So, we present to your attention a list of the most famous psychologists in the world who were able to turn the whole understanding of psychology. After all, these famous psychologists have repeatedly proved that this science is part of their lives.

Fix according to Freud.

Sigmund Freud, he is Sigismund Shlomo Freud - this is the first psychologist that we decided to tell you about. Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Austria-Hungary, now Příbor, Czech Republic. He is known in the world as a famous Austrian neurologist, who became the founder of the so-called psychoanalytic school with a therapeutic inclination. Sigmud is the "father" of the theory that all human nervous disorders occur due to a number of unconscious and conscious processes that interact very closely with each other.

Vladimir Lvovich Levy, psychologist-poet.

MD and psychologist Vladimir Lvovich Levy was born on November 18, 1938 in Moscow, where he lives to this day. After graduating from the medical institute, he worked as an ambulance doctor for a long time. Then he moved to the post of psychotherapist and became an honorary worker of the Institute of Psychiatry. Vladimir Levy became the first founder of such a new direction in the science of psychology as suicidology. This direction included a complete and detailed study of suicide and the psychological state of people who are suicidal. For all the time he worked in psychiatry, Levy published 60 scientific papers.

In addition to psychology, Vladimir is fond of poetry. Therefore, it was not in vain that in 1974 he became an honorary member of the Writers' Union. Levy's most popular books are The Art of Being Oneself, Conversation in Letters, and the three-volume Confessions of a Hypnotist. And in 2000, his personal collection of poems called "Crossed Out Profile" saw the light of day.

Abraham Harold Maslow and his name in psychology

Abraham Harold Maslow is an American psychologist who became the honorary founder of humanistic psychology. His famous scientific work include such a thing as "Maslow's Pyramid". This pyramid includes special diagrams that represent the most common human needs. It is this theory that has found its direct application in economics.

Victor Emil Frankl: Australian psychologists in science

Renowned Austrian psychiatrist and psychologist Viktor Emil Frankl was born March 26, 1905 in Vienna. In the world, his name is associated not only with psychology, but also with philosophy, as well as the creation of the Third Vienna School of Psychotherapy. Frankl's most popular scientific writings include Man's Search for Meaning. The names of this work became the basis for the development of a new method of psychotherapy called logotherapy. This method includes the desire of a person to realize his meaning of life in the existing outside world. Logotherapy can make human existence more meaningful.

Boris Ananiev - the pride of Soviet psychology

Boris Gerasimovich Ananiev was born in 1907 in Vladikavkaz. Ananiev was included in the list of "famous psychologists of the world" for a reason. He became the first and honorary founder of the scientific school of psychologists in St. Petersburg. Such famous psychologists as A. Kovalev, B. Lomov and many others became students of this school and, accordingly, of Ananiev himself.

It was in St. Petersburg, on the house where Boris Ananiev lived, that a memorial plaque was erected in his honor.

Ernst Heinrich Weber - the famous psychologist of all eras

Brother of the famous physicist Wilhelm Weber, German psychophysiologist and part-time anatomist Ernst Heinrich Weber was born on June 24, 1795 in Leipzig, Germany. This psychologist owns much advanced scientific work on anatomy, sensitivity and physiology. The most popular of these are works that involve the study of the senses. All of Weber's work formed the basis for the development of psychophysics and experimental psychology.

Hakob Poghosovich Nazaretyan and mass psychology

Famous Russian specialist in Cultural Anthropology and Psychology of Mass Behavior Akop Poghosovich Nazaretyan was born on May 5, 1948 in Baku. Nazaretyan is the author of a huge number of publications that talk about the theory of the development of society. In addition, the psychologist became the founder of hypotheses about the techno-humanitarian balance, which is compared with the development of culture and technological progress.

Viktor Ovcharenko, the pride of Russian psychology

Viktor Ivanovich Ovcharenko was born on February 5, 1943 in the city of Melekess, Ulyanovsk region. Ovcharenko is a legendary personality in the development of psychology. Ovcharenko has a huge number of scientific titles and weighty works that have made a huge contribution to psychology as a science. The main theme of Ovcharenko's work was the study of sociological psychologism, as well as problems related to personality and interpersonal relationships in general.

In 1996, the psychologist proposed from a scientific point of view for the first time to revise the periodization of the entire history of Russian psychoanalysis. In addition to all of the above, Ovcharenko has been repeatedly called the best psychologist, and his famous works have been published more than once in well-known scientific collections far beyond the borders of Russia.

The article mentions 9 of the most talented geniuses in psychology, without whom this science would not be so useful to society.

Psychology - this is perhaps the only science that allows you to at least slightly open the curtain over the mysterious world of your own soul (from non-medical sciences, of course). Therefore, its modern rapid development does not surprise anyone, because the current conditions of progress and computerization have simply driven many into a dead end with their hasty and hectic rhythm.

And since numerous ratings and top lists have become especially fashionable now, it would be unfair not to mention the 9 most famous psychologists in the world who have done a lot for the development of psychology as a science.

So, B. F. Skinner leads such a rating , which at one time helped behaviorism develop almost to its current state. It is thanks to this person that they are now widely used in the world effective methods behavior modification therapies.

In second place in this top is the famous. It is this person who is considered the founder of psychoanalysis, and only this scientist proved for the first time that cultural and social differences strongly influence the formation of the personality and the formation of the main character traits.

