/-и: shoulder - shoulders.

Sometimes in speech there is an erroneous use of the ending -ы / -и for a number of neuter nouns instead of the normative ending -а / -я.

For example: mirrors instead of normative mirrors; spots instead of normative spots; eggs instead of normative eggs.

3. Whole line nouns are characterized by non-standard formation of the nominative plural form:

masculine nouns in -yonok in the plural have the suffix -yat- and the unstressed ending -а:

foal - foals, child - guys;

-anin/-yanin plural nouns end in -any/-yan:

citizen - citizens, peasant - peasants, Armenian - Armenians (!);

note into plural forms of nouns: host - hosts(very big mistake) hosts!), bottom - donya, awl - shilya, chicken - chickens, ship - ships, child - children, man - people.

4. In addition, it should be remembered that not all nouns have two forms - singular and plural.

Collective, abstract nouns have only the singular form:

goodness, faith, youth, underwear.

A number of specific nouns do not have a singular form:

scissors, trousers.

The names of substances usually also have one form: either the singular form or the plural form.

Wed: sugar, coal, jam; ink, sawdust.

Therefore, it would be incorrect to use an abstract noun in the plural morality in a sentence: The word "morality" is understood as generally accepted forms of morality, protected by the state.

18. Nominative plural nouns. End options.

Most masculine nouns of the 1st declension in the nominative plural are characterized by the main ending -ы/-и. This ending has:
1) nouns containing more than one syllable, of which the last one is stressed (in the nominative singular): argument, boxer, opening day, veteran, leader, debutant, defús, mound, motel, trainee, psychic, etc. The exception is two words: sleeve - sleeve and cuff - cuff;
2) a considerable number of monosyllabic nouns with constant stress in case forms (singular): ball - balls , bass - bass , fight - boú, goal - goals , fat - fats , club - clubs  (smoke), garden - gardens, soup - soups, cheese - cheeses; gene - genes, gram - grams, cargo - cargo, probe - probes, club - clubs (association of people); varnish - varnishes, elevator - elevators, warehouse - warehouses, syllable - servants, review - review, cake - cakes, toast - toast, pound - pounds, chef - chefs and some. others

The ending -s also has the vast majority of borrowed words in -tor, -sor (such as vector, compressor, lecturer). The exceptions are the nouns director, doctor, professor, which form the nominative plural in -a. A few words - animated inspector, instructor, conductor (about a person), proofreader, editor, inanimate searchlight, sector, tractor (the rest of the inanimate ones in -tor, -sor have the ending -s) have variant, stylistically equal forms: instructors and instructors, searchlights and searchlights, etc.
At the same time, a significant part of nouns is characterized by the -a form as normative, i.e. the only one possible from the point of view of the literary norm. Forms on -á / -я (shock) have:
1) many monosyllabic nouns: side (but in phraseological units: hands on the sides), century (but in phraseological units: to live through the ages, forever and ever, forever and ever, for some eyelids), top (top in the meaning of "lifting folding crew roof"), eye, house, feed, edge, forest, log, meadow, fur (meaning "dressed skins" or "products from them"), horn, family (meaning "type, type of troops or weapons") , growth, snow*, account (in the meanings of "monetary document", "digit of a financial transaction"), current (in the meanings of "place of threshing", "place of current"), tone (in the meaning of "color, shade of color"), bread (in the meaning of "cereal"), barn, color (as the color of something), silk (silk in the meaning of "products").
The ending -я (with an increase in the suffix -j- or ovj-) has the nouns tooth, son-in-law, wedge, stake, lump, cry (in the meanings of "a device for carrying weights", "a point mounted on a pole"), godfather, husband ( in the meaning of "a married man in relation to his wife");
2) many nouns with more than one syllable with a constant stress on the first syllable (in singular forms): ádress (as a designation of residence), shore, borov (as part of a chimney), býer, býfer, veer, véksel, vénzel, vertel, evening, city, voice, doctor, dowel, huntsman, gutter, pearls (as products), millstones, bins, cutter, kver, clover (as "crops of this culture"), bell, body (in all meanings, except for "trunk" and "typographic font"), dome, coachman, camp (in all meanings, except for "socio-political group"), plow, master, number, image (in the meaning of "icon"), short, circle, order (as a reward) , warrant (in the meaning of "document"), island, vacation, sail, passport, quail, cook, train, giblets, cellar, belt, wire, pass (in the meaning of "document"), sugar (sugar - in special use in the meaning "varieties of this substance"), tower, black grouse, poplar, torbas, tyes, cold (cold in the meaning of "a period of cold weather"), farm, skull, best man, ramrod, yunker (meaning "a pupil of a military school in pre-revolutionary Russia "and" volunteer non-commissioned officer "in the Russian army), anchor and neck. others

The ending -я (with the build-up of the suffix -j-) has nouns ear, rim, rein ("belt for driving a horse").
Several dozen nouns have variant forms in -ы/-и and -á/-я. Some of these nouns are commonly used words, the variant forms of which are normative and stylistically equivalent. These include: bunker, heap, pennant, glider, jumper, asp, inspector, instructor, tunic, proofreader, cruiser, pretzel (only the -i form is used in phraseology: write out a pretzel), shred, flap, lighter, seine, gadfly , whirlpool, order (as a term of architecture), baker, clerk, pole, mine (the form of the mine is preferable), bailiff, handwriting, searchlight, poodle, report (the form of reports is preferable), editor, mouthpiece, sweater, sector, scooter, locksmith, sable (in the meaning of "fur, fur products" only sable), sauce, slipway, report card, tenor, turner *, tractor, tumbler, truffle, non-commissioned officer, paramedic, courier, outbuilding, weather vane, workshop, skipper, schnitzel, stack, stamp, plug, storm, sharpie, hawk.

