August 15, 2013 marks the 150th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding scientist-shipbuilder, Hero of Socialist Labor, Academician Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov (1863-1945).
Academician Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov is one of the outstanding scientists. He was born in the village of Visyaga, Alatyrsky district, Simbirsk province (now the village of Krylovo, Poretsky district, Chuvashia), and most of his life was spent in the city on the Neva, at the Naval Academy, where he worked both as a teacher and as its head. It is symbolic that the building on Ushakovskaya Embankment in St. Petersburg was designed and built with the personal participation of an outstanding scientist who visited the academy on September 13, 1945 and got acquainted with the educational and laboratory rooms, reading and assembly halls. From 1945 to 1960, the Naval Academy of Shipbuilding and Armament was named after Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov. In memory of the scientist, a unique memorial cabinet-museum of A.N. Krylov, awards and personal belongings of Alexei Nikolaevich are stored in the Museum of the Military Medical Academy.
October 1, 1945, speaking to the staff of the Higher Naval Engineering School named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky, Alexey Nikolaevich Krylov emphasized that it is necessary to train not only a knowledgeable officer-engineer, but also a deeply and scientifically thinking engineer-creator. He expressed his satisfaction with the school, which provides the fleet with naval engineers who are capable of leading and educating subordinates, accurately managing the combat equipment of ships and solving complex technical problems. His words are relevant today.
Name A.N. Krylov is forever inscribed in the history of domestic and world science, technology and culture. The multifaceted activity of the academician extended to various industries knowledge, was encyclopedic in nature. Published scientific heritage A.N. Krylov is 12 volumes (1936-1956), covers the problems of the theory and structural mechanics of the ship, the theory of magnetic and gyroscopic compasses, mathematics, mechanics, ballistics, aeronautics, pedagogy, history of science and technology.
Biography
Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov was born into the family of an artillery officer. Father A.N. Krylova was educated at public expense as the son of a veteran wounded near Borodino. In 1878, Krylov entered the Naval School, from which he graduated with honors in 1884. After graduating from college, A.N. Krylov worked in the compass workshop of the Hydrographic Department under the direction of I.P. Kolonga, where he conducted his first scientific study on the deviation of magnetic compasses. The theory of magnetic and hydrocompasses passed through his whole life. Much later, in 1938-1940, A.N. Krylov published a number of works in which he gave a complete exposition of the theory of magnetic compass deviation, investigated the theory of gyroscopic compasses, and developed a theory of the effect of ship pitching on compass readings:
"Foundations of the theory of compass deviation"
"Perturbations of the compass readings resulting from the rolling of the ship in waves"
"On the theory of the gyrocompass"
In 1941, these studies were awarded the Stalin Prize. A. N. Krylov also suggested new system dromoscope, which automatically calculates the compass deviation. In 1887, A. N. Krylov moved to the Franco-Russian factory, and then continued his studies at the shipbuilding department of the Naval Academy. After completing the course (in 1890) he remained at the Academy, where he taught practical classes in mathematics and later - a course in ship theory. According to the memoirs of A. N. Krylov himself, since 1887, his “main specialty was shipbuilding, or, better, the application of mathematics to various issues of maritime affairs.” From this began the teaching activity of A. N. Krylov, which continued almost until his death. In the 1890s, Krylov's work The Theory of the Rolling of a Ship, which significantly expanded Froude's theory, gained world fame. The work of A. N. Krylov was the first comprehensive theoretical work in this area. In 1898 A. N. Krylov was awarded a gold medal british society ship engineers, and this was the first time in history that a foreigner was awarded the medal. Continuing this work, A. N. Krylov created the theory of damping (pacification) of side and pitching. He was the first to propose gyroscopic damping (calming) of rolling, which today is the most common way to dampen rolling.
Alexander Nikolaevich Krylov - shipbuilder, specialist in mechanics, mathematician, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1916; corresponding member since 1914), Hero of Socialist Labor (1943). Date of birth - August 3 (15), 1863. Place of birth - the village of Visyaga, Simbirsk province (now the village of Krylovo, Poretsky district, Chuvash Republic). Date of death - October 26, 1945. Place of death - Leningrad.
Family
A. N. Krylov was married to Elizaveta Dmitrievna Dranitsyna. Their daughter Anna married P. L. Kapitsa, with whom A. N. Krylov had the warmest relations. A. N. Krylov is the grandfather of S. P. Kapitsa and A. P. Kapitsa. In 1931, Krylov published a paper on what is now known as Krylov subspace or Krylov subspace methods. The work concerned the problems of eigenvalues, namely, the calculation of the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial of a given matrix. Krylov touched on the efficiency of computation and, like a real computational scientist, calculated the computational cost as the number of "separate multiplication operations" - a phenomenon atypical for a 1931 mathematical publication. Krylov began by carefully comparing existing methods, which included an evaluation of the worst-case computational cost in the Jacobi method. After that, he presented his native method, which was the best method known at that time and is still widely used today. A. N. Krylov translated Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1915) into Russian. A. N. Krylov died on October 26, 1945. He was buried at the Literary bridges of the Volkov cemetery, not far from I. P. Pavlov and D. M. Mendeleev.
A.N. Krylov actively collaborated with Stepan Osipovich Makarov, an admiral and shipbuilding scientist, working on the problem of ship buoyancy. The results of this work soon became classical and are still widely used in the world. Many years later, Krylov would write about Makarov's early ideas to combat the roll or trim of a damaged ship by flooding undamaged compartments: “This seemed like big nonsense to naval officials. It took 35 years ... to convince them that the ideas of the 22-year-old Makarov were of great practical importance. A. N. Krylov was a talented consultant on naval affairs. He himself noted that his advice saved the government more than the cost of the most modern dreadnought. At the same time, A.N. Krylov was famous for his sharp tongue and his well-aimed answers to the government and the Duma became legends. In 1916, Krylov headed the Main Physical Observatory and the Main Military Meteorological Directorate. In 1917 he was appointed director of the physical laboratory of the Academy of Sciences, later - head of the Naval Academy. In 1917, A. N. Krylov was the head of the Russian Society for Steamship Building and Trade. After October revolution he handed over all the ships to the Soviet government and continued to work on the development of the domestic fleet. In 1921, A. N. Krylov was sent to London as a representative of the Soviet government to restore the country's foreign scientific ties. In 1927 he returned to the Soviet Union. A. N. Krylov is famous for his work on hydrodynamics, including the theory of ship motion in shallow water (he was the first to explain and calculate a significant increase in hydrodynamic resistance at shallow depths) and the theory of unit waves. A. N. Krylov is the author of about 300 books and articles. They cover a wide range of human knowledge, including shipbuilding, magnetism, gunnery, mathematics, astronomy, and geodesy. His famous unsinkability tables are widely used.
Legacy of A. N. Krylov
A. N. Krylov - the founder of the theory of the ship, the author of many works on the theory of magnetic and gyroscopic compasses, on artillery, mechanics, mathematics and astronomy. Three times holder of the Order of Lenin, Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Stalin Prize (1941). From 1914 he was a corresponding member, and from 1916 a full member of the Academy of Sciences. In honor of A. N. Krylov, a crater on the Moon is named. The Academy of Sciences established the Academician A. N. Krylov Prize. The award is given for outstanding work on use computer science in solving problems of mechanics and mathematical physics”. The name of A. N. Krylov was given to the head, leading research institute of the shipbuilding industry Soviet Union- Central Research Institute. acad. Krylov.
Alexey Nikolaevich Krylov (1863-1945)
Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov is one of the most outstanding Russian mathematicians, mechanics and engineers. The main business of his life was research on the theory of the ship, but at the same time, one can say about him in the words of the poet Baratynsky:
He responded to everything with his thought, What asks the thought for an answer ...
So versatile and varied were his interests, and so encyclopedic was his mighty mind.
Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov was born in the village of Visyage, Ardatovsky district, Simbirsk province (now Ulyanovsk region) on August 15, 1863. His father, a wealthy landowner Nikolai Aleksandrovich Krylov, who served as an artillery officer, was engaged in agriculture after his retirement and social activities, journalism and literature. He was a stranger to lordly manners. Always active, indefatigable, simply dressing and simply, like a human being, treating people below him in social status, he appeared to the peasants either as a soldier or a merchant. To his brother, the landowner, he often seemed to be some kind of "descendant of Stenka Razin or grandson of Emelka Pugachev" ( We enclose in quotation marks, without reference to the source, quotes from A. N. Krylov's book "My memories", Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1945)). A. N. Krylov’s mother, Sofya Viktorovna Lyapunova, belonged to an old noble family, from which came the famous mathematician Alexander Mikhailovich Lyapunov, who was Alexei Nikolaevich’s cousin uncle.
