The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) was established on the basis of an Agreement signed on March 26, 1956 in Moscow by representatives of the governments of eleven founding countries (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, China, North Korea, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Czechoslovakia) in order to combine their scientific and material potential to study the fundamental properties of matter. Later, in September of the same year, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam joined them, in 1976 - the Republic of Cuba. After the signing of the Agreement, specialists from all participating countries arrived at the Institute. The city of Dubna has become international.
The prehistory of this scientific center in the city located at the confluence of the Dubna River with the Volga (Moscow Region) is also interesting. At the end of the 40s of the XX century. here, then still in the village of Novo-Ivankovo, they put into operation the most powerful accelerator in the world at that time - a synchrocyclotron for conducting fundamental research in the field of elementary particle physics and atomic nucleus at high energies. It began to be built on the initiative of a group of domestic scientists headed by academician Igor Kurchatov, for which they organized new laboratory, which from 1947 to 1953, for reasons of secrecy, was listed as a branch of the Institute atomic energy and was called the Hydrotechnical Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and a little later received the status of an independent academic institution - the Institute of Nuclear Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Further expansion of the research program led to the emergence in 1951 of another scientific organization - the Electrophysical Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences, where, under the leadership of Academician (since 1958) Vladimir Veksler, work was launched to create a new accelerator - the synchrophasotron, a proton accelerator with an energy of 10 GeV - with record parameters for that time. grand building, launched (like the first artificial Earth satellite), in 1957, has become a symbol of the achievements of domestic science.
So, these two large institutions were our launch pad. Here, research was launched in a wide range of areas of nuclear physics, in which the scientific centers of the JINR Member States were interested.
At a Moscow meeting in March 1956, their representatives elected Dmitry Blokhintsev, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1958), who had previously headed the construction of the world's first nuclear power plant(launched in 1954) in Obninsk (Kaluga region). Professors Marian Danysh (Poland) and Vaclav Votruba (Czechoslovakia) became Vice-Directors.
The JINR Statute was approved on 23 September 1956 at the first session of the Committee of Plenipotentiaries of the JINR Member States; V new edition it was signed on June 23, 1992. In accordance with the Charter, the Institute carries out its activities on the principles of openness to the participation of all interested states, their equal and mutually beneficial cooperation.
The history of the formation of JINR is associated with the names of such prominent scientists and leaders of science as Nikolay Bogolyubov, Igor Tamm, Alexander Topchiev, Leopold Infeld, Henryk Nevodnichansky, Horia Hulubey, Lajos Janoshi and others. eminent physicists and organizers of science Alexander Baldin, Dmitry Blokhintsev, Van Ganchan, Vladimir Veksler, Nikolai Govorun, Marian Gmitro, Venedikt Dzhelepov, Ivo Zvara, Ivan Zlatev, Vladimir Kadyshevsky, Dezhe Kish, Norbert Kroo, Jan Kozheshnik, Karl Lanius, Le Van Thiem, Anatoly Logunov, Moses Markov, Viktor Matveev, Mikhail Meshcheryakov, Georgi Najakov, Nguyen Van Hieu, Yuri Oganesyan, Lenard Pal, Heinz Pose, Bruno Pontecorvo, Vladislav Sarantsev, Namsarain Sodnom, Ryszard Sosnowski, Aureliu Sandulescu, Albert Tavkhelidze, Ivan Todorov, Ivan Ulegla , Ion Ursu, Georgy Flerov, Ilya Frank, Hristo Hristov, Andrzej Hrynkevich, Shcherban Tsitseyka, Fedor Shapiro, Dmitry Shirkov, Jerzy Janick and others. Streets and alleys in Dubna are named after many of them.
In terms of the range of activities, JINR is a unique international scientific organization, but not the first to appear on the scientific map of the world. Almost two years earlier, near Geneva, on the territory of Switzerland and France, the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) was formed, designed to consolidate the efforts of Western European countries in studying the fundamental properties of matter. This accelerated the formation of our Institute as an institution that united the scientific potential of the Eastern European countries and a number of Asian states (it is no coincidence that in one of the first JINR documents it was called Eastern Institute nuclear research).
All this was the result of the understanding that no area of fundamental science is comparable in value to nuclear physics, and developing this area of knowledge alone is an unpromising task, moreover, it acts as a generator of ideas, stimulates not only many other natural sciences, but and technical progress in general. In addition, only openness and internationality are a guarantee for the peaceful use of nuclear energy.
And the production of accelerated proton beams at the synchrophasotron with an energy of up to 10 GeV allowed JINR specialists to immediately engage in the search for new elementary particles and previously unknown laws of the mysterious microworld. With unprecedented enthusiasm and innovation in Dubna, they did something that had no analogues and what the newspapers invariably wrote about "for the first time in the world."
Thus, at the International Conference on High Energy Physics in 1959 in Kiev (that is, just two years after the launch of the synchrophasotron), the first results on the study of the properties of the production of strange particles in pion-nucleon interactions at energies above 6 GeV were presented. In particular, Vladimir Veksler, Van Ganchang, Mikhail Solovyov reported the discovery of the now well-known law of conservation of the baryon charge of heavy elementary particles, which include nucleons, hyperons, etc. particles, as well as new data on the properties of xi-minus hyperons, antiprotons and anti-lambda hyperons formed in the above interactions.
At the Rochester conference in Berkeley (USA) in 1960, physicists of the same group again announced for the first time the discovery of cases of multiple (more than two) production of strange particles (these include K-mesons, hyperons, etc.), the establishment of the phenomenon the growth of the cross sections for the formation of kaons and xi-minus hyperons with the energy of incident pions, as well as the cases of the formation and decay of a new antiparticle - the antisigma-minus hyperon. It was a triumph for the Dubna scientists.