A significant group is made up of words (generally used and assigned to one or another terminology), in which variant forms in -а / -я characterize professional speech (mechanics, technicians, sailors, etc.). Such forms are actively used from nouns, which are the names of mechanisms (and their parts), various kinds of devices, tools, equipment, etc. (valve - valve, grader - grader, throttle - throttle, dowel - dowel, tanker - tanker, etc.), the names of professions, specialties, positions (pilot - pilot, navigator - navigator, etc.).
The number of words whose variant forms are characteristic of poetic, sublime speech is insignificant. Such variant forms include snow, wind, thunder, leaves (of plants), men, sons, poplars. Wed, for example: "Crazy winds are walking along these simple autumn glades" (R. Kaz.); "I love you, My swinging winds" (A. Prokofiev); "As if sneaking up on a quiet sky, A cloud stretched. Lightning. Thunder. On the field, a spruce with its green umbrella, Behind the field - somewhere far away - at home" (A. Reshetov); "Ask those soldiers who lie under the birches, and let their sons tell you if the Russians want wars" (Evt.); "And the spring whistles and mutters. Poplars are flooded knee-deep. Maples wake up from sleep, So that, like butterflies, the leaves clapped" (Zabol.).

19. Genitive plural of nouns and variants of endings of the genitive plural.

I. The main ending of masculine nouns is -ov / (-ev) -ev: mushrooms, cargo, directors, territories, museums, etc.
Some words have an ending -ey (residents, teachers, knives) and a zero ending (boots, townspeople).
1. The ending -ov / (-ev) -ev is characteristic of those nouns whose final sound in the singular (nominative case) is a solid consonant (except for w and w) or -j (in writing - the letter y): mushroom - mushrooms , cucumber - cucumbers, region - regions, museum - museums, etc.
2. The ending -it is characteristic of those masculine nouns, the final sound of which in the singular is a soft consonant (except -j) or w, w: dove - doves, acorn - acorns, executioner - executioners, knife - knives, kid - kids.
The same ending has a number of words in -a, -ya of the masculine and general gender: dad, uncle, tyatya, raja, Chukchi, young man; mumbling, idler, (not) even, quiet, as well as male informal names with a basis in a soft consonant or hissing: Volodya - Volodya, Seryozha - Seryozha.
3. Zero ending is inherent in nouns, which are the following names:
a) paired items: boots - boots, boots - boots, felt boots - boots, eyes - eyes, leggings - leggings, moccasins - moccasins, shoulder straps - shoulder straps, boots - boots, stockings - stockings, boots - boots, epaulettes - epaulettes, and also hair - hair, teeth - tooth.
Exceptions: aiguillettes - aiguillettes, boots - boots, golfs - golfs, pimas - pims, horns - horns (but in phraseology - a horn: God does not give a horn to a vigorous cow).
Some words of this semantic group have variant stylistically equivalent endings: kédy - kédov and ked; sock - sock and socks, high boots - high boots and untov;
b) a number of nationalities, nationalities, tribes (including the names of disappeared peoples, as well as names that were used before), mainly with the final consonant -н or -р (in the singular): English - English, Armenian - Armenian n, Bashkirs - Bashkirs, Balkars - Balkars, Bulgarians - Bulgarians, Georgians - Georgians, Imeretyns - Imeretyn, Lezghuns - Lezghun, Magyars - Magyars, Moldavians - Moldavians, Ossetians - Ossetians, Ru weare – Romaniansn , Tatars - Tatars, Turks - Turks, Khazars - Khazars, Gypsies - Gypsies.
Some words of this group have variant stylistically equivalent endings: Avars - Avars and Avars, Buryaty - Buryat and Buryatov, Karelians - Karel and Karelians, Sarmatians - Sarmatians and Sarmatians, Turkmens - Turkmens and Turkmens, Uigurs - Uigurs and Uighurs.
But: Aisors, Arabs, Berbers, Bushmen, Hungarians, Kazakhs, Mongols, Negroes and some. others;
c) people at the place of residence into -anin / -yanin (in which this suffix is replaced in the plural by the suffix -an / -yan): city dweller - city dweller, aliennin - alienn, kievnin - kievn, village nin - villager, southerner - southerner, etc .;
d) cubs, non-adult creatures with the suffix -onok / -yonok (changing in the plural to the suffix -am / -yat): wolf cub - cubs, kitten - kittens, chicken - chickens, etc. Wed and slang salazhonok - salazhat; according to the same model, also butterdish - butter, honey agarics - mushrooms,
Note The genitive case from the imp, the imp - the demont, the devilt.

e) people by belonging to certain branches of the armed forces, to a military unit, to some political parties: partisan, soldier, cadet.
A number of names according to belonging to the branch of service (including the previous one), to the rank have variant stylistically equivalent forms: hussars - hussars and hussars, grenadiers - grenadiers and grenadiers, dragoons - dragoons and dragoons, cuirassiers - cuirass and cuirass, uhlans - uhlans and lancers, midshipmen - midshipmen and midshipmen. Wed, for example: "On November 22, Seslavin sent me to clear the left side of the Vilna road with a hundred Sumy hussars, a platoon of dragoons of the Tver regiment and a dozen donets" (A. Marlinsky); "... a Frenchman in a blue overcoat fought off the hussars with a bayonet" (L.T.); "In the evening of the same day, the tsar sent regiments of guardsmen and dragoons in pursuit" (Buganov V.I. Peter the Great and his time);
e) some units of measurement: ampere, watt (kilowatt, etc. s - watt), volt, roentgen (and compound words with - roentgen). For example, "... the natural radiation background is usually 15–20 microroentgens per hour ..." (Koms. pr. 1990. May 12).
In texts that are not strictly official, the zero ending (very common in live speech, in author's speech fiction) can also have nouns hectare, gram, kilogram. In texts that are not strictly official, the literary norm also allows a zero ending for words denoting certain vegetables, fruits: (kilo) apricot, orange, eggplant, tangerine, tomato.
II. 1. For nouns of the middle gender, the zero ending is the main one: bucket - buckets, business - affairs, dwelling - dwelling, building - building, window - windows, gun - guns (words like building, gun, i.e. words with a stem on - j, refer to those nouns in which a fluent vowel appears before the zero ending in the genitive plural: i- if the ending is not stressed, and -е- if the ending is stressed).
2. Some neuter nouns in the genitive case have the ending -ov / -ev. These include:
a) nouns, in the plural forms of which -j- appears before the ending: bottom → bottom, bottom, link → links, links, wings → wings *, wings; log → logs, logs; b) nouns on -ko (except for the army, ear **, Iblock, Iblochko) ***: drevko - drevkov, wheel - wheels, cloud - clouds, lake - lakes, points - points, shoulder - shoulders; c) some nouns with a base on -j (singular and plural); the upper reaches - the upper reaches, the lower reaches - the lower reaches (and the lower reaches), the tip - the points, the dress - dresses, the divorce - the leads, the mouth - the mouths, as well as the word swamp (swamps).