In family relations with Alexei Nikolaevich, by father and mother, is whole line other prominent Russian scientists: I. M. Sechenov - the famous founder of the Russian physiological school; academician B. M. Lyapunov - a major specialist in Slavic philology; N. F. Filatov is a well-known Moscow professor of childhood diseases and, now living, an outstanding professor of eye diseases, V. P. Filatov.
In the first years, the frisky, playful Alyosha handled the ax that his father gave him, better than with the primer. He grew up close to nature. I went hunting with adults. He often traveled to numerous relatives along the Volga steppes and the Volga itself.
When A. N. Krylov was nine years old, his father, wanting to improve his health, decided to move to the south of France. The estate was liquidated, and the whole family settled in Marseille, where they lived for two years. Here, in a private boarding school, approaching the type of a commercial school, the boy thoroughly became acquainted with the French language and arithmetic. Upon his return to Russia, he was forced to move from one school to another, as the family of his father, who was engaged in commercial activities, often changed their place of residence. During his stay in Sevastopol, he meets sailors, heroes of the glorious defense of Sevastopol. Under the influence of the brilliant exploits of our sailors in Russian-Turkish war, A. N. Krylov in 1878 entered the junior preparatory class of the St. Petersburg Naval School, brilliantly passing the entrance exams. At that time, under the leadership of Rear Admiral A.P. Yepanchin, the Naval School was an advanced educational institution with an excellent staff of teachers. The organization of teaching was aimed at ensuring that students could not only learn the subjects they studied, but also have leisure for independent reading and deepening their knowledge.
A. N. Krylov free time spent studying mathematical sciences within the scope of the university course. Here a happy circumstance came to the rescue. Alexei Nikolaevich's uncle, Alexander Mikhailovich Lyapunov, a student of the famous Russian mathematician P. L. Chebyshev and in the future a famous mathematician himself, at that time was preparing to pass the master's exam at St. Petersburg University and was preparing his famous master's thesis. He had a great influence on the young A. N. Krylov and led him math classes. Many mathematical ideas that P. L. Chebyshev expressed at his lectures and in conversations with his students reached Alexei Nikolaevich through A. M. Lyapunov.
Therefore, with full right, A. N. Krylov can be ranked among the students of P. L. Chebyshev himself.
It is not surprising, therefore, that in terms of his knowledge, young A.N. Krylov surpassed even some of the teachers of the school. In 1884, he graduated from the Naval College and was promoted to midshipman with a prize and with his name entered on a marble plaque.
After graduating from the Naval School, A. N. Krylov was seconded to our well-known specialist in compass business, I. P. Kollong, who worked in the Main Hydrographic Department and had already paid attention to the brilliant successes of A. N. Krylov. About Collong, a compass fanatic, the Navy jokingly said: "Collong believes that ships are built in order to have something to install compasses on and destroy their deviation." Under his leadership, A. N. Krylov performed his first scientific work on compass deviation; here he acquired strong skills in calculations - skills that he has never ceased to develop, improve and pass on to others since then. The phenomenon of compass deviation, which occupied these scientists, lies in the errors in the readings of the magnetic compass on the ship under the influence of the ship's iron; the same phenomenon is observed on airships. The foundations of the theory of deviation, which aimed to determine the deviation theoretically, i.e., to predict the magnitude of these errors, were laid by the French mathematician Poisson in 1829, when the problem was not yet relevant, since iron shipbuilding was just beginning to develop (the first iron ship was built in England in 1820). The sailors were able to appreciate the practical significance of these studies only after the death of two passenger steamers off the coast of Ireland in 1862. An investigation of the catastrophe that claimed more than two hundred lives showed that these steamers ran ashore in the fog, relying on compass readings distorted by significant deviation. The greatest merit in the subsequent development of the doctrine of deviation and, most importantly, in the development of methods for its destruction by placing auxiliary iron masses near the compass, which neutralize the effect of ship iron, belongs to Russian science. Through the works of Collong and later A.N. Krylov, Russian compass business became the first in the world. A. N. Krylov, having devoted his first scientific works to the compass, returned to these issues more than fifty years later - on the eve of the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 Having given an in-depth development of the theory of deviation ("Fundamentals of the theory of compass deviation", 1940), he investigated a number of issues in the theory of the gyroscopic compass, which recent decades became a rival of the magnetic compass on sea and air ships. The gyroscopic compass is based on the principle of a top, i.e., a body rapidly rotating around an axis; the top can be designed in such a way that this axis, like a magnetic needle, will maintain a constant position in space, independent of the movement of the ship. An arrow can be connected to the axis, which will be directed to the north all the time while the rotation of the top is maintained. The first device of this type, under the name of a gyroscope, was invented by the French physicist Foucault in 1852. The gyroscope received practical application only in the twentieth century.
In his last works on the compass case, A. N. Krylov developed an extremely important theory for practice of the influence of the ship's pitching on the compass readings. For this whole complex of works, completed in 1940, A. N. Krylov was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1941.
Having achieved at the very beginning his scientific activity significant success, the young scientist did not want to be limited to this relatively narrow field of knowledge. He was attracted by the theory of the ship and shipbuilding in general as "a vast field for the application of mathematics."
The ship is one of the oldest technical structures. modern ship- this is a masterpiece of technology, a colossal precious ingot of human labor. Battleship or a huge ocean steamer is a whole floating city. But the giant, reaching hundreds of meters in length and tens of thousands of tons of displacement (the Normandy steamer had 293 meters in length and 82,800 tons of displacement), may turn out to be a defenseless shell during a storm among the vast expanses of the ocean. A thousand dangers threaten a ship from the moment it is launched. The history of shipbuilding knows numerous examples of how the most magnificent ships perished during launching, during testing, during repairs, not to mention cases of death on the high seas, during fog, storms, in battle. The task of a ship engineer constructing a ship is to create it in such a way that, while performing its service in the best possible way, it will be reliably protected from the onslaught of the elements, from all accidents, from enemy weapons. The solution of these problems, in their essential part, is achieved by mathematical calculation based on the critical application of the laws of physics and mechanics. Aleksey Nikolaevich Krylov, in his diverse and extraordinarily fruitful activity, showed exactly how the main problems of ship science should be posed in the language of mathematics and mechanics, what methods should be used to solve these problems, and, finally, how to bring the solution to a numerical result, which is the ultimate goal of any research based on specific technical problems. To prepare himself for serious work in this area, A. N. Krylov decided to enter the shipbuilding department of the Naval Academy. After A. N. Krylov worked for a year at the Franco-Russian shipbuilding plant in order to satisfy the conditions for entering the academy, he was enrolled in 1888 in the number of students of the Naval Academy. Among the professors there were outstanding scientists - mathematician A. N. Korkin, astronomer N. Ya. Tsinger and I. P. Kollong, mechanic I. A. Evnevich. Their lectures made a deep impression on A. N. Krylov.
At the end of 1890, A.N. Krylov was the first to graduate from the Naval Academy with a marble plaque. According to prof. Korkina A. N. Krylov was left at the academy to prepare for a professorship. Soon he becomes a full-time teacher at the Naval College and an assistant professor in mathematics at the Naval Academy. At the same time, he continued to eagerly study mathematics and mechanics, attending lectures at St. Petersburg University by A. N. Korkin, D. K. Bobylev, A. A. Markov, I. V. Meshchersky, and D. A. Grave.
A. N. Krylov "soon noticed that ship engineers had a habit of making calculations according to very inconvenient schemes with a huge number (10-12) of significant figures, of which, in the very essence of the matter, only the first three could be true, and all the rest were wrong and at the same time, they are not needed for practice. This habit was universal and penetrated through all the manuals and all reference books of that time, both Russian and foreign. In his course on ship theory, A. N. Krylov developed rational methods of shipbuilding calculations, introducing here formulas for approximate integration belonging to our famous mathematician P. L. Chebyshev, and strictly adhering to the principle: to perform all calculations with an accuracy that meets the requirements of practice and does not exceed the accuracy of the theory itself, which is the basis of the calculations. How significant the reform of shipbuilding calculations he made was can be seen from the fact that the number of extra numbers that had no practical or theoretical interest reached 97% of the total number of numbers in some shipbuilding calculations performed in the old fashioned way.
A. N. Krylov published his first results related to the theory of the ship in 1893 in the article "A New Method for Calculating the Elements of a Ship", which constituted an era in shipbuilding. The techniques and schemes he developed here for calculating the main characteristics of a ship - buoyancy and stability (stability) - have since become classic.