The third place was deservedly received by Albert Bandura , because his works and psychological developments are considered an integral part of all cognitive psychology. This specialist devoted the lion's share of his life and professional activity to the study of learning as a necessary social phenomenon.

Fourth place occupies the psychologist who has made a considerable contribution to the development of child psychology. Jean Piaget almost all his life he studied the features of the development of children's intellect and the influence of such features on later adult life. The research of this psychologist also brought a lot of benefits to such areas of mental science as: genetic epistemology, cognitive psychology and prenatal psychology.

In fifth place you can see Carl Rogers , which was distinguished by special humanism and the promotion of democratic ideas of psychology. In his numerous works, Rogers emphasized the human spiritual and intellectual potential, which made him an outstanding thinker of his time.

Next comes the father of American psychology, William James , who worked as a social pedagogue for 35 years. This man brought a lot of value to modern pragmatism, and also helped develop functionalism as a separate trend in psychology.

The seventh place of honor is occupied by Erik Erickson , whose writings on the stages of psycho-sociological development helped scientists more adequately assess not only events adulthood but also incidents of early childhood and late old age. This psychologist sincerely believed that each person does not stop his development, right up to old age, which earned him the respect and reverence of many generations.

Ivan Pavlov rests in eighth place. The same Pavlov who worked hard for the development of behaviorism. The same scientist at one time helped to significantly move psychology, as a science, from subjective introspection to a completely objective method of measuring behavior.

And the last, ninth place of this psychological top is occupied by Kurt Lewin , the father of modern social psychology. It is Levin who is considered the most brilliant theoretician who was able to prove in action all his innovative theories and open the eyes of many scientists to the true state of affairs in social psychology.

This list includes only those scientists who devoted their entire lives to the study and development of social and other psychology for the benefit of their generation and all the next.

Head of scientific and methodological work, head of the rehabilitation program, head of the department of psychological and pedagogical rehabilitation, coordinator of the direction of somatosensory therapy, psychologist of the Center for the Rehabilitation of Disabled Children "Our Sunny World". Assistant to the Rector of the Moscow State Psychological and Pedagogical University for professional assistance to children with autism spectrum disorders. Senior Research Fellow, Institute for Inclusive Education Problems, MSUPE.

Member of the Board of the International Association “Autism Europe” (Autism Europe’s Council of Administration). Member of the Expert Council of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation on comprehensive support for children with autism spectrum disorders. Expert of the Council under the Government of the Russian Federation on issues of guardianship in the social sphere. Member of the Coordinating Council for children with disabilities and other persons with disabilities in Public Chamber RF. Member of the interdepartmental working group on organizing a system of early assistance to children with disabilities, disabilities and accompanying their families and the interdepartmental working group on issues of comprehensive medical, social, psychological and pedagogical assistance to people with autism spectrum disorders under the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation. Member of the working group on inclusive education at the Moscow Department of Education. Member of the working group on the organization of medical support for young people with disabilities and children with disabilities under the Moscow Department of Health. Member of the Public Council for Young Disabled Persons under the Department social protection population of Moscow. Member of the working group on the involvement of persons with disabilities in the cultural life of the city of Moscow under the Department of Culture of Moscow.

Member of the Council on Disabled Children of the All-Russian Society of the Disabled (VOI). Member of the Council of the All-Russian Organization of Parents of Disabled Children over 18 with Mental and Other Disabilities Needing Representation of Their Interests (VORDI). Member of the board of the National Federation of Remedial Riding and Wheelchair Equestrian Sports. Member of the Council of the Moscow City Association of Parents of Disabled Children. Head of the direction "Social rehabilitation and interaction with parents public organizations» Moscow Association of Specialists of the Early Intervention Service for the Prevention of Childhood Disability. Member of the working group "Social Justice" of the Moscow branch of the All-Russian Popular Front. Member of the International Expert Council on Autism Problems of the MIA "Russia Today".