Some of the words in -tse have variant endings, one of which, as a rule, is more common than the second (the more common one is given first below): tree → trees and trees, ring → rings and rings, spindle → spindles and spindle, bucket → buckets and buckets, small business → businessmen and businessmen, little body → little bodies and little bodies, fiber → fibers and fibers, trough → troughs and troughs, blanket → blankets and blankets, logs → logs and logs, tentacle → tentacles and tentacles, hoof → hooves and hooves, lace → laces and laces, shiltse → shilts and shilets. Wed, for example; "[Meresiev] allowed himself to eat only ten spoons and a few fibers of white, soft chicken meat" (Polevoi B.N. The Tale of a Real Man) and: "With a decrease in the amount of twist, the connection of individual elementary fibers is broken" (Anuchin S.A. and etc. Arrangement and maintenance of twisting machines); "The bulk of the trees sold by us is obtained due to the barbaric extermination of already scarce forests" (Lit. Gaz. 1966. Dec. 31) and: "... when the crowns of individual trees merge into a common closed canopy and the trees begin to experience mutual lateral shading, then a struggle arises because of the light "(Morozov G. Teaching about oneself), etc.
III. For nouns female The 2nd declension is the main zero ending: (with) roofs, pines, apple trees, (without) pokers, sisters, weddings, etc.
A small number of feminine nouns ending in -а/-я end in -е. It is received by words that have a group of consonants before the end -gl-, -kl-, -chl-: (no) skittles, letters, sakley, rokhley, as well as the words share → doléy, stump → stump, candle → candle (but in phraseology - candles: the game is not worth the candle).
A small number of words have variant endings: barge - barge and barge, karakul - karakul and karakul, song - songs and songs *, handful - handful and handful, sheet - sheet and sheet, bawd - bawd and bawd, shutter - shutters and shutters, aunt - aunt and aunt.
The ending -her is also characteristic of feminine nouns with a soft consonant and hissing (3rd declension): role - roley, fabric - fabrics, night - nights. Only the word sazhen has two forms: sazhen and sazhen.
As for nouns that are used only in the plural form, the difficulty with the choice correct form The genitive case applies mainly to proper names. Therefore, common nouns of this type are not considered here, and those interested in the forms of the genitive case of proper names can be referred to the Dictionary of Accents for Radio and Television Workers by F.L. Ageenko and M.V. Zarva

20. Declination of names and surnames. Declination of toponyms.

A. Declension of names and surnames
I. Russian surnames and names, surnames and names of the inhabitants of the Slavic countries, as well as the surnames and names of the peoples living in the territory former USSR, in principle, they decline: "Eldar Ryazanov's films", "Andrey Bely's poems"
At the same time, there are a number of exceptions to this general rule, and the surnames and names of some morphological types require additional comments.
Do not bow, according to the modern literary norm:
a) last names beginning with -o, -e, -i, -yh/-ih, for example: "films of the film studio named after A.P. Dovzhenko", "the story of A.I. Marinesko"
b) female surnames ending in a consonant: "to visit the famous artist N. Uzhviy", "L.N. Tolstoy was acquainted with the eldest daughter of A.S. Pushkin, Maria Gartung";
c) the first part of a double surname, if it does not have the appearance of a traditional Russian surname or belongs to the morphological type of surnames that do not decline: "sculptures by Demut-Malinovsky", "plays by Sukhovo-Kobylin", "Miklukho-Maklay Street".
Surnames that sound the same as common nouns may or may not be inflected (although the inflected option is preferred)
Male surnames of East Slavic existence in -ok, -ek, -ets, -yats, -en, -el (homonymous with a common noun or having final combinations similar to those common nouns that have a fluent vowel when declensed) are inclined both with loss and without loss of a vowel: "Romances by S. Rachmaninov performed by the People's Artist of the USSR Y. Mazurok" (Mosk. Pr. 1982. 16 Apr.); "Perhaps the most remarkable thing in the new performance staged by V. Pluchek ..." (Vech. M. 1973. January 31);
It is also advisable to decline Polish, Czech and Slovak surnames and names in -ek, -ets, -el without losing a vowel, which makes it possible, while maintaining the same basis, to accurately derive the forms of all cases according to one of the available ones.