Since 1893, A. N. Krylov began to read at the Naval Academy the doctrine of the pitching of a ship, which was the usual content of the course "Theory of the ship" of that time. These questions were dealt with in the eighteenth century by the famous scientists Johann and Daniel Bernoulli and Euler. But their theories were based on an erroneous hypothesis about the properties of the wave.
The result, which was important for practice, was obtained for the first time by the English engineer V. Froud in 1861. Having made a number of simplifying assumptions, he constructed a theory of ship's lateral roll, in which it was essentially assumed that the ship was parallel to the wave crest and that its transverse dimensions were very small compared to the wavelength, i.e., compared to the distance between two crests. This theory did not allow any conclusions to be drawn regarding pitching, when the ship alternately sinks either bow or stern, being perpendicular to the crest of the wave.
Reflecting on this problem, A. N. Krylov discovered that the mathematical difficulties of the pitching problem are similar to those that Lagrange and Laplace had once overcome in celestial mechanics when studying the motion of planets. Taking advantage of this, A.N. Krylov developed the theory of pitching. He was able to read it to the students of the Naval Academy in 1895. A report on this theory in the English Society of Naval Engineers in 1896 met with the approval of the most important authorities in English shipbuilding - E. Reed, W. White, W. Froude and the well-known specialist in hydromechanics Professor Greenhill .
In 1898, A. N. Krylov published two of his remarkable works, in the first of which an exhaustive answer was given to the question of the behavior of the ship in any wave, and therefore, the question of the seaworthiness of the ship was resolved even before it was launched into the water, over which once the English shipbuilder V. Froud worked unsuccessfully.
In the second work, another main question was resolved: what forces arise in various parts of the ship's hull during rolling, and thus the opportunity was given to ensure the proper strength of the ship's hull.
These works resolved the main issue that worried all shipbuilders, and deservedly brought the author world fame as the first specialist in the field of ship theory.
Krylov's theory was introduced into the course of all the main shipbuilding schools of the world.
Alexey Nikolaevich Krylov was the first to draw attention to important role phenomena of resonance when sailing ships. He showed that during rolling, a periodic effect of waves on an oscillatory system, which is a ship on water, with a period of natural oscillations of several seconds, is obtained, and therefore resonance phenomena play an important role here.
IN further work A. N. Krylov deepened the theory of the ship's pitching and gave an answer to a number of questions that were of interest to modern shipbuilders. Such are the works to reduce the ship's pitching with the help of Fram's "calming tanks" and Schlick's "gyroscopic damper". A. N. Krylov gave his own very precise and general theory of the Fram damper, which was confirmed by experiments carried out on the Meteor ship in 1913, which gave complete solution question. Schlick's gyroscopic damper was investigated by Aleksey Nikolaevich in his major work, published in 1909 in "Sea Collection" No. 3. His research established the scope of the gyroscopic damper and showed its importance in maritime affairs. These works were many years ahead and anticipated the system of gyroscopes of the American inventor Sperry.
From the moment of the organization of the Polytechnic Institute in St. Petersburg, in which A.N. Krylov took an active part, he taught a course on the vibration of ships at the shipbuilding department - "the subject was then new, not expounded in any of the educational institutions." We are talking about the study of ship tremors caused by the operation of the machine. Likening the ship to a giant tuning fork, A. N. Krylov established that a number of phenomena in the life of the ship, which baffled its contemporaries, can be explained by means of the resonance phenomenon well known to physicists. Like a tuning fork, a ship has a certain period of its own oscillations - as if its main tone. If the period of pushes of the ship's mechanism (for example, the period of pushes of the piston) is close to the period of natural oscillations of the ship, then the phenomenon of resonance occurs. The ship begins to vibrate in time with the speed of the machine, individual shocks add up in harmony with each other, the vibrations become stronger and stronger. Finally, they can make the very stay on the ship unbearable and make it difficult for all the activities of its personnel!
Having developed the entire theory strictly mathematically, A. N. Krylov indicated how to get rid of or at least reduce the vibrations of the vessel and the influence of resonance, which is extremely harmful to its strength.
In 1936, A. N. Krylov published an extensive course "Vibrations of Ships" for shipbuilding universities. This course on 442 pages gives the developed content of the discipline, which owes its origin to A. N. Krylov himself.
In the development of the scientific and technical activities of Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov, his work in 1900-1908 played a prominent role. in the Experimental Basin of the Maritime Department. This basin was founded on the initiative of the brilliant Russian chemist D. I. Mendeleev in 1891. With his characteristic foresight, D. I. Mendeleev realized the enormous importance scientific experiment in the form of preliminary testing of ship models during their design.
Professor A. A. Grekhnev was the first head of the Experimental Pool. There were no significant works during Grekhnev's management in the Experimental Basin. On January 1, 1900, the management of the Experimental Pool passed into the hands of Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov, who began to survey the operation of the pool, studied its shortcomings and, having made major repairs, eliminated them. After the rebuild, the pool turned out to be one of the most advanced experimental pools and began to give reliable and quite accurate results when testing models. Special attention A. N. Krylov drew attention to the extent to which the model test of ships corresponds to their natural test.
While working in the Experimental Basin, A. N. Krylov came into close contact with the famous admiral and scientist Stepan Osipovich Makarov, who had a very great influence on the formation of the scientific and marine ideas of the young A. N. Krylov. This period includes the work of A. N. Krylov on the unsinkability of the ship.
For a long time (Aleksey Nikolaevich in a playful introduction to one of his reports cited the example of Noah's Ark) the ship was divided into compartments (branches) by means of partitions. If the ship received a hole, then the water began to be pumped out, trying to isolate it within the damaged compartment. A. N. Krylov proved both empirically and by calculations how important it is to adhere to a certain rational system for placing these compartments during the construction of the ship, and also proposed and justified the method of flooding the compartments paired with the damaged one, as the only way in many cases to save the ship. The fact is that with large holes there is no way to quickly pump out the incoming water; the balance of the ship is disturbed, it tilts and, with a slight wave, can capsize and sink. The flooding of the proper compartment through a special system of pipes and valves levels the ship, partially restoring one of its most important seaworthiness - stability. You just need to be able to choose the right thing to flood in a threatening situation. For this purpose, A. N. Krylov compiled special "Unsinkability Tables", which have become widespread in world military shipbuilding. However, the ideas of A. N. Krylov, not without difficulty, managed to overcome inertia and bureaucracy. It took the sad experience of the Russian-Japanese war in order for these ideas, tragically confirmed by the death of a number of ships of the Russian fleet, to finally prevail.
So from the fundamental, one after another work, the world authority of A.N. Krylov in matters of shipbuilding was formed.
A. N. Krylov gradually created a whole school of his students who worked on the theory of the ship and the strength of its design, which made up a separate scientific discipline "Structural mechanics of the ship." In this direction, his favorite student I. G. Bubnov, the author of the famous course on the structural mechanics of a ship, especially stood out. Unfortunately, he died early.
Gradually, the Maritime Academy was transformed into one of the best in the world, and the main departments of its technical departments were occupied by students of A. N. Krylov. She became "the nest of A. N. Krylov's chicks."
Ship science was the main core of all more than half a century of scientific work of A. N. Krylov. At the same time, he rightfully occupies a place of honor among the most prominent figures in the physical and mathematical sciences. Amazing talent, depth and breadth scientific views this scientist was reflected in the fact that he, even dealing with the narrowest issues, pursuing, it would seem, the most practical interests, always knew how to look at them from a general, highest point vision, to use the finest instruments of mathematics, mechanics and astronomy, known to him to the smallest detail, and in the process of application to significantly improve the properties and qualities of these instruments themselves. All his activities can serve as a brilliant confirmation of the remarkable words of P. L. Chebyshev: “The convergence of theory with practice gives the most beneficial results, and not only practice benefits from this; the sciences themselves develop under its influence; it opens up new subjects for them to study, or new sides in objects that have been known for a long time.
In 1906, A. N. Krylov read for the first time his famous course "Approximate Calculations" (the last, significantly supplemented, editions of this course were issued by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1933 and 1935). It was read at the Free University, organized group progressive professors in response to the closure by the authorities (on the occasion of student unrest) of St. Petersburg University. This course developed into a single, deeply thought-out system the ideas of the most rational organization of numerical calculations encountered in various problems of physics and technology. These ideas originated, as indicated above, during the first works of A. N. Krylov on the compass business, but they reached their full development in connection with research on the theory of the ship.