And a year later, at a conference at CERN, the same group of scientists for the first time demonstrated data on the abundant production of resonances involving strange particles and reported on a previously unknown resonance f0 (980) - a meson decaying into two short-lived neutral kaons (the same as K -mesons). This phenomenon is included in the world particle data tables with reference to the work of the JINR High Energy Laboratory team.
At the same time, original methods were created here; for the first time in the world, large hydrogen and propane-freon chambers were constructed, etc. And the synchrophasotron eventually turned into an accelerator of relativistic nuclei. In addition, it was on it that polarized deuterons were accelerated to record energies of 4.5 GeV per nucleon.
One of the first topics developed in Dubna was related to the knowledge of the structure of radioactive nuclei obtained by irradiating targets from different substances with protons at the synchrocyclotron. The research was carried out by an international team in the scientific-experimental department of nuclear spectroscopy and radiochemistry of the Laboratory of Nuclear Problems. The obtained long-lived isotopes were sent for study to Warsaw, Dresden, Kiev, Krakow, Leningrad, Moscow, Prague, Tashkent, Tbilisi, as well as to some scientific centers of non-participating countries.
The world's first pulsed reactor IBR (fast neutron reactor), created at the Laboratory of Neutron Physics (FLNP), has also become a center of attraction for physicists from the JINR Member States. Many specialists from Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, Germany, North Korea, Mongolia, Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, etc. have gone through the research school here. Subsequently, whole groups of employees began to come here from the participating countries with equipment specially prepared for the corresponding experiments.
One of the most striking examples of international cooperation was the development of the next pulsed reactor - the IBR-2 complex, in which institutions and enterprises from Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the USSR took part. Launched in 1984, it gave a powerful impetus to research in condensed matter physics using neutron scattering.
Now developed new form cooperation at IBR-2: scientists from any country can submit proposals for conducting the experiments they need at facilities operating on the beams of this reactor. The relevant committee of experts considers the proposal and evaluates it. Their recommendations are binding, and the author of the idea, together with FLNP specialists, conducts an experiment within the specified time. The physicist conducts further research with the results obtained at his main job in contact with our specialists with the help of modern means connections.
In the 1970s and 1980s, scientific centers and enterprises of the participating countries made a significant contribution to the creation of experimental equipment for the U-400 cyclotron. Together with specialists from the Institute of Nuclear Physics (Bucharest, Romania) they compiled the terms of reference for the design and production in Romania of the system for transporting the extracted cyclotron beams. And at the Institute for Nuclear Research in Swierk (Poland) they developed a receiving device for observing and identifying charged particles on the focal plane of the MSP-144 magnetic spectrometer. As a result, the scientists of the participating countries in a fairly short time helped to create a large experimental FOBOS facility and other facilities for our Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, on which unique research is being carried out today.
It is appropriate to recall one more discovery "at the tip of a pen": after long and unsuccessful attempts by many specialists in the field of high-energy physics to find the so-called top quark (the sixth, last and heaviest in this family of particles), a group of theorists in which the key the role was played by scientists from the Dubna Laboratory theoretical physics(BLTP) im. N. N. Bogolyubov, predicted a rather narrow range of mass values where it was necessary to look for the top quark. There this particle was found by the experimenters of the National Accelerator Laboratory. E. Fermi (USA). And recently, our collaborators at the Fermi Laboratory contributed to the measurement of the top quark mass: the most accurate result in world practice was obtained.
It should be emphasized that the modern quark model is inconceivable without the fundamental works of the Dubna theorists: the color quark hypothesis, the quark bag, and so on. (Nikolai Bogolyubov, Albert Tavkhelidze, Victor Matveev and others).
Many nuclear research centers of the participating countries owe their appearance to a large extent to Dubna: thanks to JINR, their experimental base was developed, large nuclear physics facilities were created. At present, joint work on the construction of a cyclotron for Slovakia continues. In December 2003 in Astana at the collegium of the Ministry of Energy and natural resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan, a joint project was approved to create for the Eurasian national university them. LN Gumilyov Interdisciplinary Research Complex based on the DC-60 heavy ion accelerator developed at JINR. At the end of 2005, the creation of the accelerator was completed.
At the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, we experienced a difficult time. Perestroika, the collapse of the USSR and the socialist community, cardinal socio-political changes and a severe economic crisis in most of the countries mentioned - all this made the Institute's position almost critical. However, he survived, primarily thanks to the highest level the theoretical and experimental studies, the traditions of its scientific schools, the unique scientific base and the selfless devotion to science of a highly qualified team of scientists, specialists, and workers. During this transitional period, the Directorate of the Institute, headed by Academician Vladimir Kadyshevsky, did a great job of preserving the unique scientific center, maintaining its international relations and further development its scientific and technical cooperation.
Exclusively important event for the Institute was adopted on January 2, 2000, the Federal Law "On Ratification of the Agreement between the Government Russian Federation and the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research on the location and conditions for the activities of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in the Russian Federation". It formulates the conditions that Russia undertakes to adhere to in order for the activities of JINR to be successful and fruitful. Thus, we have confirmed the legal guarantees that correspond to generally accepted international standards .
At this stage of our development, it became clear that the cooperation of the participating countries in our Institute should acquire a qualitatively new character: be mutually beneficial, based on the real capabilities of the respective states. These are the current principles of the Institute's activities, which determine its strategy, development prospects, and priority areas of research.