As for surnames in -ets, they are used mainly with the loss of a vowel. Compare, for example, in the translation of the novel "The Adventures of the Good Soldier Schweik" by J. Hasek: "Schweik turned to Palivets", "Schweik told Palivts", etc. Also given in the press was the surname Mártinets of the famous Czech hockey player: "Kick by Mártinets", "goal scored by Mártinets", etc. Wed and: "Vladislav Nelyubin wins only a second now against Vlastimil Moravec" (Pr. 1972. Oct. 16).
Note. Without losing the vowel e, surnames and names are inclined to -ek, -ok, -ets, -el, common in non-Slavic countries: "concerts that were organized by the famous American entrepreneur Saul Yurok."
The name Love is declined without losing the vowel o, as a noun of the 3rd declension (Love, Love, etc.). Following the pattern of this type of declension, a number of borrowed female names, long assimilated, also change into a soft consonant (mainly of biblical origin), common among people inhabiting the territory of the former USSR: "He lived with his sister Esther Alexandrovna" (Trifonov Yu.A. Reflections of a fire) ; "The works of Esther Shub outlined the ways of creating films of a new type" (Sadul Zh. History of cinema art / Translated by M.K. Levina) (for female names with a soft consonant, see also below).
II. 1. Foreign male surnames and names tend to consonants: "the opera" Porgy and Bess "by George Gershwin", "the novels of Heinrich Böll", "the skill of Gerard Philippe".
2. Male and female (foreign language) surnames and names ending in an unstressed without a preceding vowel and in -iya are inclined: "... turning morning breakfast into a scene from a comedy by Lope de Vega" (Kav.); "There is the cinema of De Siki and the cinema of Hitchcock, Kurosawa and Rene Clair" (A. Kapler);
Do not decline: a) male and female surnames and names ending in -o, -e, -i, -s, -u, -u, as well as -a (with a preceding vowel) and -á, for example: " plays by Jean Cocteau, Jawaharlal Nehru's Jubilee, Andre Morois' novels, Alberto Maravia's Roman Tales, Antonioni's films;

b) female surnames and names ending in a hard consonant, as well as surnames ending in a soft consonant: "Margaret Thatcher's visit", "Edith Piaf's songs", "Nicole Courcelles' performance".
As for female names with a soft consonant, then the matter is more complicated. As mentioned above, bow female names biblical origin - Hagar, Rachel, Ruth, Tamar, Judith. There is a strong tradition to incline the name of the heroine of the ballet Adana "Giselle": "Chauviré is an expressive, subtle dancer who became famous for her soulful performance of the role of Giselle" (Ballet of the National Opera House. Paris. M., 1958); "The part of Giselle was her old dream" (Teatr. 1972. No. 11); “Ten years ago, Bessmertnova and Lavrovsky made their debut in Giselle (Vech. M. 1973. March 15).
And one more feature of the declension of foreign-language surnames should be paid attention to: male surnames ending in -ov and -in have an ending in the instrumental case with the ending -om (unlike Russian surnames in -ov and -in, ending in -ym): " roles played by Max von Sydow", "pictures taken by Charlie Chaplin" (but: "by the surgeon Vasily Chaplin"). Wed See also: "I was brought to the committee by a desire to talk with its chairman, Peter Florin" (Pr. 1990. May 10).

B. Declension of toponyms
One-word toponyms - names settlements, rivers, lakes, etc. - are inclined, like common nouns. Compare, for example, toponyms in the titles of literary works: "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" (Radishch.), "House in Kolomna" (P.)
Toponyms are also inclined to -ovo / -evo, -ino / -yno. How inclined they "behaved" always and in folk speech, and in works of fiction: "History of the village of Goryukhin" (P.); "He was from a poor house in Chesmenka... she was from the same house in Shatilov" (Bun.); “I live in Aksenov, I drink koumiss, and I have already added 8 pounds.

-ovo / -evo, -ino / -ino are not always declined, which contradicts the norms of the Russian language: “Not only the boys of Enakievo thought so” (Av. i kosm. 1968. No. 11); "Events in Kosovo" (Koms. Pr. 1981.7 Apr.); "In 1982, I met the national team at Sheremetyevo-2 Soviet Union on volleyball..." (Koms. pr. 1990. June 5). Incidentally, the same toponyms are often found in the same newspaper in the correct, inflected form: "Events in Kosovo" (Koms. pr. 1988 November 23); "They did not fly abroad from Sheremetyevo-2" (Koms. pr. 1990. June 12). Unfortunate forms of typonyms penetrate, unfortunately, into the titles of children's films, accustoming children to mistreat the words of the Russian language Compare, for example: "Winter in Prostokvashino".
According to the literary norm, those one-word toponyms that end in vowels -i (if this toponym is not perceived as a plural form), -e, -o (except for toponyms in -ovo / -evo, -ino / -yno) are not declined. "inhabitants of Sochi (Tokyo, Tuapse, Tbilisi)", "competitions on Medeo", "travel along the Gobi", "waters of Aragvi".
As for non-single-word toponyms, they are inclined differently depending on whether they are syntactic combinations common to the Russian language or not. Firstly, all words are inclined, more precisely, all words that lend themselves to declension corresponding to a given syntactic construction: "in Vyshny Volochek (in New Orleans)", "near Nizhny Tagil", "on Far East", "in Frankfurt am Main", etc. Secondly, i.e. in those ambiguous names that are perceived as syntactically indecomposable, only the last element is declined (if it can be declined): "in Port Said (in New York)", "along the Sierra Nevada", "foothills of the Kopet-Dag", "in Kamenetz-Podolsky"
And one more feature of the declension of toponyms should be paid attention to. In the instrumental case, toponyms in -ov(o)/-ev(o), -in(o)/-yn(o) end in -om: (under) Pskov, (beyond) Kamyshin, (above) Vnukovo, Sheremetyev. Wed See also: "The Battle of Golovchin is not a great success for the Swedes, but it contributed to the further blinding of the king" (Buganov).

Sometimes the use of one or another ending is determined by the meaning and compatibility of the word:

· hog Á (horizontal parts of chimneys) and hog s (castrated male pigs);

· conductor A conductor s trams And conductor s in a stack(special devices in mechanisms);

· frame A factory, cadet corps Á And frame s human or animal;

· fur Á (dressed animal skins) and blacksmith fur And ;

· image s in the novel And image A saints in the church;

· knightly order s And order A for feats;

· rein I for a horse And occasion s (urges);

· belt A- bathrobes And time zone Á (admissible - time zone s );

· pass And letters And factory badge Á ;

· sable Í (fur) and sable And (animals);

· bank account Á - office account s;

· son I from first marriage And son ś fatherland;

· electric current And And current A in field;

· tone s in music And tone Á in painting;

· hit the brake A- remove the brake s in work;

· spiritual teachers And And school teachers Í ;

· bread s in the oven And bread A in field;

· color Á (paints) and color ś (plants);

· junker s (large landowners in Germany) and junker Á (pupils of military schools).