Gradually, we will expand on this page the list of psychologists who have contributed to the development of psychology. (born 1916) - English psychologist, one of the leaders of the biological direction in psychology, the creator of the factor theory of personality. Founder and editor of the journals Personality and Individual Differences and Behavior Research and Therapy. (1878-1949) - Austrian psychoanalyst. Tried to use psychoanalytic methodology in relation to young delinquents. From 1932 he was engaged in private practice. In 1946 he revived the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. (1891-1964) - American psychoanalyst. He dealt with the problems of the psychoanalytic theory of neuroses, explaining their occurrence by a violation of self-control, criminal psychology. One of the pioneers of psychosomatic medicine. He deduced the main psychosomatic diseases from typical human conflicts. He showed that prolonged emotional stress is associated with the development of diseases such as stomach ulcers, hypertension, asthma, colitis, arthritis. (1864-1915) - German psychiatrist and neurologist, discovered the disease named after him. (born 1920) - German psychologist. He paid special attention to the problem of the structure of the intellect. Developed the intelligence structure test (one of the most popular intelligence tests). (born 1908) - American psychologist. President of the American Psychological Association (1971-72). Worked on the problems of differential psychology, the formation of abilities, psychological diagnostics. She considered creativity in the context of an individual's life, in particular the conditions of his upbringing. Developed a number of psychological tests. (born 1924) - domestic psychologist. Founder of the Moscow School of Social Psychology. A specialist in a wide range of problems of social psychology (theory and methodology of social psychology, methods of empirical social research, cognitive processes in a group, psychology of work collectives, etc.). (born 1924) - domestic psychologist. One of the leading experts in the field of methodology, theory and history of psychological science, Special attention it was given to the principle of development. Developed the problems of the theory of thinking as a reflective analytical and synthetic activity. (born 1904) - American psychologist. From 1933 to 1938 he worked at the International Institute of Educational Films in Rome. From 1940 he worked in the USA. Since 1968 Professor of Psychology at the Center for Visual Studies at Harvard University. Specialist in the field of psychology of visual thinking. (born 1923) - American psychologist, specialist in the field of psychology of motivation. In the studies of 1948-53. showed that certain motivational states (for example, hunger) affect the content of the imagination. To take into account individual differences in motives, he introduced the achievement motivation as a factor into the formula of the motive of real behavior in the current situation (the value of behavior x the probability of success), which is steadily manifested in different situations. (1871-1946) - German psychologist, representative of the Würzburg school. Known for his experiments using the method of systematic introspection, in which he showed that the emergence of certain associations is controlled by the so-called determining tendency and the thinking process is built for a specific task. He also created a methodology for the formation of artificial concepts, which was then modified by L.S. Vygotsky and L.S. Sakharov under the name of the "double stimulation" technique. (1896-1970) - Hungarian-English psychotherapist. From 1949 to 1956, together with E. Balint, he conducted seminars for doctors on the topic "Mental disorders in medical practice", which brought him worldwide fame. Such working seminars of doctors discussing their therapeutic and psychiatric experience under the guidance of the group leader in order to identify their own subjectivity and relieve fear, and thereby develop the optimal method of metacommunications and "psychosomatic thinking", became known as "Balint groups". (1883-1971) - English psychologist. Specialist in the field of psychology of intelligence. In the 1930s, he was one of the first in psychology to conduct factor studies of intelligence. He also dealt with the problems of abnormal children, juvenile delinquents. (born 1886) - English psychologist. Worked in the field of experimental psychology of thinking, perception, memory, then - in the field of military psychology. He considered the functions and structure of memory in the context of culture. American psychiatrist. She dealt with the problems of childhood schizophrenia, mental development, methods of psychotherapy. Developed a visual-motor gestalt test. (1902-1970) - American psychotherapist and psychologist, creator of "transactional analysis". By analogy with classical psychoanalysis, "transactional analysis" is focused on identifying "scenarios" of an individual's life plans, which are often imposed by parents. This analysis was extended by "structural analysis", with the help of which three states are distinguished in the self of an individual who is in various communicative situations: the Parent, acting according to the type of parent-child relationship, the Adult, objectively assessing reality, and the Child, acting according to the type child's relationship with parents. (1857 - 1927) Founder of reflexology. Supported Sechenov. There is not a single conscious or unconscious process of thought that would not be expressed sooner or later in objective manifestations. Studied the rate and form of reactions. Studies of the therapeutic use of hypnosis, including in alcoholism. Works on sex education, child behavior early age , social psychology. Investigated personality on the basis of a comprehensive study of the brain by physiological, anatomical and psychological methods. Founder of reflexology. (1857-1911) - French psychologist, one of the founders of testology. At the beginning of the twentieth century. Together with T. Simon, he began to create tests for the level of mental development of children, summarizing their developments in the study of memory, attention, and thinking. According to Binet, this level does not depend on training. Introduced the concept of mental age as the level of intellectual development, which is determined only by genetic factors. He also dealt with the problems of the pathology of consciousness, mental fatigue, individual differences in the processes of memory, suggestion, and graphology. (1878 - 1950) German psychiatrist and psychologist. In the work "The Structure of Psychosis" he made an attempt to solve the problem of constructing the architectonics of personality, replacing the traditional clinical and descriptive method adopted in psychiatry with his own structural analysis, which combines predispositional and provoking factors in the pathogenesis of psychosis. He wrote the "History of Psychiatric Science" and the first dictionary of medical psychology .I studied many problems of criminal psychology, in particular, "prison psychoses", inducibility in various