Today, 18 states are JINR members: the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Bulgaria, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the Republic of Georgia, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the Republic of Cuba, the Republic of Moldova, Mongolia, the Republic of Poland, the Russian Federation, Romania , Slovak Republic, Republic of Uzbekistan, Ukrainian Republic, Czech Republic. At the governmental level, Cooperation Agreements between the Institute and Germany, Hungary, Italy and South Africa have been concluded.
JINR is still a truly international scientific center. Its highest governing body is the Committee of Plenipotentiaries of all 18 participating countries. He discusses the budget, plans scientific research and capital construction, admission of new states as members of the Institute, etc.
The scientific policy of the Institute is developed by the Scientific Council, which, in addition to representatives of the participating countries, includes well-known physicists from CERN, Germany, Italy, China, the USA, France, Greece, Belgium, the Netherlands, India and other countries.
The permanent body is the JINR Directorate, elected by the Committee of Plenipotentiaries. For higher leadership positions leading specialists of the member states of the Institute are elected.
Since the formation of JINR, a wide range of research has been carried out here and scientific personnel highest qualification for the member countries of the Institute, including many scientists who now occupy leading positions in science. Among them are presidents of national academies of sciences, heads of major nuclear institutes and universities.
JINR has eight laboratories, each of which is comparable to a large institute in terms of the scope of research. In total, we employ about 6,000 people, of which more than 1,200 are researchers, including full members and corresponding members of national academies of sciences, over 260 doctors and 630 candidates of sciences, dozens of international and state prize winners, about 2,000 engineers and technicians.
So, LTP them. N. N. Bogolyubov - one of the largest centers in the world theoretical research in particle physics and quantum theory field, nuclear physics and condensed matter physics. Topical research in these areas is successfully combined here with effective theoretical support for experiments. A distinctive feature of the Dubna theorists is a wide range scientific interests combined with the brightness of physical ideas and the rigor of mathematical research. An important component of BLTP's activity is the development of cooperation in the field of educational programs with the JINR Member States and attracting talented young employees, students, and postgraduates to work.
Experimental research in elementary particle physics has been actively carried out at JINR since its inception. The study of the processes of birth and interaction of elementary particles is a direct way of understanding the structure of matter. Scientists of the Laboratory of Particle Physics (LPP) and the Laboratory of Nuclear Problems (DLNP) named after. V. P. Dzhelepova conduct experiments under this program not only in Dubna, but also at the largest accelerators at CERN, the Institute for High Energy Physics (Protvino, Russia), the National Accelerator Laboratory named after. E. Fermi (Batavia, USA), Brookhaven National Laboratory (Upton, USA), German Synchrotron (Hamburg, Germany). At the same time, for the first time, a new form of cooperation between scientific teams was born. different countries- "physics at a distance", which made it possible to involve in scientific research teams of scientists who would not have been able to independently carry out such work at the largest accelerators.
For example, DLNP is one of the world's leading centers working in the field of high, low and intermediate energies. The most important, promising experiments are in particle physics, including neutrino research, the study of nuclear structure, including relativistic nuclear physics and nuclear spectroscopy; study of the properties of condensed matter, the creation of new accelerators, biological and biomedical research at the Dubna phasotron. Today the students of the laboratory lead research teams in Protvino (Moscow Region) and Gatchina (St. Petersburg), run institutes, higher educational institutions and large laboratories in Belarus, Georgia, Uzbekistan, Ukraine and other countries.
High Energy Laboratory (LHE) V. I. Veksler and A. M. Baddin is an accelerator center for conducting a wide range of topical research in such an energy range of beams, where there is a transition from the effects of the nucleon structure of the nucleus to manifestations of the asymptotic behavior of the characteristics of its interactions. The laboratory carries out a wide international scientific cooperation with CERN, the physical centers of Russia, USA, Germany, Japan, India, Egypt and other countries. Over the years, 9 discoveries have been made here. For successful implementation research programs in relativistic nuclear physics put forward the idea of creating a new specialized superconducting accelerator - the Nuclotron. It was put into operation in 1993. And at the end of 1999, the creation of a system for the slow extraction of a beam of accelerated protons was completed.
To date, the Nuclotron is the only complex of this kind that can provide a wide variety of beams for experiments (from protons to iron nuclei) for a year and satisfy such conditions as: precise energy change, the required intensity level, long-term stretching and uniformity of the temporal structure of the output beams, their profile required for the experiments.
Work on the synthesis of new heavy and superheavy elements, the study of their physical and chemical properties were and remain the main direction of the scientific program of the Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR) named after. G. N. Flerova. For 5 recent years here synthesized 17 isotopes of new chemical elements with atomic numbers from 112 to 118. Observation of dozens of decay events of new superheavy nuclei became possible after a significant improvement in the accelerators used and experimental methods. Today, the Institute is the world leader in the field of synthesis of superheavy nuclei, having enriched the periodic table with new synthesized elements with atomic numbers 113, 115, 116, 118. The decision of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry to assign 105th element Periodic system elements of D. I. Mendeleev of the name "Dubniy".
Laboratory of Neutron Physics (FLNP) named after V.I. IM Franka is an active member of the world community of neutron physicists. Here we study physical phenomena in solids and liquids, new properties of materials. Conduct theoretical and experimental studies of high-temperature superconductivity, compounds with complex structures, which is especially important for biology, chemistry, pharmacology. A number of scientific developments being developed in the world of science were initiated by works first performed at FLNP. Let us mention studies of the properties of ultracold neutrons, the effects of parity violation in neutron resonances, the influence of pulsed magnetic fields on the structure of matter, and the use of a small-angle technique.