2. Genitive

1). For example, some nouns male in the genitive singular, the main variant of the ending varies AND I (tea, sugar) with additional options U/S (tea, sugar).

Usually endings U/S can be used in the following cases:

For nouns with a real value, when indicating their number - that is, to indicate a part of the whole ( a glass of tea, a kilo of sugar, a piece of cheese).

When they say bring milk, kvass, sausages etc., so it doesn't matter How many need to bring what part. On the contrary, when they say: bring milk, kvass, sausage, mean that the interlocutor knows How many need to bring or need to bring not Part as requested, and All. Wed: bring milk - bring a glass, a bottle of milk And bring milk from the refrigerator - bring all the milk from the refrigerator.

However, if the noun is accompanied by a definition, you need to choose the form with the ending A / Z ( a cup of hot tea, a pack of dried tobacco);

Collective and abstract nouns with the meaning of quantity ( few people, a lot of noise);

In phraseological units ( a week without a year, eye to eye, with the world on a string);

In negative sentences ( there is no peace, there was no refusal; read a book don't read a book).

2) In the genitive case plural nouns male several options for case endings:

Nouns with a null ending.	Nouns with endings.
Male
1) names of paired items: (pair) boots, trousers, felt boots, cuffs, boots, stockings, shoulder straps; 2) names of units of measurement: (several) amperes, (kilo) watts, volts, hertz, microns, ohms, roentgens; 3) names of people by nationality: (among) English, Armenians, Bashkirs, Bulgarians, Buryats, Georgians, Ossetians, Romanians, Tatars, Turkmens, Turks, Gypsies; 4) (detachment) hussar, grenadier, dragoon, partisan, soldier, lancer	1) (pair) socks; 2) (several) hectares, grams, kilograms, kilometers, newtons, centners, acres, yards; 3) (among) Azerbaijanis, Arabs, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Kirghiz, Mongols, Germans, Uzbeks, French, Yakuts; 4) (several) oranges, eggplants, tangerines, tomatoes, lemons, tomatoes; 5) (no) comments, corrections, rails, films.
Female
(many) barges, fables, towers, shoes, waffles, domain, roofs, nannies, sheets (and sheets), weddings, gossip, estates, herons, apple trees, candles (and candles)	(many) skittles, stakes, handfuls, sakleys
Neuter
(no) saucers, blankets, towels, shoulders, apples	(no) faces, upper reaches, swamps, lower reaches, windows, dresses, mouths, outbacks, coasts, potions, knees
Words that do not have a singular
(no) attacks, darkness, twilight	(no) frosts, canned food, rags, weekdays, rakes, mangers

3) In the prepositional case, the ending U is added in some cases to the main variant - the ending E: in the workshop - in the workshop(in this case, option Y is colloquial): grow in the forest - know about the forest(the ending distinguishes a shade in the meaning: circumstance and object), on a current account - to be in good standing(in expressions of a phraseological nature). Usually, when choosing an ending, one should take into account the context, that is, pay attention to what meaning is realized in the word.

2. Morphological norms of adjectives, numerals and pronouns.

In the normative aspect of the morphology of adjectives, two difficult issues are: the formation of forms of degrees of comparison and the difference between full and short forms of adjectives.

Formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives. There are simple and compound degrees of comparison of adjectives. A simple comparative form is formed using suffixes -her and -her (colloquial): faster - faster some adjectives form a comparative degree with a suffix -e: louder, louder, more agile, sweeter. The simple form of adjectives in the superlative degree is formed with the help of suffixes –aysh(s) (Supreme), –eysh (th ) (most beautiful). The compound comparative form is formed using the word more, and excellent with the help of the word most (This house is tall, but the next one is taller. This house is the highest in the city).

It should be borne in mind that not all qualitative adjectives are able to form degrees of comparison with the help of the corresponding suffixes. Do not form such forms of the word:

immortal, brilliant, near, fighting, sick (about a person), stormy, upper, eternal, possible, strong-willed, outstanding, heroic, deaf (about a person), naked, proud, old, distant, businesslike, cruel, familiar, oblique, short, crooked (about a person), dead (not alive), peaceful, powerful, unknown, lower, general, excellent, advanced, positive, last, permanent, similar, right (fair, containing the truth), empty (about a receptacle: nothing not filled), developed, early, torn, timid, blind, controversial, urgent, predatory, gloomy, colored, young, etc.

Some of these adjectives cannot be used in a comparative degree due to the specifics of their meaning (for example, one cannot be more or less immortal, more or less naked). Others could theoretically form comparative degree, but due to their formal characteristics they do not have such a form or have a little-used form. In the latter case, in informal speech, in some combinations, you can use a descriptive way of expressing the degree of comparison: more strong-willed, more businesslike, more cruel.

Traditional speech errors when forming forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives, they are connected:

1) mixing simple and compound forms of degrees of comparison (the higher, the most beautiful) And

2) the absence of an object of comparison ( This room is brighter. Need + than that).

Full and short forms of the adjective. There are differences between the full and short forms of the adjective, so these forms cannot always replace each other.

Short forms are predominantly bookish in color: The lecture is interesting and instructive. Full forms of adjectives are usually used in colloquial speech: The lecture is interesting and instructive. With the full form of the adjective used in the nominative case in the role compound predicate, cannot, as a rule, be controlled words, but in a short form they can. For example: he was sick with a sore throat; he is capable of music(but you can't say he was sick with a sore throat, he is capable of music).

The full form of the adjective indicates a permanent feature, the short form indicates a temporary one: beautiful girl(at all), the girl is beautiful(At the moment).

When forming short forms of adjectives ending in - enny (natural, artificial, solemn) fluctuations are observed: natural - natural, artificial - artificial, solemn - solemn. Currently, both options are possible both in written and oral speech, but the truncated form (na-en) is more common.

Morphological norms of nouns . There are rules for using numerals:

1) B complex and compound cardinal numbers all parts bow book with one hundred and fifty six pages).