psychopathological typologies. (1857-1939) - Swiss psychiatrist and pathopsychologist. Professor of psychiatry, from 1898 to 1927 director of the psychiatric clinic at the University of Zurich. From 1909 to 1913, together with Z. Freud, he published the Yearbook of Psychoanalytic and Psychopathological Research. Conducted research on schizophrenia. (1876-1939) - French psychologist. Professor of Psychology at the Universities of Strasbourg and Paris. A follower of E. Durkheim and A. Bergson. Specialist in social psychology. Developed the problem of social psychology of emotions. (1884-1942) - Russian teacher, psychologist and philosopher. He considered conscious behavior, closely connected with social relations, as the subject of psychology. The author of one of the classifications of types of memory, carried out on a genetic basis. He also dealt with the problems of the development of thinking, sexual development. (1908-1981) - domestic psychologist, student of L.S. Vygotsky, an employee of the Kharkov activity school. She mainly dealt with the problems of child psychology: the development of the child's personality and the formation of motivation, affective conflicts, self-esteem and the dynamics of development in childhood of the level of claims. (1861-1934) - American psychologist, sociologist and historian. One of the founders of American social psychology. He developed the concept of "circular reaction", by which he understood the process of constant interaction between the organism and the environment. The main task of psychology was the study of individual differences. I saw in the mental development of the child a manifestation of the biogenetic law. In pedagogy, he advocated the individualization of learning and the use of data from experimental psychology. (born 1904) - Swiss psychiatrist, psychologist, representative of existential psychoanalysis. Collaborated with K.G. Jung (1938). Based on the philosophy of Heidegger. Developed the foundations of existential psychoanalysis, focused on the cure of neurosis and psychosis by eliminating preconceived notions and interpretations of the patient. (1838 - 1917) At one time he was known as an opponent of Wundt. Developed a plan for a new psychology vol. The field of psychology is not sensations per se, or perceptions, but those acts that the subject performs when he turns something into an object of awareness. Outside the act, the object does not exist. He stood at the origins of the direction - function - analysis. Psychology is an experimental and observational science. (1903-1955) - Hungarian-American psychologist, representative of "probabilistic functionalism". Specialist in the problems of perception, in particular the perception of space. Defended the idea that perception is based on the decision-making process. (1818-1903) - English psychologist, representative of associative psychology. He developed ideas about the spontaneous activity of the nervous system, the forms of which tend to consolidate if accompanied by a feeling of pleasure; about the impossibility of forming associations without the presence of a special activity of the mind, the severity of which is different for different people; about the existence of creative associations that are not simply the sum of initial sensations. (1879-1963) - German-Austrian psychologist. Initially he worked at the Würzburg Psychological School, where he offered evidence of the ugliness of thinking. After the First World War, he began to develop the problem of the development of the psyche, which he interpreted as the passage of three stages (instinct, skill and intellect). He also worked in the field of linguistics. (1893-1974) - German psychologist. Since 1970 - President of the Association for Humanistic Psychology. In the 20s - 30s. in the Vienna School of Developmental Psychology, which she created, she conducted research on the level of mental development of the child, for the diagnosis of which she introduced the concept of "development coefficient" (instead of "intelligence coefficient"). On the basis of these studies, a periodization of the life path of the individual was created, the main motive of which was recognized as the need of the individual for self-fulfillment. Since 1940, during the American period of her work, she worked in line with humanistic psychology. (1849-1934) - Russian biologist and psychologist, founder of the national comparative psychology. Author of the books "Biological Foundations of Comparative Psychology", 1910 - 1913 and "The Emergence and Development of Mental Abilities", 1924 - 1929. He developed a special research method based on comparing the behavior of species-related animals ("biological method"). Conducted research on instinctive behavior, on the basis of which he put forward a hypothesis about the variability of instincts. (1879-1931) American psychologist and behaviorist. Treated psychology as a branch of physics. Tried to give an analysis of mental phenomena in physical and chemical terms. (1879-1962) French psychologist and teacher. He proposed a scheme of stages of ontogenetic development based on emotional and cognitive development. (born 1921) is an American psychiatrist and psychologist. Specialist in the problems of social psychology, in particular human communications. (1856-1925) - Russian philosopher and psychologist. Developed on the basis of the teachings of I. Kant the philosophical system of "logicism". In the books "On the limits and signs of animation" (1892) and "Psychology without any metaphysics" he rejected the experimental approach to the analysis of mental life. (1890 - 1964) - German-American psychologist, one of the largest specialists in developmental psychology, close in his views to G. Kafka. Werner belonged to the pioneers of comparative developmental psychology. In his opinion, the genetic approach can be applied in cases where there are any changes in behavior, i.e. in comparative, pediatric, differential psychology, pathopsychology and in the psychology of peoples. (1492 - 1540) One of the first to oppose empiric - psychological knowledge to metaphysical teachings about the soul. Formulated the law of association. He proved that the surest way to control feelings is to repress one affect by others, stronger ones. (1870-1915) - German psychologist, representative of the Austrian psychological school. Perceptual specialist. He tried to explain psychopathological phenomena by a decrease in the gestalt-forming activity of the subject. (1869-1962) - American psychologist, representative of functional psychology. In the book "Dynamic Psychology" (1918) he developed a position on the fundamental importance of motives in the organization of behavior. He put forward the hypothesis that the formed skills themselves can acquire motivation, regardless of the instincts that led to their formation. (born 1924) - American psychologist. Professor at the University of Pennsylvania. Specialist in the field of psychological aspects of receiving and transmitting information. (1902-1988) - a domestic psychologist, a member of the Kharkov activity school, the author of the concept of the systematic and phased formation of mental actions and