An extremely important area is information technology, computer networks and computational physics. These works are concentrated in the Laboratory information technologies, created by corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences Mikhail Meshcheryakov. The specialists of this laboratory carefully analyze the achievements in the field computer technology and strive to develop everything relevant and promising. Their main task is being successfully solved - providing modern telecommunication, network and information-computing means for theoretical and experimental research.
The Laboratory of Particle Physics was established in 1988 to carry out relevant experimental research at the world's leading accelerators. Institutes of the JINR Member States are involved in the scientific program of the laboratory, which allows concentrating intellectual and material resources, thus providing a significant contribution to international projects.
The Laboratory of Radiation Biology - the "youngest" at JINR - was established in 2005 on the basis of the Department of Radiation and Radiobiological Research. The methods of nuclear physics are used here to study the mechanisms of interaction of ionizing radiation with matter, and the basic facilities of the Institute are used in carrying out the most interesting radiobiological experiments. Dubna radiobiologists have many achievements that have been highly appreciated by the international scientific community. Thus, in 1985 in Prague, at the 19th European Conference on Radiation Biology, a report was made on the theory of the effect of radiation on living cells, proposed for the first time in the world by our specialists. The reaction to this was the desire of scientists from the Netherlands, Germany and other countries to cooperate with JINR and exchange research results.
It is also important that the Institute has excellent conditions for teaching talented youth. In 1991, in Dubna, on the basis of the Dubna branches of the Scientific Research Institute of Nuclear Physics. D. V. Skobeltsyn, Moscow State University state institute radio engineering, electronics and automation, the basic departments of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, MEPhI opened the Educational and Scientific Center for specialized training in the field of physics. Here students complete their studies, practice in the laboratories of the Institute and prepare theses under the guidance of leading scientists. There is a postgraduate course at the Institute. Students from the universities of the CIS countries, Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Germany, etc. are constantly trained here, workshops are organized annually at our facilities. By the way, we use every opportunity to support students. One example is the UNESCO grant received within the framework of the JINR-UNESCO agreement and intended for practical training and research in Dubna for two months. These workshops were attended by 18 young scientists from Armenia, Georgia, Belarus, Poland and Russia.
In 1994, on the initiative of the JINR Directorate, with the active participation of the administrations of the Moscow region and the city, Russian Academy natural sciences The International University of Nature, Society and Man "Dubna" was created.
During the 50 years of its existence, JINR has been a kind of bridge between the West and the East, contributing to the development of broad international scientific and technical cooperation. We maintain links with more than 700 research centers and universities in 60 countries around the world. Only in Russia, our largest partner, cooperation is carried out with 150 research centers, universities, industrial enterprises and firms from 40 cities.
On a mutually beneficial basis, we maintain contacts with the IAEA, UNESCO, the European Physical Society, and the International Center for Theoretical Physics in Trieste. Every year more than a thousand scientists come to Dubna, and we provide scholarships to physicists from developing countries.
Volume joint work cooperation with scientific centers of France and Italy stands out. In 1957 Dubna was visited by the laureate Nobel Prize Jean-Frédéric Joliot-Curie (foreign member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1947). In memory of his visit, one of the streets of Dubna is named after him. Interest in us was also shown by the Commissariat for Atomic Energy of France - our Institute received the High Commissioner of this organization Francois Perrin. In 1972, the Protocol on Cooperation between JINR and National Institute physics of the nucleus and elementary particles (France). In 1992, a new general agreement about our further development. It is no coincidence that one of the streets of the French city of Caen is called "avenue de Dubna", which symbolizes the fruitful scientific relations of the national laboratory GANIL (Large National Heavy Ion Accelerator), located in this city, with JINR. Joint experimental studies of the limits of stability, light exotic nuclei in 1994 were supported by a special grant from the French government, in 1997 it was extended for another three years. But the common work did not end there either: in particular, an agreement was reached that FLNR would focus on the synthesis of superheavy elements, and GANIL would begin to study the behavior of exotic nuclei. At the same time, joint groups of scientists and specialists will work both in Dubna and Kan.
At present, our and Italian scientists are united by the international project BOREXINO, dedicated to measuring the flux of solar neutrinos and studying the phenomenon of neutrino oscillations using a low-background calorimetric detector with a liquid scintillator, created in the Gran Sasso underground laboratory (Italy). A group of employees from Dubna made a great contribution to the creation of a prototype of this installation, as well as to the analysis of the data and obtaining the first results. In 2000, the Joint Protocol on scientific and technical cooperation between the Italian Republic and the Russian Federation assigned the project the first priority, and in 2003 it was transferred to the category of experiments of special importance.
Since the 1970s, after separate scientific contacts with American colleagues, closer ties between JINR and the US national centers have been developing. This stage was opened by the visit to Dubna in 1969 of Tlenn Seaborg, who was then chairman of the US Atomic Energy Commission. In 1972, when the National Accelerator Laboratory. E. Fermi put her accelerator into operation, American physicists invited our colleagues to participate in the first experiments on it. By that time, an original hydrogen gas target had been made in Dubna, and the leading scientific centers of the USA and European countries were subsequently equipped with similar ones. And today the same American partners continue to actively cooperate with us: for example, at the proton accelerator - the Tevatron - a large international team, including from Dubna, is carrying out a number of major projects.
However, today JINR has extensive ties with more than 70 American laboratories and universities in all areas of its activities, including the Brookhaven and Livermore National Laboratories.