2) When declining complex and compound ordinal numbers only changes the last word in numeral ( be born in nineteen ninety-two).

3) Cardinal numbers(except for the numeral alone ) do not combine with words denoting paired objects, such as: sleigh, scissors, day, trousers, glasses, etc.. (it is forbidden : twenty-two days, thirty-three scissors) – you should use editing the expression: The twenty-second day / twenty-two days have passed. Bought scissors in the amount of thirty-three pieces.

4) Collective numbers combine only with animate masculine nouns ( two boys, three men) and do not combine with feminine nouns ( you can't say: three girls, only: three girls).

5) When combining a noun with a numeral denoting a fraction, the noun must be in the genitive singular ( not allowed: 12.6 kilometers, only: 12.6 kilometers).

6) Numerals one and a half and one and a half hundred have only two case forms: in the Nominative and accusative cases: one and a half - one and a half and one and a half hundred, in all other cases one and a half and one and a half hundred. These numbers are combined with nouns in Genitive singular (Name and Vin. case ): one and a half spoons, and in the plural (all other cases): about one and a half pages.

Morphological norms of pronouns. Their morphological norms apply when using pronouns:

1) Pronoun They does not correspond to collective nouns ( people, youth, merchants). It is forbidden: The people unanimously went to the polls, because they understood how important it was. Should they → he or people → people.

2) Personal pronouns cannot be used as a second subject or object. It is forbidden: Plyushkin, he is the negative hero of the novel.

3) If there are two actors personal and possessive pronouns require additional clarification or rephrasing of the sentence as a whole so that there is no ambiguity. It is forbidden: The professor invited the graduate student to read his report (whose? Professor or graduate student?).

4) In indefinite pronouns with suffixes something, something, something suffix -That generates the value "unknown"; suffix -or forms the meaning "any", and the suffix –something - the meaning of "unimportant" (You can not: Someone or someone is knocking on the door. Only: Someone knocks).

5) Defining pronouns anyone, anyone and everyone cannot replace each other (You cannot: Every person is responsible for his own life. Only: Everyone...).

3. Morphological norms of verbs and prepositions.

Let us briefly turn to the main morphological norms governing the use of verbs:

1) Stylistically different verb pairs: see - see, hear - hear, lift - lift, climb - climb and so on. The first option is bookish - literary, the second - colloquial.

2) Verbs with alternation O//A at the base: condition - condition, focus - focus and so on. also differ as bookish (form on O) and colloquial (form on A).

3) In the so-called insufficient verbs ( conquer, convince, find oneself, dare, feel) the form of the 1st person singular of the future tense has a compound character ( I can / I can / I must win).

4) The so-called abundant verbs have two forms of the present tense with a stylistic or semantic difference. For example: waving - waving (book and colloquial version), moves (moves) - moves (leads, encourages).

Abundant verbs have two personal forms that differ in stylistic coloring.

Some parallel forms differ not stylistically, but in shades of meaning.

5) For verbs in the past tense, the main form is without a suffix -Well (get wet - wet, get used to - used to).

6) The unity of the aspectual-temporal forms of verbs is the rule according to which all verbs within the same sentence must be used in the same grammatical form. It is forbidden: On vacation, he rested and again did what he loved. Only: busy!

7) In a special form of the verb - gerund - suffix -V - normative, suffix – lice – colloquial. It is forbidden: Having read the book. Only: Reading the book.

Violation of grammatical norms is often associated with the use of prepositions. So, the difference in semantic and stylistic shades between synonymous constructions with prepositions is not always taken into account. because of And thanks to. Pretext thanks to retains its original lexical meaning associated with the verb thank, therefore it is used to indicate the cause that produces the desired result: thanks to the help of comrades, thanks to the right treatment. With a sharp contradiction between the original lexical meaning of the preposition thanks to and indicating a negative reason, the use of this preposition is undesirable: did not come to work due to illness. In this case, it is correct to say - because of illness.

Prepositions thanks to, in spite of, according to, towards according to modern standards, they are used only with the dative case. With the name of the islands, peninsulas, the preposition is used on: in Kamchatka, on Dikson, on Capri.
Pretext on used with the names of avenues, boulevards, squares, streets; pretext V- with the names of lanes, driveways: on Vernadsky Boulevard, on Victory Square, on Suvorov Street.

If the names of mountainous areas are singular, then the preposition is used on if the plural form is a preposition V.: in the Caucasus, on Elbrus, on Pamar and in the Alps, in the Himalayas,

Prepositions V And on in some constructions antonymous with prepositions from And c: goVStavropol - returned from Stavropol, went to the Caucasus- came from the Caucasus.

The literary norm of the modern Russian language: in Ukraine, from Ukraine.

“In 1993, at the request of the Government of Ukraine, the variants to Ukraine(and correspondingly from Ukraine). Thus, according to the Government of Ukraine, the etymological connection of constructions that did not suit him was broken. to Ukraine And to the outskirts. Ukraine, as it were, received linguistic confirmation of its status as a sovereign state, since the names of states, not regions, are formalized in the Russian tradition with the help of prepositions V (in) And from... "(Graudina L. K., Itskovich V. A., Katlinskaya L. P. Grammatical correctness of Russian speech. M .: Nauka, 2001. P. 69).

Since no one uses the phrase on the state or in the country , then there is no reason to use the phrase in Ukraine. Thus, always when it comes to the state of Ukraine, one should write and speak only in Ukraine.

Proponents of writing in Ukraine often cite such examples: in Cuba, in Malta, in Cyprus. Please note that in all cases we are talking about island states, i.e. in this case, the word island fell out of context: on the island of Cuba, on the island of Malta, on the island of Cyprus. So, for example, in English language the division when using toponyms in different contexts is quite clear: on Cuba (in Cuba) - if we are talking about an island, in Cuba (in Cuba) - if we are talking about a state.