the interpretation of psychology as a science of the subject's orienting activity. During the war, he analyzed the recovery of movements in the wounded on the basis of the ideas of the activity approach. American psychologist, one of the founders of child psychology. Developed a method for observing children's behavior using a camera and a translucent mirror. Introduced child development standards. (1896-1967) - Soviet psychologist, one of the founders of Russian psychotechnics. Conducted research exercises of simple and complex sensorimotor reactions. He dealt with the problems of restoring mental functions lost during the war. (1904-1979) - American psychologist, one of the founders of environmental psychology. Perceptual specialist. Developed the foundations of a new science, which he called ecological optics, the purpose of which is to analyze how the body sees environment in which it is active. His approach recognized that not only individual sensations , but also holistic images are due to the peculiarities of external stimulation. (1897-1976) - American psychologist, developer of the creative personality model. World-wide fame was brought to him by research in which he, using psychological tests and factor analysis, attempted to mathematically build a model of a creative personality. This model was widely used later to determine creativity in the American education system, science and industry. (1878-1965) - German-American neurologist and psychologist. Investigated mental disorders in brain lesions, psychosomatic disorders. He proposed systematization of aphasias. (1861-1946) - German psychologist. Specialist in genetic psychology. The author of the theory of the game, where it was considered as a preparation for life's trials, in which the organs are trained. (1852-1899) - Russian idealist philosopher, psychologist. Since 1886 professor at Moscow University. Chairman of the Moscow Psychological Society. The first editor of the journal "Problems of Philosophy and Psychology" (since 1889). He developed a theory based on the introduction of a special unit of mental analysis - "psychic turnover", in which he saw the union of sensation, feeling, thinking and will. (1886-1959) - American psychologist. Specialist in child psychology and psychological testing. She developed the "Draw a man" method, which serves to measure the intellectual development of children. (born 1906) - domestic psychologist. Specialist in the problems of psychophysiological differences and psychodiagnostics. He proposed an integrated approach to professional suitability, which combines the analysis of social factors in the development of a professional, in particular, professional requirements and the prestige of the profession, on the one hand, and psychophysiological characteristics, on the other. (1875-1949) - American psychologist. Specialist in general, social psychology, psychology of religion. (1833-1911) - German philosopher and psychologist. He divided psychology into two disciplines fundamentally different in their methodology: analytical ("nomothetic") psychology, explanatory psychology, the purpose of which is to isolate "atoms" in introspective experience and the subsequent "synthesis" of higher processes of consciousness from them, and descriptive ("ideographic") psychology. , which is engaged in understanding, on the basis of the values ​​inherent in a particular culture, the spiritual life of an individual in its integrity and uniqueness. The values ​​of culture, according to Dilthey, are "objectified" in the psyche of an individual. (1922-1985) - domestic psychologist. Specialist in emotional regulation of human behavior and activity. He developed the concept of the emotional orientation of the personality, based on the understanding of emotions as a special kind of value. Created a number of methods for identifying individual characteristics emotions. (1859-1952) American philosopher and educator. On the basis of Hegel's philosophy, he developed his ideas, according to which the consciousness and thinking of a person are conditioned by the content of practical actions. Author of the first American textbook on psychology. (1901-1977) - domestic psychologist. Studied under L.S. Vygotsky. Specialist in the field of defectology. He conducted experimental studies of the development of abnormal children, in which the conditions for their effective education were revealed. He considered the problem of the factors of learning and development of students, in particular the interaction of the word and visualization in teaching. (1900-1988) - Soviet psychologist. She received her education in psychology in the 1920s. in Germany in the laboratory of K. Levin, where she carried out world-famous studies of forgetting completed and incomplete actions. In these studies, it was shown that unfinished actions are remembered better than completed ones by 1.9 times, which is called the Zeigarnik effect. Founder of Russian pathopsychology. (1881-1944) - German psychologist, employee of the Würzburg School of Psychology. Author of the book "Laws of productive and reproductive spiritual activity" (1924). Conducted research on thinking, in which he discovered the determinism of thought processes from the side of the structure of the problem being solved. The task before the subject appears as a kind of "problem complex", the completion of which can only be achieved by finding the missing element. He described a number of intellectual operations, thanks to which such completion is possible (abstraction, reproduction of properties, etc.). (1903-1969) - domestic psychologist. In the 30s. in the framework of research conducted at the Kharkov Psychological School, he developed problems of memory, in particular, involuntary memorization. Came to the conclusion that involuntary memorization has a direct dependence on the nature and structure of human activity. So, it is better to remember what is related to the purpose of the activity, and not just in the field of view, but not included in the activity. He studied the dynamics of forgetting and reproducing school knowledge. (born 1923) - American psychologist. Specialist in the problem of human emotions. Author of the differential theory of emotions. In the analysis of emotions, he identified three levels: neurophysiological, expressive, subjective. He gave a description of such fundamental emotions as: interest-excitement, joy, surprise, grief-suffering-depression, anger-disgust-contempt, fear-anxiety, shame-shyness, guilt. (1864-1944) - German biologist, zoopsychologist, philosopher, one of the founders of zoosemiotics. Author of the functional circle theory. (1883 - 1940) - German psychologist who headed the Marburg psychological school . Specialist in the study of eideticism. He singled out three levels in the structure of consciousness: the level of sequential images, the level of eidetic images and the level of images-representations. (1876-1956) - American psychologist. Specialist in the field of animal behavior, in particular primates. (1870-1920) - German psychologist, specialist in experimental psychology. Worked in Göttingen. (1884-1953) - Western European psychologist. He worked