Fruitful cooperation between JINR and CERN has been developing for many decades. Created half a century ago in the face of confrontation between two military blocs, they did not stop intensive cooperation even in the darkest years " cold war"During this time, they have performed dozens of joint experiments. The first of them is NA-4 on deep inelastic muon scattering, which was carried out in the Bologna-CERN-Dubna-Munich-Saclay collaboration. For the experimental setup, we made the core of a 50-meter magnet and 80 proportional In addition, our scientists have made a great contribution to the scientific search itself, from the development of a physical proposal to the receipt of results.
Today's collaboration is JINR's participation in 27 major CERN projects, including three out of four experiments at the Large Hadron Collider: ATLAS, CMS and ALICE. This accelerator will allow you to penetrate deeper than ever into matter, shed light on many secrets of the Universe (the conditions of the early Universe will be recreated - 10-21 seconds after big bang); will help solve one of the cornerstone mysteries of physics - to reveal the nature of the mass of particles; to produce thereby a qualitative leap in the development of the scientific worldview, technique and technology. At this collider (LHC) with a circumference of 27 km, two beams moving in opposite directions will be accelerated. At the points of their intersection will be placed four huge in size and most complex installations. In 2007, they should start working, and since over a billion collisions will occur on them every second, one can imagine what an inexhaustible stream of information will fall on physicists ...
On the basis of its supercomputing center, our Institute is participating in the creation of the Russian Regional Data Processing Center with LHC, which will become an integral part of the European Union's project "HEP EU-GRID".
I would like to note that since 1997 JINR and CERN have been organizing a joint exhibition "Science Brings Peoples Together". It was successfully held in Oslo, Paris, Geneva, Brussels, Moscow, Bucharest, Dubna, Yerevan and Thessaloniki.
JINR scientists are permanent participants in many international and national scientific conferences. It has become a good tradition to hold schools for young scientists. Thus, for the third year in a summer the conference "Methods of Nuclear Physics and Accelerators in Biology and Medicine" has been successfully held.
Every year, the Institute sends more than 1,500 articles and reports to the editorial offices of many journals and conference organizing committees, which are submitted by about 3,000 authors. It is interesting to note that among scientific and educational centers operating in Russia, JINR consistently ranks among the top five in terms of the number of publications per year (and a number of other integral indicators).
At the session of the Committee of Plenipotentiaries of JINR, it was decided to support the project of creating a special economic zone of the Technopark "Dubna", which is supposed to be implemented on the basis of a private-state partnership in line with the transformations currently taking place in Russia and meeting the interests of the JINR Member States.
The organization of such a zone will benefit the science city and will attract the necessary investments. The Federal Law "On Special Economic Zones in the Russian Federation" adopted in 2005 also contributes to this. According to the results of the corresponding competition announced by the Government of the Russian Federation, Dubna received the status of a special economic zone of a technology-innovative type. Here, around the only international intergovernmental scientific center in Russia, an "innovation belt" will be created, in which a number of firms from the JINR Member States have already expressed their interest. Techno-innovative zone "Dubna" will be developed in cooperation with colleagues - scientific centers of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Rosatom, as well as with partners in industry and business.
For 50 years, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research has been developing as a large multifaceted international scientific center, which successfully integrates fundamental theoretical and experimental research, development and application the latest technologies, university education in relevant fields of knowledge.
Professor Alexei SISAKYAN, Director of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
(JINR) is an international intergovernmental research organization established on the basis of an Agreement signed by eleven founding countries on March 26, 1956 and registered by the United Nations on February 1, 1957. Located in the Russian Federation, in Dubna, not far from Moscow.
The starting point for the formation of scientific Dubna can be considered 1946, when, on the initiative of the head of the Soviet nuclear project, Igor Kurchatov, the government of the USSR decided to build a proton accelerator, a synchrocyclotron, near the village of Novo-Ivankovo.
The scientific policy of the institute is developed by the scientific council, which includes prominent scientists representing the participating countries, as well as well-known physicists from Germany, Greece, India, Italy, China, the USA, France, Switzerland, CERN, etc.
Since 2011, the JINR Director has been Viktor Matveev, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
JINR has seven laboratories, each of which is comparable to a large institute in terms of the scope of research. The staff consists of about 5,000 people, of which more than 1,200 are researchers, about 2,000 are engineering and technical personnel.
The Institute has a remarkable set of experimental physics facilities: the only superconducting accelerator of nuclei and heavy ions in Europe and Asia - the Nuclotron, heavy ion cyclotrons for experiments on the fusion of heavy and exotic nuclei, a unique pulsed neutron reactor for research in neutron nuclear physics and condensed matter physics, proton accelerator - phasotron, which is used for radiation therapy. JINR has powerful high-performance computing facilities, which are integrated into the world's computer networks using high-speed communication channels.
At the end of 2008, the new basic installation IREN-I, designed for research in the field of nuclear physics using the time-of-flight technique, was successfully launched.
The Institute maintains contacts with almost 700 scientific centers and universities in 64 countries of the world. Only in Russia, cooperation is carried out with 150 research centers, universities, industrial enterprises and firms from 43 Russian cities.
The Joint Institute actively cooperates with the European Organization for Nuclear Research in solving many theoretical and experimental problems of high energy physics. JINR physicists participate in 15 CERN projects. Scientists of the institute participated in the project "Large Hadron Collider (LHC)". They participated in the development and creation of separate ATLAS, CMS, ALICE detector systems and the LHC machine itself.
JINR physicists are involved in preparations for a wide range of fundamental research in the field of elementary particle physics at the LHC. The Central Information and Computing Complex of the Institute is actively used for tasks related to experiments at the LHC, and other scientific projects requiring large-scale computations.
Every year, the Institute submits more than 1,500 scientific articles and reports to the editorial offices of many journals and organizing committees of conferences, which are submitted by about 3,000 authors. JINR publications are sent to more than 50 countries of the world.