Between 1908-1910. A. N. Krylov, as the chief inspector of shipbuilding and chairman of the Marine Technical Committee, headed the shipbuilding of all of Russia.
Being an outstanding public figure, A. N. Krylov passionately fought for the interests of his native navy against embezzlers and ignoramuses, of whom there were many in late XIX and the beginning of the 20th century. He pointed to the weakness of our battleships even before the Tsushima disaster. After the revolution of 1905, he was in the forefront of the fighters for the construction of a new, high in quality, Russian fleet. His activity as chairman of the Naval Technical Committee was a glorious era for the Naval Ministry, and since then our navy has taken one of the first places in the world in terms of its technical and naval qualities.
Alexey Nikolaevich Krylov personally delved into all the details of the projects of our first battleships. His straightforwardness, incorruptibility, sincerity and boldness of judgment made it impossible for him to continue his stay in the Naval Ministry, which he left before the First World War.
In the same years, he was engaged in the study of methods for determining the orbits of comets from a small number of observations. The immediate reason for this was the expected appearance of Halley's comet in 1910, which at one time served Newton as one of the objects for applying his doctrine of "the system of the world." Based on individual condensed hints, indications and numerical results, A. N. Krylov managed to completely restore Newton's train of thought, discovering in him a "sample of geometric insight." Critically comparing Newton's methods with the later methods of Laplace, Olbers and Gauss, A. N. Krylov compiled in 1911 the remarkable "Conversations on Methods for Determining the Orbits of Comets and Planets from a Small Number of Observations". In them, he - and this is typical of his works on the history of knowledge - does not so much talk with his listeners, but, as it were, forces them to be present at his own conversation with the luminaries of science. In this simple in form, but extremely wise and meaningful conversation, the classics, as it were, share with A.N. Krylov and his listeners and readers thoughts that have eluded many generations who have studied their creations. He himself, filled with a sense of gratitude and respect for famous men, at the same time, with the directness and honesty of a Russian sailor, pronounces his impartial judgment, acting as if an arbiter in their noble scientific competition.
In 1912, A. N. Krylov read an extensive course "On some differential equations of mathematical physics that have applications in technical issues" to the students of the Naval Academy. This original and highly informative course, subsequently revised and supplemented by the author in the editions of 1932 and 1933, is the main guide for every specialist who has to apply mathematical analysis to address specific issues. Of the original results of A. N. Krylov, included in this book, of particular importance is the method of improving the convergence of trigonometric series, now called the Krylov method in science.
Without interrupting the activities of the largest consulting engineer and organizer of shipbuilding (since 1912, Alexei Nikolaevich - a member of the Board of the Russian Society of Shipping and Trade; in 1915-1916 - a member of the government board of the Putilov Plants), A. N. Krylov all his leisure time 1914- 1916 gives it to Newton, dear to his heart. He undertakes a huge work full of deep meaning - to give the Russian reader, engineer, physicist, mechanic, mathematician and astronomer a translation from Latin of the greatest creation of this genius - "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" (1684) - an essay that formed the basis of the entire system modern exact knowledge. And, moreover, such a translation, which, while maintaining full agreement with the original, would reveal to the reader the unfading strength and freshness of this book. To do this, A. N. Krylov accompanied his translation with an extensive, deep and at the same time extremely clear and intelligible commentary, revealing and restoring Newton’s untold, translating it into the language modern science and comparing Newton's ideas with those of his contemporaries, predecessors and followers.
In 1914, Moscow University, on the proposal of N. E. Zhukovsky, awarded A. N. Krylov the degree of honorary (honoris causa) doctor applied mathematics, and the Academy of Sciences elected him as its corresponding member; in 1916 the Academy of Sciences elected him as its full member.
Looking through the catalog of the library of the Main Physical Observatory, to the post of director of which A.N. Krylov was then appointed, he came across a manuscript, unknown until then in science, representing a record of lectures on theoretical astronomy by the famous mathematician and astronomer Gauss. A. N. Krylov immediately took up a thorough analysis and translation of this manuscript, thanks to which the lectures given by Gauss in 1822, after a hundred years of obscurity, saw the light for the first time and, moreover, in Russian.
The revolution found the fleet of Lieutenant General, Academician A. N. Krylov as a member of the Board Russian Society shipping and trade. A true patriot, A. N. Krylov handed over to the Soviet government the entire merchant fleet subordinate to it in perfect order and placed all his enormous abilities, rich knowledge and rare life experience at the disposal of the young Soviet republic.
In 1919, A. N. Krylov was appointed head of the Naval Academy.
Here, first of all, he reformed teaching, building it in such a way that it became accessible to the new composition of students who came to the academy. He managed to interest them in his subject, and his listeners quickly overcame the beginnings of mathematics and moved on to its application in shipbuilding and navigation. The popularity of A. N. Krylov in our Red Fleet grew and spread in wide circles of our country. The modern Naval Academy owes to his tireless work the high level of its teaching and the high scientific achievements of its professors.
The activities of A. N. Krylov in the Academy of Sciences were diverse. It dealt with all the serious questions that arose in the Physics and Mathematics Department. As early as October 1920, A. N. Krylov submitted to the Physics and Mathematics Department of the Academy of Sciences a deeply thought-out report on the establishment of departments of applied sciences. Later, in 1929, A. N. Krylov’s proposal was implemented, and on his recommendation, Professor of Moscow University S. A. Chaplygin, who became famous throughout the world for his work in the field of hydroaerodynamics and as the founder of gas dynamics, was elected a full member of the Academy for Technical Sciences . In connection with the further growth of the industrial development of the USSR, an entire Department of Technical Sciences arose in the Academy of Sciences. Thus, the ideas of A. N. Krylov were fully implemented.
In 1921, A. N. Krylov was sent by the Academy of Sciences abroad to restore scientific ties, purchase literature, instruments and instruments. At the same time, he provides invaluable services to the republic, taking a personal part in the purchase, ordering and chartering of steamships, timber carriers, oil tankers necessary for the country, in the transportation of steam locomotives, steam boilers, etc. him to do his best in every case. He demands from foreigners highest quality everything acquired for Soviet Russia, striking them with an unusual and versatile awareness. Everything goes to them in the shortest possible time, with a minimum expenditure of public funds and is delivered to their homeland in absolute safety. Truly, he is "either a navigator, or a carpenter, or an academician, or a hero!"
Even when he was the director of the Main Physical Observatory (1916), A. N. Krylov became interested in the methods by which the famous Norwegian researcher of auroras Karl Stömer integrated differential equations that determine the motion of an electrified particle in an electromagnetic field. Comparing this method with another proposed much earlier by the English astronomer Adams, A.N. Krylov became convinced of their similarity and saw that both of these methods can be developed and adapted to solve problems of external ballistics - to determine the trajectory of projectiles, as well as for other technology tasks. From here, A. N. Krylov's work on ballistics begins, of which a small monograph "On the approximate numerical integration of differential equations, with applications to the calculation of projectile trajectories" (1927) and an extensive work occupying 367 pages should be especially noted: " ABOUT rotary motion oblong projectile" (1929).
A. N. Krylov put a lot of work and time into the calculations related to this cycle of works. Being abroad, in the midst of his troublesome and intense activity, which required frequent travel from country to country, from city to city, he calculated the trajectories of shells in the cabin of a steamer, in a train compartment, in a hotel room.
A. N. Krylov owns major research on the theory of elasticity and the resistance of materials. His work, dating back to 1904-1905, contains a solution to the main problem in the theory of bridges - about the stresses caused in a heavy beam by a weightless mass rolling along it. This problem could not be solved by the famous foreign scientists Stokes and Saint-Venant. This work alone put A. N. Krylov among the leading mechanics of the whole world.
In 1930 appears A new book A. N. Krylova "On the calculation of beams lying on an elastic foundation". The rare success of this special book, all the pages of which are filled with calculations, may be evidenced by the fact that in the course of two years it went through three editions. This success is explained as the importance of the topic for the most various areas technology, and the exceptional wit of the ideas of A. N. Krylov, applied by him to solving a problem that was solved before him, but in an extremely cumbersome way. While the method previously developed by the Japanese scientist Hayashi requires solving dozens of auxiliary equations with the same number of unknowns for its implementation, A. N. Krylov proposed a method that allows for any beam to reduce the entire calculation to solving only two equations with two unknowns. This work played an extremely important role in the development of structural mechanics.