together with E. Rubin under the direction of E. Husserl. Specialist in the field of theory of psychology, comparative, genetic, social psychology. Dealt with problems of tactile perception. Coming close to Gestalt psychology, he believed, however, that the psychology of personality cannot be adequately described when referring to the concept of Gestalt. (born 1921) is an American social psychologist. Specialist in the problems of interpersonal relationships, attribution, group dynamics. In accordance with his theory, predicting the behavior of another person is due to three factors, which include the degree of similarity of the behavior of this person to the behavior of other people (consensus), the variability of his response to different stimuli (originality), the stability of response to the same stimulus (consistency) . (1905-1966) - American psychologist, author of the theory of personality constructs. Within the framework of this theory, each person is considered as a kind of researcher who builds an image of the world around him using certain categorical scales, or "personal constructors" that are peculiar to him. Based on this image of the world, hypotheses are put forward about events, planning and implementation of certain actions. To study these constructs, the method of "repertory grids" was developed, named after him. (1860-1944) - American psychologist, one of the founders of psychological testing. Student of G. Lotze and W. Wundt. One of the first specialists in experimental psychology in America. Developed a psychophysical method of paired comparisons. He also dealt with the problems of reaction time, associations, attention, anticipation. (born 1905) - Anglo-American psychologist. Developed a structural theory of personality traits. (1872-1956) - German psychologist, founder of scientific graphology. Character specialist. (1873-1940) - Swiss psychologist, representative of functionalism. Since 1908 professor at the University of Geneva. One of the founders of the Pedagogical Institute. J.-J. Rousseau. Specialist in comparative, child and occupational psychology. (1879-1957) - domestic psychologist, author of the reactological doctrine. In the 20s. put forward the demand for the construction of psychology on a Marxist basis, but his own implementation of such an approach was only a mechanical combination of an introspective psychology of consciousness and an objective, behavioral approach. (1890 -?) - American psychologist. Specialist in child psychology, author of tests of intellectual development. (1886-1941) - German psychologist. In 1911-1924. worked as a Privatdozent at the University of Hesse, since 1927 - professor at Smith College in Northampton in the USA. Together with M. Wertheimer and W. Köhler, he is the founder of Gestalt psychology. Investigated the practical aspects of using the principles of Gestalt psychology in the field of perception, learning, development of the psyche, social relationships. Author of the book "Principles of Gestalt Psychology" (1935). Publisher of the journal "Psychologische Forschung". dealt with problems mental development child. (1912 - 1977) - American psychologist. Specialist in the problems of special psychology, psychodiagnostics of personality. During the Second World War, he was involved in the development of survey methodology. public opinion. He is best known for his studies of conformity. (1916-1994) - American psychologist. Engaged in educational issues, including the development of military training programs. Substantiated the main criteria for the development and conduct of psychological testing, primarily for the diagnosis of intelligence and personality. (born 1917) - domestic psychologist. Specialist in the field of developmental and educational psychology. Dealt with ability issues various types schoolchildren's activities. Popularizer of psychological knowledge. (1874-1948) - German philosopher and psychologist, founder of the "Leipzig school" in psychology. Since 1906 professor of psychology, since 1917 director of the Institute of Experimental Psychology in Leipzig. He built his theory of the mental on the basis of the idea of ​​the integrity of any mental experience. As the genetic basis of Gestalt, he considered "complex-qualities", which appear as diffuse, undifferentiated and affectively colored formations. American social psychologist and sociologist, professor at the University of Michigan, one of the presidents of the American Sociological Society. (1857 - 1926) - French psychotherapist, who became famous thanks to the method of arbitrary self-hypnosis he developed ("Cue method"). Influenced Y.G. Schultz, the creator of the autogenic training method. (1862-1915) - German psychologist and philosopher who founded the Würzburg psychological school. He was one of the first to make the so-called higher mental functions (thinking and will) the subject of experimental analysis. To do this, he developed a method of systematic introspection, in which there is a retrospective reproduction of the actions taken by the subject to solve the problem. (1874-1917) - Russian doctor and psychologist. He developed a doctrine of personality and character types based on the allocation of two mental spheres: innate features, which included temperament and character ("endopsyche"), and developing throughout life, primarily in the form of a person's relationship to the world around him ("exopsyche"). He proposed a strategy for studying personality in the usual conditions of its activity. (1858-1921) - Russian psychologist, one of the founders of domestic experimental psychology. He dealt with the problems of perception, attention, memory, thinking based on the understanding of motor reactions as primary in relation to the actual mental processes. (1857-1939) - French philosopher and psychologist, representative of the French sociological school, who developed the problem of primitive thinking. He conducted research on the life of the tribes of Australia, Oceania and Africa, on the basis of which he came to the conclusion that in some areas primitive thinking manifests itself qualitatively differently than the thinking of a modern, civilized person, namely, as prelogical thinking. The works of Levy-Bruhl made a great contribution to the criticism of the concept of the English anthropological school, where the mental operations of people of different times and cultures were considered identical. (1890-1972) - domestic psychologist. He was engaged in the development and implementation of diagnostic tests for career guidance and professional consultation. He gave a comprehensive coverage of the essence, dynamics and genesis of mental states. He considered mental states as the most real facts of the psyche, occupying an intermediate place among other, more or less constructed formations (mental processes and psychological properties of the individual). (1904-1988) - German neurologist, psychiatrist and psychologist. Professor of Neurology at the Neurological Clinic of the University. Humboldt in Berlin. Specialist in the field of psychology of accentuated personalities. Developed a typology of accentuated personalities. (1890-1958) - American