JINR participates in the implementation of the program for the creation of the innovation belt of Dubna. In 2005, the government of the Russian Federation signed a decree "On the establishment of a special economic zone of a technical-innovative type in the territory of the city of Dubna." The specificity of JINR is reflected in the direction of the SEZ: nuclear physics and information technologies. More than 50 innovative projects have been prepared by the Joint Institute for implementation in the special economic zone, nine companies-residents of the SEZ "Dubna" have their origins in JINR.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources
The scientific program is focused on achieving highly significant results.
The experimental base of JINR makes it possible to carry out not only advanced fundamental research, but also applied research aimed at the development and creation of new nuclear physics and information technologies.
JINR Laboratories
CERN and JINR have mutual observer status: JINR - in the Council of CERN and CERN - in the Committee of Plenipotentiary Representatives of the Governments of the JINR Member States. Since recently, JINR has its own representative in the Expert Committee of the European Science Foundation (NuPECC).
JINR Chief Scientific Secretary N.A. Rusakovich, JINR Director V.A. Matveev, CERN Director General R. Heuer, Head of the CERN International Relations Office, CERN Representative at JINR R. Foss
The Institute has accumulated vast experience in mutually beneficial scientific and technical cooperation on an international scale. JINR maintains contacts with the IAEA, UNESCO, the European Physical Society, the International Center for Theoretical Physics in Trieste. Every year more than a thousand scientists from organizations cooperating with JINR come to Dubna.
Educational activities
Excellent conditions have been created at JINR for the training of talented young specialists. More than 30 years working in Dubna branch of the Moscow state university . (oz) JINR annually organizes a workshop at the facilities of the Institute for students from higher educational institutions Russia and other countries.
Participants of UC International Student Practice
For physics teachers from the JINR Member States, the UC together with CERN organizes annual scientific schools.
IN State University "Dubna" there are departments of theoretical and nuclear physics, as well as biophysics, distributed computing systems, nanotechnologies and new materials, personal electronics and electronics of physical installations. The teaching staff includes leading JINR staff, world-class scientists. On the territory of JINR is actively developing training base university.
Publications
Every year, the Institute sends more than 1,500 scientific articles and reports to the editorial offices of many journals and organizing committees of conferences, which are submitted by about 3,000 authors. JINR publications are sent to more than 50 countries of the world.
Achievements and prospects
More than 40 discoveries in the field of nuclear physics account for JINR. In light of the recent achievements of the Institute, it deserves special mention. In recognition of outstanding contributions, scientists of the Institute in modern physics and chemistry was the decision of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry on the assignment 105th element Periodic system of elements of D.I. Mendeleev names dubnium And 114th element titles flerovium, in honor of the Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of JINR and its founder, Academician G.N. Flerov. For the first time in the world, Dubna scientists synthesized new, long-lived superheavy elements with serial numbers 113, 114, 115, 116, 117 and 118. These important discoveries crowned the long-term efforts of scientists from different countries to search for " islands of stability» superheavy nuclei.
The 105th element of the Mendeleev Table was named dubnium, and the 114th element was named flerovium, in honor of the JINR Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions
For more than 20 years, JINR has been participating in the implementation of the program for the creation of the innovation belt of Dubna. In 2005, the Government of the Russian Federation signed the Decree “On the establishment in the territory of the city of Dubna special economic zone techno-innovative type. The specificity of JINR is reflected in the direction of the SEZ: nuclear physics and information technologies.
The Institute seeks to consolidate and strengthen its key positions in modern conditions. At the core JINR development strategies for subsequent years - fundamental research in the field of nuclear physics and related fields of science and technology through the improvement of its own research infrastructure and participation in international collaborations; methodological and applied research in the field of high technologies and their implementation in industrial, medical and other technical developments; active educational activities and development of social infrastructure.
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) ? an international intergovernmental research organization created on the basis of an Agreement signed by eleven founding countries on March 26, 1956 and registered by the UN on February 1, 1957. Located in Dubna, near Moscow, in the Russian Federation. The Institute was established in order to combine the efforts, scientific and material potential of the Member States to study the fundamental properties of matter. Today, 18 states are JINR members: the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Bulgaria, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Georgia, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the Republic of Cuba, the Republic of Moldova, Mongolia, the Republic of Poland, the Russian Federation, Romania, Slovak Republic, Republic of Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Czech Republic. At the governmental level, Cooperation Agreements between the Institute and Hungary, Germany, Egypt, Italy, Serbia and Republic of South Africa. JINR's activities in Russia are carried out in accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Ratification of the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research on the location and conditions of the activities of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in the Russian Federation”. In accordance with the Charter, the Institute carries out its activities on the principles of openness to the participation of all interested states, their equal and mutually beneficial cooperation. The main areas of theoretical and experimental research at JINR are elementary particle physics, nuclear physics and condensed matter physics. The scientific policy of JINR is developed by the Scientific Council, which includes prominent scientists representing the participating countries, as well as well-known physicists from Germany, Greece, India, Italy, China, the USA, France, Switzerland, European organization Nuclear Research (CERN), etc. JINR has seven laboratories, each of which is comparable to a large institute in terms of the scope of research. The staff has about 5000 people, of which more than 1200? research assistants, about 2000 ? engineering and technical staff. The Institute has a remarkable set of experimental physical facilities: the only superconducting accelerator of nuclei and heavy ions in Europe and Asia - the Nuclotron, heavy ion cyclotrons U-400 and U-400M with record beam parameters for conducting experiments on the synthesis of heavy and exotic nuclei, a unique neutron pulsed reactor IBR-2M for research on neutron nuclear physics and condensed matter physics, proton accelerator - phasotron, which is used for radiation therapy. JINR has powerful