However, the literary norm of the Russian language, according to which one should speak and write in Ukraine, - result historical development language for several centuries. Compatibility of prepositions V And on with certain words is explained exclusively by tradition. Wed: at school, at the institute, at the pharmacy, at the department, But: at the factory, at the post office, at the resort, at the warehouse etc. The literary norm cannot change overnight due to any political processes.

With verbs of feeling ( grieve, cry, grieve, yearn, be bored, bored, etc.) pretext By used with the dative case, for example: grieve for your son, cry for your father, grieve for your husband, yearn for your native village, miss Mikhailovsky. But personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person with these verbs are more often put in the prepositional case, for example: cries for you, mourns for us.

It is erroneous to use the preposition after the marked verbs behind with instrumental case, for example: “He misses you”, “She misses you”.

After verbs of motion ( walk, walk, run, move, climb, roam, etc.) the preposition by is used with the dative case: walked through the meadow (through the meadows), walked through the forest (through the forests), ran along the shore (along the banks), wandered through the field (through the fields), etc.

Pretext By with the prepositional case is used with the meaning "after something", for example: upon expiration of the term, upon arrival at the place, upon graduation from school, upon arrival in the city.

After preposition By pronouns How many And some put in the dative case, for example: How many notebooks were given to each student? Haven't been home for a few days.

Thus, in this lecture, we got acquainted with the concept of " morphological norm” and found out how to form the forms of words belonging to different parts of speech. In case of difficulty, it is recommended to refer to grammar dictionaries.

Topic 2.9. Syntactic norms of the Russian language.

1. Norms of coordination. Agreement of the predicate with the subject

2. Norms of management

3. The use of participial turnover

4. Errors in the construction of complex sentences

Order of words in a sentence. Agreement of the predicate with the subject. Harmonization of definitions and applications. Management standards. The cases of nominal and verbal control are more difficult - control with homogeneous members sentences, "stringing" cases, subordinate clauses with the same conjunctions, choosing the correct case and preposition. Converting direct speech to indirect. The use of separate structures.

Syntactic norms reflect the peculiarities of the construction of phrases and sentences in the Russian language.

The most difficult things usually cause the following points:

Selecting a controlled form in a phrase;

Agreement of subject and predicate;

The use of participial and adverbial phrases;

Construction of some types of complex sentences.

1. Norms of approval

Coordination of the definition with the word being defined

1. If the definition refers to a noun that depends on numerals two three four , the following matching rules are recommended:

2. If the definition is before the numeral, then it is put in the form of the nominative case, regardless of the gender of the nouns: first two years, recent two weeks, upper two windows.

Agreement of the predicate with the subject

When agreeing the predicate with the subject, the following rules must be observed.

1. If the subject is expressed by a collective noun ( row, majority, minority, part, etc..), countable turnover (quantitative numeral or other countable word, for example, some) in combination with the genitive plural, then the predicate is usually put:	1) in the plural when it comes to animate objects: Most of the students are good passed the exams. The award was received by seven employees. Several people were silent. 2) in the singular, when the subject denotes inanimate objects: A row of new houses stood at the end streets. One hundred and forty hectares have been sown.
2. With numerals two three four the predicate is usually in the plural.	Four students entered the auditorium. There are three textbooks on the table.
3. With compound numbers ending in one, the predicate is put in the singular	Institute graduated two hundred and one student. Forty are participating in the competition. one athlete.
4. With numbered nouns ( pair, three, ten, hundred, thousand, million, billion), as well as the words mass, lot, heap, abyss, flow and others, the predicate is usually put in the singular and agrees in gender with the subject.	Hundreds of skiers took to the track. A thousand books have already been viewed by us. The stream of cars rolled along the narrow bridge.
5. With nouns years, months, days, hours etc. the predicate is usually put in the singular.	Two months have passed. It struck seven o'clock.
6. If there are words in the counting turnover all these, then the predicate is put only in the plural.	All three riders rode in silence.
7. If the subject contains a numeral floor-, then the predicate is put in the singular.	Half the house burned down. Half the village came running to watch to this spectacle.
8. At the words a lot, a little, a little, a lot, a lot the predicate is put in the singular.	Many suitcases and boxes stood near the conveyor. How many different feelings overcomes us at the moment of parting!
9. With complex names consisting of two words of different grammatical gender, the predicate is consistent with the one that expresses a broader concept or a specific designation of an object.	The library-museum was opened, the romance song became popular, the van stood outside the store, the alarm clock stopped, the reference book was very useful, the chair-bed was in the corner, etc.
10. In a compound word (abbreviation), the predicate is consistent with the leading word of the combination.	Moscow State University (Moscow State university) announced a competition. Gorono (city department of folk Education) sent instructions.
11. The presence of the subject expressed by the pronoun does not affect the form of agreement of the predicate nobody, connecting structures, comparative turns, etc.	Nobody even the best specialists could not initially make a correct diagnosis of the disease.
12. If the predicate refers to several subjects, not connected by a union or connected by a connecting union, then the following forms of agreement apply.	1) The predicate, standing after homogeneous subjects, is usually put in the plural: Industry and Agriculture in Russia are steadily developing. 2) The predicate preceding the homogeneous subject usually agrees with the nearest of them: A whisper came from the room and illegible words.

Management norms

The management standards are right choice preposition in the phrase and the correct choice of the case form of the noun, pronoun.

When choosing a preposition, one should take into account the shades of meaning inherent in it. So, to express causal relationship used synonymous prepositions due to, due to, due to, in connection with, due to and etc.

It should say:

Correct option	Wrong option
In view of the imminent departure, due to past rains, thanks to the measures taken ( speech is about the causes desired outcome), due to fire (great losses incurred)	Due to the upcoming departure (the departure has not yet taken place and has no consequences yet), due to the past rains (the phenomenon refers to the past), due to the measures taken (the preposition “because of” indicates the reasons causing an undesirable result), due to fire (great losses incurred)
Remember:
Thanks, according to (what?) (dat. p.), despite	Due to efforts, according to the order, contrary to the instructions
As a result, in case (what?) (genus p.), due to	Due to drought, in case of bad weather, due to illness
Due (with what?) (tv.p.)	In connection with the elections

It is necessary to distinguish constructions with words that are close in meaning or have the same root, but require different management (different cases). For example: worry about someone, but worry about someone. The error may arise due to the fact that both verbs have the meaning of "to worry." Another example: confidence in something, but belief in something. In this case, the error may be generated by a common root.