Mathematical processing of those problems of physics and technology in which oscillatory motion takes place leads to the need to solve one algebraic equation with one unknown determining the oscillation period. The degree of this equation, called "secular" (for its role in those questions of celestial mechanics, where the periods of oscillatory motions can reach hundreds and thousands of years), can be very significant. But the main difficulty lies not in solving this equation (the best solution method was once proposed by N. I. Lobachevsky), but in compiling it, in calculating its coefficients. This issue was dealt with by the most skillful mathematicians-calculators, such as Lagrange, Laplace, Leverrier, Jacobi, and others. , but this method may require in some cases many hundreds of multiplications of multi-valued numbers. With his crystal-clear and powerful mind, A. N. Krylov discovered that his great predecessors had lost sight of one trick of the general theory of differential equations, already well known in their time, a trick that allows you to reduce all the work as much as the degree of the equation, t i.e. in common cases 4-5-6, or even more times. The method of A. N. Krylov, published by him in 1932, has since caused a whole literature. We have told about this work with somewhat greater details in order to show once again with what amazing skill Aleksey Nikolaevich was able to attract the greatest men of science of the past to his staff and how he, being able to behave with them modestly, but without losing dignity, always could say his own interesting and weighty, the last word.
People have long turned to the stars to read among them the answers to their earthly questions. This is how astrology arose, a pseudoscience that tried to predetermine the fate of a person according to the location of the planets on the day of his birth. The flourishing of scientific astronomy since the days of Galileo and Newton has been the ruin of astrology. However, since then the best minds of mankind did not cease to question the sky and the stars precisely in order to explore the Earth and earthly things. For them, the majestic life of the planets and stars served as an inexhaustible source of observations and experiments that could not have been produced artificially and which, due to the absence of numerous factors complicating the phenomenon on Earth, provided the best opportunities for discovering and studying the laws of mechanics and physics. This appeal to the stars, characteristic of the classics of science, is also characteristic of A. N. Krylov. Of great importance are the works of A. N. Krylov, who develop the methods used in the astronomical sciences for the purposes of technology. These works, of course, include the previously mentioned "Conversations on the Methods for Determining the Orbits of Comets and Planets", "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" and published in 1934 " New theory motion of the moon". In the preface to this edition, A. N. Krylov writes that Euler, in his New Theory of the Motion of the Moon, published in 1772, develops with complete detail and amazing simplicity a method for solving differential equations oscillatory motion material systems for a very general case, and the solution is brought to numerical results. Since equations of the same type are found in many technical issues, A. N. Krylov decided to make the Euler method accessible to an engineer. To do this, he made an extract of 100 pages from a huge volume of 790 pages, translated it from Latin into Russian and accompanied it with several appendices in which he informs the reader of the information on astronomy necessary for understanding Euler, and gives an overview of the further development of the subject of this work.
As a mathematician who knows how to apply mathematics to solve the most important practical tasks, A. N. Krylov did not know his equal in our country, and perhaps throughout the world.
In 1935, A. N. Krylov undertook a brilliant reconstruction of the Newtonian theory of astronomical refraction (astronomical refraction consists in the deflection of light rays coming from stars and planets, under the influence of light refraction in earth's atmosphere). The basis for this reconstruction was, firstly, some Newtonian letters to the astronomer Flamsteed and compiled by Newton, but without any indication of the method of compilation, the refraction table and, secondly, A. N. Krylov's deep acquaintance with all Newtonian creativity and by letter and in spirit. As a result, before the amazed eyes of astronomers, physicists and mathematicians and historians of science, a simple and clear theory of refraction appeared, created by Newton more than 250 years ago and remained unknown until the works of Alexei Nikolaevich.
Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov was a brilliant connoisseur of the history of the physical and mathematical sciences. He created essays, remarkable in their depth, convexity and artistic brightness, dedicated to the life and work of the classics of physical and mathematical sciences: Newton, Euler, Lagrange, Chebyshev, Galileo. These essays were written by him in different time, in relation to the celebrations of the memory of these scientists, organized by our Academy of Sciences.
half a century pedagogical activity A. N. Krylova was unusually rich, fruitful and diverse. In addition to numerous engineers who had the good fortune to listen to this amazing lecturer in person (among them are outstanding shipbuilders: Academician V. L. Pozdyunin, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences Yu. A. Shimansky, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences P. F. Papkovich, prof. Bubnov and others), thousands and tens of thousands of specialists in engineering and physical and mathematical sciences studied, are studying and will continue to study for many, many years to come in his wonderful courses. He himself in 1938, considering the cycle of his manuals and teaching aids, serving "for the application of mathematics to solving problems from the field of maritime affairs and technology in general," consisted of 11 volumes with a total volume of 4,418 pages. To this must be added a dozen more volumes of textbooks published at different times on various issues of mathematics and mechanics: spherical trigonometry, differential and integral calculus, theoretical mechanics, etc., as well as The Theory of the Ship (1942), ship rolling" (1942), "Compass business" (1943), "Thoughts and materials on the teaching of mechanics" (1943), published after 1938. All these wonderful books make up a majestic monument to A. N. Krylov as a scientist and teacher.
At the heart of the pedagogical views of A. N. Krylov, which he promoted and put into practice in every possible way, was the requirement to "teach to learn." No school can produce a completed specialist; a specialist is formed by his own activity. It is only necessary that he knows how to study, to study all his life. To do this, the school must instill in him culture, love for work, for science. He must take out of it the foundations of knowledge, critically assimilated; he must learn to find the missing knowledge; know where to find them and how to use them.
This whole program was brilliantly carried out by A. N. Krylov himself in his work on curricula and programs of the higher technical school, in their exemplary courses, in lecturing, guiding exercises, in examinations.
Special attention should be paid to the language of Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov - the language of his courses, monographs, scientific articles, essays, reports and lectures. Exceptionally colorful, saturated with magnificent, as if tangible images, accurate, clear and expressive, using all the extraordinary power and beauty of the Russian language, it serves and will serve not only as a model for Russian scientific books, but also gives a lot of instructive and interesting things for connoisseurs and masters artistic Russian speech. A magnificent monument of the artistic skill of A. N. Krylov in Russian literature will remain "My memories" ( latest edition Academy of Sciences, 1945)
The Soviet government highly valued this remarkable man.
In 1941, A. N. Krylov was awarded the Stalin Prize of the first degree. In 1943, he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor for "exceptional services to the state in the field of mathematical sciences, theory and practice of domestic shipbuilding, many years of fruitful work in the design and construction of modern naval ships, as well as major achievements in the training of highly qualified specialists navy".
The eighty-year old man, full of wisdom and extraordinary personal charm, worked tirelessly. He headed the commission for the preparation of a new edition of the works of P. L. Chebyshev; translated from Latin the works of Gauss on the theory of terrestrial magnetism; printed articles and essays; delivered original and important reports, responding to all the main questions of science and life, entering into everything, down to such details as organizing the preparation of manuscripts for printing in the publishing house of the Academy of Sciences. By the autumn of 1945, A. N. Krylov returned to Leningrad, where he lived surrounded by his students - sailors of three generations, visiting Moscow every month.
Aleksey Nikolaevich Krylov died on October 26, 1945. His last unfinished work was The History of the Discovery of the Planet Neptune.
To A. N. Krylov, one could rightfully apply the words spoken by Condorcet after Euler’s death, “he stopped calculating and living,” if only the activity of the remarkable patriot scientist, engineer, organizer, teacher, master of the word would not go beyond narrow scope of any phrase.
Such was this remarkable representative of Russian science, who spent all his extraordinary talents in the service of his people. From theory he immediately passes to practice, and from practice he again turns to theory in order to generalize his practical observations. Mathematics, mechanics, physics, astronomy and ship sciences were his native element, and there was no such question to which he could not give an exhaustive answer.
The main works of A. N. Krylov: Theory of the ship, part I; Buoyancy and stability, UVMS RKKA, 1933; ship theory. Course of higher naval schools, Voenmorizdat, 1942; Vibration of ships, ONTI, 1936; Rocking a ship, VMA RKKF, 1938; Lectures on Approximate Calculations, 3rd ed., USSR Academy of Sciences, 1935; On some differential equations of mathematical physics that have applications in technical issues, 3rd ed., Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1933; General theory gyroscopes and some of their technical applications (together with Yu. A. Krutkov), USSR Academy of Sciences, 1932; Thoughts and materials on teaching mechanics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1943; Collected Works of Academician A. N. Krylov, vol. II, IV-VII, USSR Academy of Sciences, 1936-1943 (vol. II - Compass Business, 1943; vol. IV - Ballistics, 1937; vol. V - Mathematics and Mechanics, 1937 vol. VI - Astronomy, 1936; Supplement to vols. V-VI - L. Euler. A new theory of the motion of the Moon. Translated from Latin with notes and explanations of the translator, 1937; vol. VII - Is. Newton, Mathematical principles Natural Philosophy, translated from Latin with notes and explanations by A. N. Krylov, 1936).