high-performance computing facilities, which are integrated into the world's computer networks using high-speed communication channels. In 2009, the Dubna-Moscow communication channel was put into operation with an initial capacity of 20 Gbit/s. At the end of 2008, the new base facility IREN-I, designed for research in the field of nuclear physics using the time-of-flight technique in the neutron energy range up to hundreds of keV, was successfully launched. The work on the Nuclotron-M project, which should become the basis of the new superconducting collider NICA, as well as on the creation of the DRIBs-II heavy ion complex, is progressing successfully. In accordance with the schedule, work is underway to modernize the complex of spectrometers of the IBR-2M reactor, included in the 20-year European strategic program for research in the field of neutron scattering. Concept of the JINR Seven-Year Development Plan for 2010–2016 provides for the concentration of resources for the renewal of the accelerator and reactor base of the Institute and the integration of its basic facilities into single system European scientific infrastructure. An important aspect of JINR's activity is wide international scientific and technical cooperation: the Institute maintains contacts with almost 700 scientific centers and universities in 64 countries of the world. Only in Russia, JINR's largest partner, cooperation is carried out with 150 research centers, universities, industrial enterprises and firms from 43 Russian cities. The Joint Institute actively cooperates with the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in solving many theoretical and experimental problems of high energy physics. Today JINR physicists participate in 15 CERN projects. A significant contribution of JINR to the implementation of the project of the century? “The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has received high praise from the global scientific community. All the obligations of JINR on the development and creation of individual detector systems ATLAS, CMS, ALICE and the LHC machine itself were fulfilled with success and just in time. JINR physicists are involved in preparations for a wide range of fundamental research in the field of elementary particle physics at the LHC. The Central Information and Computing Complex of the Institute is actively used for tasks related to experiments at the LHC and other scientific projects requiring large-scale calculations. For more than fifty years, a wide range of research has been carried out at JINR and scientific personnel of the highest qualification for the member countries have been trained. Among them are presidents of national academies of sciences, heads of major nuclear institutes and universities of many JINR Member States. JINR created the necessary conditions to train talented young professionals. For more than 30 years, a branch of Moscow State University has been operating in Dubna, the JINR Educational and Scientific Center was opened, as well as the departments of theoretical and nuclear physics in International University nature, society and man "Dubna". Every year, the Institute sends more than 1,500 scientific articles and reports to the editorial offices of many journals and organizing committees of conferences, which are submitted by about 3,000 authors. JINR publications are sent to more than 50 countries of the world. JINR accounts for half of the discoveries (about 40) in the field of nuclear physics registered in former USSR. The decision of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry to assign the 105th element of the Periodic Table of Elements to D.I. Mendeleev's name "Dubniy". For the first time in the world, Dubna scientists synthesized new, long-lived superheavy elements with atomic numbers 113, 114, 115, 116, 117 and 118. These important discoveries crowned the 35-year-old efforts of scientists from different countries to search for an "island of stability" of superheavy nuclei. For more than 15 years, JINR has been participating in the implementation of the program for the creation of the innovation belt of Dubna. In 2005, the Government of the Russian Federation signed the Decree "On the establishment in the territory of Dubna of a special economic zone of a technology-innovative type." The specificity of JINR is reflected in the direction of the SEZ: nuclear physics and information technologies. More than 50 innovative projects have been prepared by the Joint Institute for implementation in the special economic zone, 9 companies-residents of the SEZ "Dubna" have their origins in JINR. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research? a large multifaceted international scientific center, which integrates fundamental nuclear physics research, development and application of the latest technologies, as well as university education in relevant fields of knowledge.
Postage stamp of the USSR, 1976
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) is an international intergovernmental research organization in the science city of Dubna, Moscow Region. The founders are 18 JINR Member States. The main areas of theoretical and experimental research at JINR are nuclear physics, elementary particle physics, and studies of the condensed state of matter.
As a sign of recognition of the outstanding contribution of the scientists of the Institute to modern physics and chemistry, one can regard the decision of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) to give the 105th element the name dubnium after the location of JINR, and the 114th element - the name flerovium in honor of the co-founder of JINR and Academician G. N. Flerov, long-term head of his Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, where elements with numbers from 102 to 110 were synthesized during his activity.
Story
The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research was established on the basis of an Agreement signed on March 26, 1956 in Moscow by representatives of the governments of the eleven founding countries, with the aim of combining their scientific and material potential to study the fundamental properties of matter. At the same time, the contribution of the USSR was 50 percent, the Chinese people's republic 20 per cent. On February 1, 1957, JINR was registered by the UN. The institute is located in Dubna, 120 km north of Moscow.
By the time JINR was founded, the Institute of Nuclear Problems (INP) of the USSR Academy of Sciences already existed on the site of the future Dubna since the late 1940s, which launched a broad scientific program of fundamental and applied research properties of nuclear matter at the largest charged particle accelerator at that time - the synchrocyclotron. At the same time, the Electrophysical Laboratory of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (EFLAN) was formed here, in which, under the guidance of Academician V.I. Veksler, work was carried out to create a new accelerator - a proton synchrophasotron - with a record energy of 10 GeV for that time.
By the mid-1950s, there was a general understanding in the world that nuclear science should not be confined to secret laboratories and that only broad cooperation could ensure the progressive development of this fundamental field of human knowledge, as well as the peaceful use of atomic energy. Thus, in 1954, CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) was established near Geneva with the aim of consolidating the efforts of Western European countries in studying the fundamental properties of the microworld. At about the same time, the countries that then belonged to the socialist community, at the initiative of the government of the USSR, decided to create the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research on the basis of the INP and EFLAN.