psychologist. He developed the problem of localization of mental functions, using the method of removing various parts of the brain from animals. Initially, he proceeded from the assumption of the equivalence of any parts of the brain, but later moved away from it. Began to use the maze to study learning in rats. (born 1900) - German-American psychologist. Specialist in social psychiatry. He dealt with the problems of psychology and psychopathology of perception, psychopharmacology, psychology of communication, psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. (1880-1933) - German psychologist and psychotechnician. A student of G. Ebbinghaus and W. Stern. A specialist in the problems of general and special giftedness, he studied the features of practical intelligence. He suggested, in contrast quantitative characteristics intellectual development of the child, qualitative. He made a significant contribution to the development of industrial psychology. (1903-1988) - Austrian biologist, founder of ethology. Conducted research on animal and human behavior, in particular imprinting and aggressiveness. Author of the books "King Solomon's Ring" (1970), "A Man Finds a Friend" (1971), "Aggression". (1902-1977) - Russian psychologist, founder of Russian neuropsychology. He created an original psychophysiological method of "conjugated motor reactions", which is aimed at the analysis of affective complexes. He was engaged in the development of methods for restoring mental functions that were impaired in local brain lesions. (1866-1950) - American psychiatrist. Supporter of the psychobiological direction. He created the concept of ergasiology, on the basis of which he proposed a systematics of psychopathological disorders corresponding to various ergastic reactions. Maier Heinrich - (1867-1933) - German philosopher and psychologist. Since 1900 he has been a professor at the University of Zurich, since 1901 - in Tübingen, since 1911 - in Göttingen, since 1918 - in Heidelberg, since 1920 - in Berlin. He proposed a classification of thinking. (1888-1983) - French psychologist, founder of the school of comparative historical psychology. Author of the book "Psychological Functions and Works" (1948). He interpreted the development of personality as a historically conditioned process of the objectification of mental functions in the products of culture. (born 1900) - Swiss psychologist. Specialist in the field of factor analysis of personal and intellectual traits, genetic psychology. (1862-1915) - German teacher and psychologist, founder of experimental pedagogy. The main goal of experimental pedagogy was the study of the general patterns and individual characteristics of the physical and spiritual development of the child in the conditions of the use of certain didactic techniques. As methods used experiment, systematic observation of children and analysis of children's creativity. He was a supporter of the theory of development as a function of heredity and environment. (1853-1920) - Austrian philosopher and psychologist, student of F. Brentano, the main representative of the Graz school. He stood close to the positions of Gestalt psychology. In 1894 he founded the first experimental psychology laboratory in Austria. (1989-1982) - domestic psychologist. He dealt with the problem of the connection between volitional action and conditioned reflex mechanisms, then - with the problems of differential psychophysiology. The main attention was paid to the neurodynamic and psychodynamic features of a person's individuality. He developed the concept of integral individuality, in which the concept of an individual style of activity occupies a key place, acting as a mediating link between different levels of personality traits. (1863-1931) - American philosopher, sociologist, social psychologist. Based on the works of W. James and J. Dewey. Interpreted objective reality as a field of activity of the individual. By I understood the instance determined by social influence, the history of social relationships becomes the structure of the I, in which self-control appears as an internalization of external social control. His ideas influenced the formation of interactionism. (1901-1978) - American sociologist and ethnographer, specialist in the field of ethnopsychology. Investigated the processes of socialization of children in different cultures. (born 1920) is an American psychologist. Professor at Harvard University. Engaged in experimental study of speech communications. (1892-1974) - American psychiatrist, social psychologist, author of the research method of sociometry and the psychotherapeutic method of psychodrama. He studied the relationship of subjective well-being experienced by a person with his socio-psychological status. (born 1925) - French psychologist, sociologist. Head of the laboratory of socio-psychological research in high school social studies at the University of Paris. Specialist in the field of social psychology. (born 1909) - American psychologist, representative of humanistic psychology. Tried to combine psychoanalysis and existentialism. He interpreted love and will as the basic needs of human existence. (1850-1934) - German psychologist, one of the founders of experimental psychology in Germany. Conducted research in the field of psychophysics, psychology of memory, visual representations. He proceeded from the principle of isomorphism of mental and physical phenomena. Considered associations as largely conditioned by the realization of a conscious attitude. (1863-1916) - German-American psychologist, one of the founders of psychotechnics (introduced the term "psychotechnics" himself), a student of W. Wundt and W. James. Dealt with problems of management, professional selection, vocational training. Developed strategies for the study of labor processes in the laboratory. (1893 - 1988) - American psychologist. Murray's developments in the field of the theory of personality diagnostics were of particular importance for world psychology. His personology, which is largely based on the works of Z. Freud on early childhood fixations and complexes and includes modified concepts of "I", "It", "Super-I", is aimed primarily at the analysis of individual manifestations. Unlike Z. Freud and A. Adler, he introduced a large number basic needs, where, along with primary, or vital, needs, secondary (psychogenic) ones characteristic of a person were distinguished. (1893-1973) - domestic psychiatrist, psychotherapist, psychologist. Specialist in problems of psychophysiology and clinic of neuropsychic disorders. Developed a theory of personality based on its relationships. Conducted research on psychophysiological and socio-pedagogical aspects of psychotherapy. (born 1928) - American psychologist, one of the founders of cognitive psychology. In 1933 his family emigrated to the USA. In 1950 he graduated from Harvard University with a bachelor's degree, in 1952 he defended his master's thesis at Swarthmore College, in 1956 - his doctoral dissertation in psychology at Harvard University. Professor at Elmory University in Atlanta, director of the Center for Cognitive Psychology. Conducted research on the formation of a "scheme" as