About A. N. Krylov:Acad. Krylov A.N., My memories, Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1945; Acad. Mandelstam L. I., On the scientific work of A. N. Krylov, and engineer-contradm. Isachenkov N. V., A. N. Krylov and Navy(General collection of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR September 25-30, 1943, Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1945); To the 50th anniversary of the scientific activity of Acad. A. N. Krylova, Ed. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1936; Shtreikh S. Ya., Academician A.N. Krylov, Voenmorizdat, 1944; Alexey Nikolaevich Krylov (Materials for the bibliography of the works of scientists of the USSR). Compiled by O. V. Dinze, Publishing House of the All-Union Book Chamber, Moscow, 1945.
Krylov Alexey Nikolaevich
Born: August 3 (15), 1863.
Died: 26 October 1945
Biography
Alexey Nikolaevich Krylov (August 3, 1863, Visyaga village, Simbirsk province - October 26, 1945, Leningrad) - Russian and Soviet shipbuilder, mechanic and mathematician, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences / RAS / Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1916; corresponding member since 1914) , general of the fleet (12/06/1916), general for special assignments under the naval minister Russian Empire(1911), laureate of the Stalin Prize (1941), Hero of Socialist Labor (1943).
Alexey Krylov was born on August 3 (15), 1863 in the village of Visyaga, Simbirsk province, in the family of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Krylov (1830-1911) and Sofia Viktorovna Lyapunova. Father, artillery officer, participant Crimean War 1855-1856, was educated at public expense, as the son of a veteran, Alexander Alekseevich Krylov, who was wounded near Borodino and during the capture of Paris (and was awarded golden weapons for bravery and orders for military merit).
According to tradition, the fate of a military man awaited Alexei Nikolaevich, but the entourage of numerous relatives, the Filatovs (by his paternal grandmother) and the Lyapunovs (by his mother's side), who later became famous Russian (and French - Victor Henri) doctors, had a greater influence on him, scientists and composers.
In 1878 he entered the Naval College, from which he graduated with honors in 1884. After graduating from college, he worked in the compass workshop of the Hydrographic Department under the guidance of I.P. Kolong, where he spent his first Scientific research according to the deviation of magnetic compasses. The theory of magnetic and gyrocompasses went through his whole life.
"Foundations of the theory of compass deviation";
"Perturbations of the compass readings, resulting from the pitching of the ship in waves";
"On the Theory of the Gyrocompass".
In 1941, these studies were awarded the Stalin Prize. A. N. Krylov also proposed a new dromoscope system that automatically calculates the compass deviation.
In 1887 A. N. Krylov moved to the Franco-Russian plant, and then continued his studies at the shipbuilding department of the Nikolaev Maritime Academy. After completing the course (in 1890), he remained at the Academy, where he taught practical classes in mathematics, and later a course in ship theory. According to the memoirs of A. N. Krylov himself, since 1887, his “main specialty was shipbuilding, or, better, the application of mathematics to various issues of maritime affairs.” This was the beginning of his teaching career, which continued almost until his death.
In the 1890s, Krylov's work "The Theory of the Rolling of a Ship" gained world fame, which significantly expanded the theory of William Froude. The work of A. N. Krylov was the first comprehensive theoretical work in this area. In 1896 he was elected a member of the English Society of Naval Engineers. In 1898 he was awarded the gold medal of the British Society of Naval Engineers, and this was the first time in history that a foreigner was awarded the medal. Continuing these works, he created the theory of damping (pacification) of side and pitching. He was the first to propose gyroscopic damping (calming) of rolling, which today is the most common way to dampen rolling.
Since 1900, A. N. Krylov has been actively collaborating with Stepan Osipovich Makarov, an admiral and shipbuilder, working on the issue of ship buoyancy. The results of this work soon became classic and are still widely used in the world. Many years later, Krylov would write about Makarov's early ideas to combat the roll or trim of a damaged ship by flooding undamaged compartments: “This seemed like big nonsense to naval officials. It took 35 years ... to convince them that the ideas of the 22-year-old Makarov are of great practical importance.
In 1900-1908 he was the head of the experimental pool (his activity in this capacity gave a powerful impetus to the development of research work in shipbuilding), in 1908-1910 he was the chief inspector of shipbuilding (the head of the shipbuilding department of the MTC and its chairman). Since 1910 he was an ordinary professor at the Nikolaev Naval Academy, a consultant at the Admiralty and Baltic Shipyards. In 1911-1913. - Extraordinary Professor at the Institute of Railway Engineers. In 1915-1916 he was the chairman of the government board of the Putilov factories. Participated in the design and construction of the first Russian dreadnought battleships of the Sevastopol type.
In 1912, he prepared the text of a report on the need to allocate 500 million rubles for the reconstruction of the fleet. The report was read in the State Duma by the Minister of Marine I. K. Grigorovich and ensured the allocation of the requested funds.
A. N. Krylov was a talented consultant on naval affairs. He himself noted that his advice saved the government more than the cost of the most modern dreadnought. At the same time, A.N. was famous for his sharp tongue.
In 1916, Krylov headed the Main Physical Observatory and the Main Military Meteorological Directorate. In 1917 he was appointed director of the physical laboratory of the Academy of Sciences. In 1918 he was a consultant to the commission of special artillery experiments. In 1919-1920 he was the head of the Naval Academy.
In 1917, A. N. Krylov was the head of the Russian Society of Shipping and Trade. After the Great October Socialist Revolution, he handed over all the ships to the Soviet government and continued to work for the development of the Fatherland Fleet. In 1921, Krylov was sent to London as a representative of the Soviet government to restore the country's foreign scientific ties. In 1927 he returned to the Soviet Union.
In 1928-1931. - Director of the Physics and Mathematics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
A. N. Krylov is famous for his work on hydrodynamics, including the theory of ship motion in shallow water (he was the first to explain and calculate a significant increase in hydrodynamic resistance at shallow depths) and the theory of unit waves.
A. N. Krylov is the author of about 300 books and articles. They cover a wide range of human knowledge, including shipbuilding, magnetism, gunnery, mathematics, astronomy, and geodesy. His famous unsinkability tables are widely used.
In 1931, Krylov published a paper on what is now known as Krylov subspace (or Krylov subspace methods). The work concerned the problems of eigenvalues, namely, the calculation of the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial of a given matrix. Krylov touched on computational efficiency and calculated computational costs as the number of "separate multiplication operations" - a phenomenon not typical of a 1931 mathematical publication [source not specified 1441 days]. Krylov began by carefully comparing existing methods, which included an evaluation of the worst-case computational cost in the Jacobi method. After that, he introduced his own method, which was the best method known at that time and is still widely used today.
In August 1941, A. N. Krylov, despite his protests, was sent to Kazan for evacuation. He returned to Leningrad in August 1945. In the evacuation, he wrote his famous "My Memoirs".
In 1944 he took part in the fate of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University. He signed a letter of four academicians to V. M. Molotov, the author of which was A. F. Ioffe. This letter initiated the resolution of the confrontation between the so-called "academic" and "university" physics.
He translated Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy into Russian (1915).
A. N. Krylov died on October 26, 1945. He was buried at the Literary bridges of the Volkov cemetery, not far from I. P. Pavlov and D. I. Mendeleev.
Family
A. N. Krylov was married to Elizaveta Dmitrievna Dranitsyna. Their daughter Anna married P. L. Kapitsa, with whom A. N. Krylov had the warmest relationship. A. N. Krylov is the grandfather of S. P. Kapitsa and A. P. Kapitsa. The sons of A. N. Krylov, Nikolai and Alexei, served in the White Army and died in the Civil War.
Popularization activity
A. N. Krylov was an outstanding mathematician and mechanic, engineer and inventor, a wonderful teacher and popularizer of scientific knowledge. Krylov gave lectures on the theory of shipbuilding to future engineers. Krylov stated complex things in simple words. The translation of Newton's "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" into Russian belongs precisely to Krylov. Krylov also wrote popular science books. Although the books were intended for specialists, they were presented in a popular science style. Krylov took his performances seriously and responsibly. Thanks to Krylov, the broad masses of engineers and technicians improved their special training, joined high culture and become innovators in their field.
Addresses in St. Petersburg - Leningrad
1901-1913 - tenement house - Zverinskaya street, 6, apt. 8.