Professor D. I. Blokhintsev, who had just completed the creation of the world's first nuclear power plant in Obninsk, was elected the first director of the Joint Institute. Professors M. Danysh (Poland) and V. Votruba (Czechoslovakia) became the first Vice-Directors of JINR. One of the most difficult and responsible periods in the life of the Institute fell to the share of the first directorate - the time of its formation.
The history of the formation of the Joint Institute is associated with the names of such prominent scientists and leaders of science as N. N. Bogolyubov , L. Infeld , I. V. Kurchatov , G. Nevodnichansky , A. M. Petrosyants , E. P. Slavsky , I. E Tamm, A. V. Topchiev, H. Hulubei, L. Yanoshi and others.
Outstanding physicists took part in the formation of the main scientific directions and the development of the Institute: A.M. Baldin, Wang Ganchan (Chinese. 王淦昌 , English Wang Ganchang), V. I. Veksler, N. N. Govorun, M. Gmitro, V. P. Dzhelepov, I. Zvara, I. Zlatev (Bulgarian. Ivan Zlatev), D. Kish, N. Kroo (Hung. Norbert Kroo), J. Kozheshnik, K. Lanius, Le Van Thiem (eng. Le Van Thiem), A. A. Logunov , M. A. Markov , V. A. Matveev , M. G. Meshcheryakov , G. Nadzhakov , Nguyen Van Hieu , Yu. M. Pontecorvo, V. P. Sarantsev, N. Sodnom, R. Sosnowski, A. Sandulescu (rum. Aureliu Sandulescu), A. N. Tavkhelidze, I. Todorov, I. Ulegla, I. Ursu, G. N. Flerov, I. M. Frank, H. Hristov, A. Hrynkevich (Polish. Andrzej Hrynkiewicz), Sh. Tsitseyka, F. L. Shapiro, D. V. Shirkov, D. Ebert, E. Yanik (Polish. Jerzy Janik) .
Achievements
In 1961, when the JINR Prizes were established, this award was given to a team of authors headed by Vladimir Iosifovich Veksler and the Chinese professor Wang Ganchang for the discovery of the antisigma-minus-hyperon. No one doubted that it was an elementary particle, but a few years later it was denied elementarity, as, indeed, the proton, neutron, π- and K-mesons and other hadrons. These objects turned out to be complex particles made up of quarks and antiquarks. Dubna physicists contributed to the understanding of the quark structure of hadrons. This is the concept of color quarks, this is the quark model of hadrons, called the “Dubna bag”, etc.
In 1957, shortly after the establishment of JINR, Bruno Pontecorvo put forward the hypothesis of neutrino oscillations. It took several decades to find experimental confirmation of one of the central questions modern physics weak interactions - neutrino oscillations. In January 2005, at the 97th session of the JINR Scientific Council, for the proof of solar neutrino oscillations in the SNO experiment (Sudbury Neutrino Observatory), the Prize was awarded to them. B. M. Pontecorvo to the director of the SNO project, professor of physics at Queen's University (Kingston, Canada), Dr. A. McDonald.
JINR accounts for half of the discoveries (about 40) in the field of nuclear physics registered in the former USSR.
Having synthesized many new chemical elements and more than four hundred new isotopes, the Institute has become one of the very few world leaders in this field. Including since 1998, he has been priority synthesized all new elements of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements, starting from the 113th.
The Institute was the first to synthesize the elements nobelium (102), flerovium (114), moscovium (115), livermorium (116), tennessine (117), oganesson (118). Also, the priority is equally approved according to the IUPAC decision or remains controversial for a number of other elements synthesized at JINR: lawrencium (103), rutherfordium (104), dubnium (105), bohrium (107).
Institute structure
18 states are members of JINR:
At the governmental level, the Institute has concluded Cooperation Agreements with Germany, Hungary, Italy and the Republic of South Africa.
The highest governing body of JINR is the Committee of Plenipotentiaries of all 18 Member States. The scientific policy of the Institute is developed by the Scientific Council, which, in addition to prominent scientists representing the participating countries, includes well-known physicists from Germany, Italy, the USA, France, the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN).
Eduard Mikhailovich Kozulin, Head of the Scientific Group of the FLNR Experimental Facilities, prepares equipment for experiments (2005)
Institute Laboratories
JINR has seven laboratories, each of which is comparable to a large institute in terms of the scope of research.
| laboratory name | supervisor |
|---|---|
| Laboratory of Neutron Physics (FLNP) named after V.I. I. M. Franka | V. N. Shvetsov, Ph.D. n. |
| Laboratory of Theoretical Physics (LTP) N. N. Bogolyubova | V. V. Voronov, Doctor of Physics and Mathematics n. |
| Laboratory of High Energy Physics (LHEP) named after V.I. V. I. Veksler and A. M. Baldin | V. D. Kekelidze, Dr. Sci. n. |
| Laboratory of Nuclear Problems (DLNP) them. V. P. Dzhelepova | V. A. Bednyakov, Doctor of Physics and Mathematics n. |
| Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR) G. N. Flerova | S. N. Dmitriev, Doctor of Physics and Mathematics n. |
| Information Technology Laboratory (LIT) | V. V. Korenkov, Doctor of Technical Sciences |
| Radiation Biology Laboratory (LRB) | E. A. Krasavin, corresponding member. RAS |
About 6,000 people work at the Institute, of which more than 1,000 are research workers, including