the basis of cognitive processes. (1903-1978) - domestic psychologist. Perceptual specialist fiction and imagination. (born 1935) - American psychologist. Professor at the University of California. Specialist in the field of psychology of perception, memory, attention. (1897-1967) - American psychologist, specialist in personality psychology. He developed a theory of personality based on the concepts of I and self-actualization, which denotes the desire of the individual to achieve something meaningful and significant in life. He showed that the motives that have a source biological needs, when they are satisfied, they can acquire a character that is quite independent of the biological basis (the principle of functional autonomy of motives). (1916-1991) - American psychologist. Engaged in problems of social psychology, psycholinguistics. He developed a theory of meaning, in which meaning was understood as a convoluted reproduction of real behavior in relation to certain objects. Based on this theory, he developed the method of semantic differential. (1886-1963) - American psychologist. Engaged in the development of psychological tests. For the needs of the armed forces, he created Tests alpha and beta. (1907-1978) - domestic psychologist. Author of the concept of operational reflection. The research was based on the position according to which the effectiveness of labor actions is determined by the characteristics of the reflection of the object of labor. In the process of performing a specific action with an object, its operational image is formed, designed specifically for this action. (born 1924) - domestic psychologist. Leading specialist on problems of theory and methodology of Marxist psychology. Author of the socio-psychological theory of the collective. Developed theoretical problems of personality psychology and its development. (1906-1984) - domestic psychologist. Conducted innovative research in the field of labor psychology. He developed new methods of psychological analysis of the pilot's activity, in particular, he created an aircraft laboratory. (1856-1931) - French psychologist. Specialist in the field of research of cognitive processes, primarily thinking, speech, memory. He dealt with the problems of affect. (1903-1942) - French Marxist philosopher, psychologist. Based on a materialistic understanding of society and history, he tried to build a new psychology. The "concrete" psychology that he developed was supposed to focus on the meanings and real activities of the individual. (1841-1897) - German physiologist, psychologist, specialist in child psychology. Dealt with a wide range of issues general biology, biochemistry, biophysics, embryology, psychophysiology of the sense organs, psychotherapy. Developed the ideas of Ch. Darwin. In contrast to associative psychology, he defended the idea of ​​the important role of heredity in the development of the child. (born 1919) is an American neuropsychologist. Professor at Stanford University. He considered the brain as a holographic structure. (born 1925) is an American animal psychologist. Most famous are his experiments with teaching the chimpanzee Sarah to use signs. Somewhat earlier, the spouses R. and B. Gardner managed to teach chimpanzees complex system signs used by the dumb in America. Primak, on the other hand, used plastic symbols as "words", which the monkey had to lay out on a special magnetic board, while it learned about 130 characters, with the help of which quite complex sequences ("phrases") could be composed. (1873-1956) - priest and psychoanalyst in Zurich. He tried to place the teachings of psychoanalysis on religious grounds. He was in a lively correspondence with Z. Freud. (1881-1964) - French psychologist, one of the founders of French experimental psychology, assistant to P. Janet. Developed a system of psychology based on natural science data. He defended the principle of studying the psyche without resorting to the phenomena of consciousness, but only on the basis of behavioral acts. (1880-1939) - Austrian psychologist, psychotherapist. The basic need of the individual is to return to the original state of intrauterine existence, in which he is one with nature, but this need is frustrated due to memories of the trauma of birth. Overcoming this trauma should be carried out in the conditions of special psychotherapy. Later he formulated the position according to which each stage individual development characterized by the actualization of the trauma of birth, which is subjectively perceived as a feeling of abandonment, but provides an opportunity to establish new relationships with the world. American philosopher, representative of operationalism, biologist, psychologist. He is best known for his analysis of the links between language, thought and action. Conducted research on the use of language in conflict situations. One of the first to apply game theory to the analysis of behavior. (1786 - 1869) Made the first revolution in psychology as a transition to the study of objective psychology. His system was based on two fundamental principles: 1. Reflection, 2. Reality of action. He assigned speech signs an important role in structuring the human psyche. (1897-1957) - German-American psychologist, psychoanalytically oriented researcher. Since 1922 he has been head of the Vienna Seminar on Psychoanalytic Therapy. He created his own theory of character, in which the leading role is played by the possibility of relieving tension through the experience of orgasm. (1839-1916) - French psychologist, one of the founders of French experimental psychology. Author of the books Diseases of Memory (1881), Diseases of the Will (1883), Diseases of the Personality (1885). Developed problems of attention, imagination, concepts. Based on the application of the pathopsychological method, he built a model of the normal development of the psyche. Formulated the law of regression of memory, called Ribot's law. In his later works, he turned to the problems of affect and emotions. (1850-1935) - French physiologist, psychologist, hypnologist. Author of the books "Experimental and Clinical Studies of Sensitivity" (1877), "Experience in General Psychology" (1887). Established three phases of somnambulism. (born 1933) - American psychologist. Specialist in the field of human communications. Worked at Harvard University. He gave a description of the Pygmalion effect. (born 1907) - American psychologist. Professor at Saint Louis University. He dealt with the problems of schizophrenia, psychological diagnostics. He created the theory of frustration, within the framework of which he developed a test - a drawing technique of frustration. (1884-1922) - Swiss psychiatrist, creator of the projective test of color spots, who received his name. Received medical education, defended his doctoral dissertation in the field of psychiatry. Since 1911, he began experiments with ink spots. (1860 - 1928) The idea of ​​quantifying the ingredients of mental life in order to recreate its individual profile in a healthy and sick person. They identified 11 mental processes, which were divided into five groups:

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