1937 - October 26, 1945 - University embankment, 5.
Memory
In 1955 and 1963, stamps of the USSR Post were issued in honor of Krylov.
In 1963, a table medal was minted in honor of Krylov.
In 1960, a bust of A. N. Krylov was erected in Moscow near the Northern River Station.
Another bust of the academician stands in front of the entrance to Sevmashvtuz.
A monument to Krylov was erected in Alatyr: a bust and two anchors connected by a chain. In Alatyr, school-gymnasium No. 6 is also named after him.
There is a memorial museum in the homeland of the academician in the village of Krylovo, Poretsky district of Chuvashia.
On August 16, 2015, a monument to A. N. Krylov was erected in the River Port of the city of Cheboksary
On August 22, 2015, on the territory of the Porec school, a memorial Complex“Naval Glory of Porechye”, the central place in which is given to the bust of A.N. Krylova (author - A. Zinoviev).
In honor of A. N. Krylov named
crater on the moon
Academician A. N. Krylov Prize Russian Academy Sciences. Awarded "for outstanding work on the use of computer technology in solving problems in mechanics and mathematical physics."
Prize named after A. N. Krylov of the Government of St. Petersburg. Awarded for outstanding scientific results in the field of engineering.
Head, leading research institute of the shipbuilding industry of the Soviet Union - Central Research Institute named after Academician A. N. Krylov.
Academician Krylova Street in the Primorsky district of St. Petersburg.
Academician Krylov Street in Sevastopol.
Akademika Krylova street in the center of Cheboksary.
Academician Krylov Street in Alatyr.
Krylova street in Nikolaev
Krylov subspace in mathematics.
In honor of A. N. Krylov, the astronomer of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory Lyudmila Karachkina named the asteroid (5247) Krylov, discovered on October 20, 1982. The same discoverer named the small planet (5021) Krylania in honor of the daughter of A. N. Krylov and wife of P. L. Kapitsa Anna Alekseevna Kapitsa.
Bibliography
Works
Krylov A.N. My memories. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1963.
From the letters of A. N. Krylov to his daughter (with a preface by E. L. Kapitsa)
Nature, No. 5, 2004
Krylov A. N. Newton and its importance in world science. - M.: 1943
Krylov A. N. Memoirs and essays
Krylov A. N. Lectures on approximate calculations
Krylov A. N. Vice Admiral Makarov
Collection of works of Academician A. N. Krylov. - M.: Academy of Sciences of the USSR
Translations
Newton I. Mathematical principles of natural philosophy / Translation from Latin and notes by A. N. Krylov. - M.: Nauka, 1989. - 688 p. - ISBN 5-02-000747-1.
Publications about Krylov
Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov. His life and work. - M.: 1950
Shtreikh S. Ya. Alexey Nikolaevich Krylov. - M.: Military Publishing, 1956
Luchininov S. T. A. N. Krylov. An outstanding shipbuilder, mathematician and teacher. / Under. ed. Depman I. Ya. - M .: Uchpedgiz, 1959
Luchininov S. T. Great shipbuilder. - M.: Voenmorizdat, 1951
Khanovich I. G. Academician Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov. - M.: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1967
Pisarzhevsky O. Admiral of ship science
“The fleet is an organic whole, the relative smallness or absence of any type of ships is not redeemed by the increased development of the number of ships of another type - their excessive number will not give predominance over the enemy, but will only lead to a waste of funds.”
A.N. Krylov
A modern ship is a true masterpiece of technology, a colossal precious ingot of human labor. From the moment a ship is launched, it is threatened by many dangers. knows countless examples of how the most magnificent ships perished during repairs or during ordinary tests, not to mention tragedies during storms and fogs, in battles. The main goal of any ship engineer is to create a ship that can do its job in the best way, reliably protected from all accidents, elemental attacks and enemy.
Aleksei Nikolaevich Krylov is considered to be one of the most famous Russian shipbuilders. This man is primarily known for creating modern theory ship and writing fundamental works on the structural mechanics of ships. However, the activities of a brilliant scientist are not limited to this. He made a huge contribution to the development of mathematics, mechanics and compass science in Russia. His works on the history of sciences, works on astronomy, and pedagogical views were widely disseminated.
Alexey Nikolayevich was born on August 3, 1863 in the village of Visyaga, Ardatovsky district, Simbirsk province (Ulyanovsk region). Krylov's grandfather participated in all the wars with Napoleon, rose to the rank of colonel, and was awarded a golden weapon for bravery. The father of the future Russian and Soviet shipbuilder, Nikolai Alexandrovich, was a wealthy landowner, an officer who, after retiring, took up social activities and agriculture. Krylov wrote about him: “My father was an artilleryman. He studied at public expense, since his grandfather was wounded near Borodino, and he received the right to educate all his children for free. Mother, Sofya Viktorovna Lyapunova, belonged to the old noble family. By father and mother in family ties with Alexei Nikolaevich there were many eminent figures domestic science, in particular, the physiologist I.M. Sechenov, linguist B.M. Lyapunov, doctor N.F. Filatov, mathematician A.M. Lyapunov.
Alexei grew up as a frisky and playful teenager, loved to go hunting with adults, often traveled along the Volga steppes to visit his numerous relatives. When the boy was nine, Nikolai Alexandrovich, due to health problems, decided to live in the south of France. The entire Krylov family settled in Marseille for two years (from 1872 to 1874). In a private boarding school, the boy learned French and was introduced to arithmetic for the first time.
Returning to Russia, Alexei's father took up commercial activities. In this regard, the Krylovs often had to change their place of residence. During his stay in Sevastopol, the boy made acquaintance with the sailors - the heroes of the defense of the city in the Russian-Turkish war. Under the influence of their stories about the glorious deeds of our soldiers, on September 13, 1878, young Krylov entered the St. Petersburg Naval School. In those years, the traditions of the previous director, Rimsky-Korsakov, who was the brother of the famous Russian composer, were still maintained in this educational institution. This man was unusually educated, was an excellent sailor who passionately loved his work and his homeland. About the time spent in the Naval Corps, Alexei Nikolaevich wrote: “The tsarist government was terribly afraid of any circles and societies founded by students of the school. Such fear was laughable. I remember how, as a warning, they read out to us the order of the Grand Duke about how a number of pupils of the senior classes organized a society for the exploitation of the Northern riches. Even in such a harmless organization, the authorities intended to find a political connotation.
During his studies at the school, Alexei Nikolaevich devoted much time to studying mathematics according to French manuals. In addition, he was assisted by his uncle, Alexander Mikhailovich Lyapunov, in the future a well-known mathematician himself, who at that time was preparing to defend his master's thesis. Supervising the mathematical studies of the young Krylov, he told him many of the innovative thoughts expressed in lectures by Pafnuty Chebyshev.
In May 1884, Krylov brilliantly graduated from college, he was promoted to midshipman, and as an encouragement he was offered to commit circumnavigation which he, however, refused. The first place of work of Alexei Nikolaevich was the Main Hydrographic Department, the Compass Department. The future scientist was seconded to a specialist, a compass fanatic I.P. Collong, about whom the Navy said jokingly: "Kollong is convinced that ships are needed only in order to have something to place compasses on."
In May 1886, the first scientific work 23-year-old Krylov, dedicated to the destruction of compass deviations, that is, deviations of the magnetic needle under the influence magnetic field ship. Together with her, the young midshipman proposed the design of a dromoscope - a device that mechanically reproduces the dependence of compass deviations on the course of the ship. The device was soon introduced on the ships of the navy, and the inventor received a bonus of 1000 rubles. Thanks to subsequent joint work Kollong and Krylov, the domestic compass business came out on top in the world.
Already at first, having achieved significant success, Alexei Nikolaevich did not want to limit himself to this scientific field. He was attracted by the theory of the ship and shipbuilding in general as "the most extensive field for the use of mathematics." In the summer of 1887, Krylov was sent for an internship at the Franco-Russian shipbuilding plant located in St. Petersburg, and immediately after that, in October 1888, he entered the shipbuilding department of the Naval Academy as a full-time student. Lectures by prominent scientists - A.N. Korkina, N.Ya. Tsinger and I.A. Evnevich - made a huge impression on Alexei Nikolaevich.
Krylov graduated from the Academy in October 1890, his name was entered on the honorary marble plaque of this institution, and he himself was honored to work as a teacher at the Naval School, while being an assistant professor at the Naval Academy, continuing to study mechanics and mathematics and attending lectures at St. Petersburg University.