Distinguish:

Worry (about someone), identical (to something), put on (something, on something, on someone), rejoice (something), pay attention (to something), review ( about something), account for (something), be based (on something), superiority (over something), warn (against something), prevent (something), reconcile (with something) anything), distinguish (what and what), get angry (at something), confidence (in something), be surprised (something), pay (for something), reproach (something)

To worry (for someone), similar (to something), dress (someone, something), delighted (something), pay attention (something), review (on something) , make a report (about something), justify (something), advantage (over something), warn (about something), slow down (something), reconcile (before something), distinguish ( what from what), angry (something), faith (in something), surprised (something), pay (something), blame (for something)

Some verbs can have control in different cases depending on different semantic shades.

Distinguish:

Remember management:

alternative (to what?), similar (to what? and with what?), analogy (with what? and between what?), annotation (on what? and what?), announcement (about what?), appeal (to whom? and why?), worry (about whom? and about what?), in relation to (whom? and what?), dominate (over whom? and what?), object (against what?), talk (about whom?, about what? and about whom?, about what?), vote (for whom?), be proud (of whom? and what?), explain (what?), describe (what?), pay (what? and for what?), pay (what?), stop (on what?), mark (what?), treat (to whom? and what?), account (for what?), report (in what? and about what?), in relation to (to whom? and why?), emphasize (what?), understand (what?), advantage (over whom?), claim (to whom?, for what? and for what?), to award (whom - to what and to whom - what?), to contradict (what?), equal in rights (who is with whom?), equivalent (for whom? and what?), rejoice (to whom? and what?), leader (of what?), guidance (what ? and what?),

discuss (about what?), manage (manager) (what?), think (over what? and about what?), pay (to whom? and for what?), deserve (what?, not what), deserve (what? , not what), command (commander) (what?), comment (to what?), supervise (whom? and what?), hope (on whom? and what?), boss (what?) unacceptable (for whom and for what?), irreconcilable (to whom? and to what?), to declare (what? and about what?), evidence (of what?, if the dependent word is a noun, and to what?, if the dependent word is demonstrative pronoun), testify (what? and about what?) characteristic (to whom?, not for whom?), respectively (what? and with what?), correspondence (what?, between what? and with what?), longing (for whom ?), demand (what? and what?), worry (for whom?), confidence (in what?), pay attention (what?), be surprised (what?), honored (what?), indicate (what?, on whom? and for what?), pay (for what? and for whom?), manage (manager) (what?), characteristic (for whom?), characteristic (of whom?), intercede (for whom? and about what ?)

The use of adverbial turnover

gerund- a form of the verb denoting an additional action performed by the subject (subject) and related only to him. Therefore, the adverbial turnover cannot be used:

Examples of errors in the use of adverbial turnover:

1. Flying over the raging ocean, the strength of the swift has dried up(instead of: Flying over the raging ocean, the swift became exhausted. Or: When the swift flew over the raging ocean, its strength dried up). Here it turns out that forces fly by.

2. Out on the outskirts of the city, an amazing panorama opened before them.(instead of: When they came to the outskirts of the city, they saw an amazing panorama. Or: When they went to the outskirts of the city, they saw an amazing panorama). Here it turns out that the panorama came out.

3. After running a few steps, a brilliant thought dawned on him.(instead of: As he ran a few steps, a brilliant thought struck him.) In this case, the proposal participle turnover it is impossible to build, because it turns out that the thought ran through.

Mistakes in building complex sentences

There are 3 types of compound sentences:

- Associative compound sentence – I was very surprised: classmates gave me a real holiday.

- Compound sentence – Life is given once, and you want to live it cheerfully, meaningfully, beautifully(A. Chekhov). Thinking would not be necessary if there were ready-made truths(A. Herzen); He remains lonely who is looking for a friend without flaws(Last).

All types can be synonymous complex sentence:

SPP: The work was credited because I handed it in on time. / The work was credited because I handed it in on time.

SSP: I handed in my work on time and it was credited.

BSP: The work was credited: I handed it in on time. / I handed in the work on time - it was credited.

Errors:

1. The diversity of parts of a complex sentence is manifested:

a) when as homogeneous structures are used subordinate clause and member simple sentence, For example: “At the production meeting, issues of further improving the quality of products were discussed and whether it is possible to reduce the cost”(follows: ... issues of further improvement of the quality of products and the possibility of reducing its cost were discussed).

b) with a common subordinating part, a two-part sentence and a one-part impersonal sentence act as homogeneous syntactic elements, for example: “The speaker put forward two propositions: 1) the accelerated privatization of state property is becoming increasingly important; 2) it is necessary to increase the role of labor collectives in this process”;

c) when using (without proper reason) a different word order in subordinate subordinate clauses, for example: “The shortcomings of the teaching staff of the school include the fact that educational work is not carried out enough in it, extracurricular work is conducted poorly, student performance is declining”(in the second and third subordinate clauses, the reverse word order should also be used).

2. The displacement of the construction can find its expression in the fact that the main clause is "broken" by the subordinate clause located inside it, for example : "The main thing that needs to be paid attention to is the genre side of the work"(follows: The main thing to pay attention to is the genre side of the work

A construction shift can occur if the subordinate clause is “broken” by the main one, for example: “But these quotes are unknown where the author borrowed them from”(instead of: It is not known where the author borrowed these quotes from). Such constructions are colloquial in nature.

3. Incorrect use of unions and allied words with:

a) choosing a union or allied word that is not suitable for a given context, for example: “It was possible to agree only with those provisions of the report, which did not contain any internal contradictions

1. Plural forms of the nominative case of nouns: directors or directors?

2. Plural forms of the genitive case of nouns: five grams or five grams?

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