In May 1892, Krylov successfully completed the calculations for Stepan Dzhevetsky's submarine project, and in 1893 his first work on a new method for calculating the underwater part of ships saw the light of day. It was called “A New Method for Calculating the Elements of a Ship”, the schemes and techniques presented in it for calculating “buoyancy and stability” have since become classics. After that, Krylov switched his attention to the study of existing methods for calculating the pitching of ships in waves. The mathematician wrote about the reasons that prompted him to become interested in this problem: “During the construction of the port of Libava, a long channel was dug in the sea, about 30 feet deep. One fine day, the crew of the Polar Star yacht received an order to go to Libava. It was cool, and a strong wind raised large waves. The captain of the yacht anchored at the entrance to this channel, refusing to go further. A major scandal happened, because the tsar himself was supposed to sail on the yacht. Petersburg he had to go by railway. In connection with this, I was invited to the Hydrographic Department and offered to deal with the issue of keeling of ships, to establish how much the ships sway bow and stern, and what depth margin should be taken into account under the keel in order to ensure safe passage in any weather.
On November 28, 1895, in the Russian Technical Society, Alexei Nikolayevich delivered the famous speech “On the pitching of a ship in waves”, and in 1896 he made a presentation at the English Society of Ship Engineers. The largest authorities met his work with approval. Two years later, Krylov brought his methodology to perfection, giving exhaustive answers to questions about the behavior of the vessel in any wave, that is, in fact, having resolved the issue of the vessel's seaworthiness even before it was launched. At the same time, the scientist successfully overcame another problem of shipbuilders - determining the forces that occur during rolling in different parts of the ship's hull, which were required in order to ensure proper strength to the hull. This work brought the author worldwide fame. The British Royal Society awarded Krylov a gold medal and included him in its membership, although until that moment it had no members of foreign powers. The theory of Alexei Nikolaevich began to be taught in all major shipbuilding schools in the world.
The brilliant scientist was not going to stop there. When testing the Bayan and Gromoboy cruisers, Krylov was the first to pay attention to the very significant vibration that occurs when these ships are sailing. At that time, despite the fact that there were the simplest devices for capturing ship vibrations, this issue had not yet been studied at all, although this problem presented enormous difficulties for shipbuilders. Representing the ship in the form of a giant tuning fork, Aleksey Nikolaevich established that any ship has a certain time interval of its own oscillations, in other words, its main tone. In the case of approaching the period of shocks of the ship's mechanism (for example, periods of piston shocks) to the period of natural oscillations of the vessel, the onset of resonance is inevitable. At the same time, the ship begins to vibrate in time with the speed of the machines, some tremors are added together, as a result of which the vibrations become stronger and stronger. In the end, they can hinder any activity of the ship's crew, making the very stay on the ship unbearable. The presented theory was proved by Krylov strictly mathematically, in addition, the scientist gave instructions on how to reduce and even completely eliminate the vibration of the ship and the effect of resonance, which is extremely harmful to the strength of the ship.
A huge role in the development of scientific and technical work of Alexei Nikolayevich was played by his activities in 1900-1908 as the head of the Experimental Basin, located in the Maritime Department. Leaving his post as a teacher at the Naval Academy, Alexei Nikolayevich received enormous opportunities for experimental - on ship models - tests and research of his ideas. This pool arose in 1891 on the initiative of Dmitry Mendeleev, who, by the way, "had a hand" in the upbringing of Alexei Krylov. Vladimir, the eldest son of Dmitry Ivanovich, studied at the Naval Corps and was a good friend of Alexei Nikolaevich. On holidays, he came to his father with Krylov, who got the opportunity to personally get to know the famous Mendeleev school of experimenting. And in 1901, after Aleksei Nikolaevich received an offer to take part in a polar voyage on the icebreaker Yermak, he turned to Mendeleev, who headed the Depot of Exemplary Weights and Measures, with a request to find him the exact instruments necessary for magnetic research in sailing time.
Shortly after Alexey Nikolaevich was in charge of the Experimental Basin, he conducted a comprehensive examination of its work, studied all the shortcomings and, having carried out a major overhaul, eliminated them. Later, in the course of experiments conducted in the basin, Krylov met the famous scientist and sailor Stepan Makarov, who had a huge impact on the formation of his scientific and marine views and ideas.
It was thanks to the participation of Stepan Osipovich in 1902 that the first works of Krylov arose, considering the issues of unsinkability of the ship. Up to this point in time, the traditional methods of fighting for the survivability of the vessel in the event of a hole were reduced to pumping water from all flooded compartments. As a rule, in this case, much more water entered the hole than the drainage systems of the affected compartments could pump out. The ship sank not because it lost its buoyancy, but because of the loss of balance. The weight of the water filling the compartments from one side reached a critical mass and turned the ship over. Developing Makarov's assumptions, Aleksey Nikolaevich proposed a rather strange idea for those years: to develop a whole system - a sequence of self-flooding of the ship's compartments in order to level it. This statement formed the basis of the unsinkability tables created by Krylov, which help in a threatening situation to correctly determine what to flood. They were compiled individually for each ship and predicted how the flooding of one or another compartment would affect the trim and roll of the ship. The main goal was to level the ship with partial restoration of one of its main seaworthiness qualities - stability. The flooding of the necessary compartments was supposed to be carried out using a special system of valves and pipes.
The scientist's memorandum on new views on the issues of unsinkability of ships, along with tables, was presented in 1903 to the fleet command in Port Arthur and to the chairman of the Marine Technical Committee. In the same year, Krylov spoke at the Kronstadt Naval Meeting with a speech “On the unsinkability of ships and its provision” and was reprimanded for his “harsh tone”. Being an outstanding public figure, the scientist and shipbuilder continued to fiercely defend the interests of his native fleet, but he could not do anything against the ignoramuses and embezzlers who had settled in the ruling circles. The ships continued to be designed and built in the old way. Neither the tables, nor any other proposals by Krylov and Makarov on the need for significant changes in the design of ships were accepted in a timely manner. Alexey Nikolaevich wrote bitterly: “Because of my theory, I had to endure a big battle. The ship's engineers, who sat in the Naval Technical Committee and dressed in general's uniforms, could not renounce the routine. I blamed them for this, for which I was reprimanded in the order for the fleet.
The correctness of the brilliant scientist was recognized by military officials only after 1904. During the Battle of Tsushima, many Russian ships, having received minor holes, sank. March 31, 1904 "Battleship Petropavlovsk", which was the legendary naval figure Stepan Makarov, hit a mine and rolled over. The crew of the ship and its commander were killed. Only the death of many Russian sailors forced officials to take theory into practice. Gradually all domestic warships began to be supplied with Krylov's unsinkability tables. They also appeared in the navies of other states. For example, in England, the largest maritime power, these tables were introduced only in 1926, a few years after the world-shaking death of the Titanic, which was considered unsinkable.
In 1907, extensive artillery experiments were carried out in the Black Sea. Krylov, the former chairman of one of the subcommittees, was instructed to investigate the problem of the influence of the ship's rocking on the accuracy of shooting. In the course of these studies, he developed a method for photographic recording of the rocking of the ship. And in 1909, Alexei Nikolaevich presented detailed theory work of the gyroscope-dampener, its detailed calculations were published in the Marine Collection. However, the proposal for experimental testing of this device on the Strela yacht and destroyers of the domestic fleet was rejected by the Minister of Marine. Later, Krylov wrote: “If our Naval Ministry had not regretted allocating 50,000 rubles for the installation and testing of a gyroscopic stabilizer on the Strela, we would have overtaken Sperry in this matter (Elmer Ambrose Sperry is an American inventor and entrepreneur who is credited with creating a gyrocompass) ".
In 1908-1910, Krylov, holding the post of chairman of the Marine Technical Committee and chief inspector of shipbuilding, actually led shipbuilding throughout Russia. His work as chairman of the Marine Technical Committee has become a glorious time for the entire Marine Ministry. During these years, the domestic navy took one of the first places in the world in terms of its naval and technical qualities. In 1909, the shipbuilder took part in the development and construction of the first Russian dreadnought battleships. Alexei Nikolaevich preferred to personally delve into all the details of projects, and his incorruptibility, straightforwardness and boldness of judgment, unfortunately, ultimately made it impossible for him to continue to be in the ministry. On February 12, 1910, Krylov submitted a report to the Minister of the Navy about his resignation from the post of chairman of the Marine Technical Committee.
In 1911, Alexei Nikolayevich was appointed General for Special Assignments under the Minister of the Navy. In 1912, the scientist wrote the text of a report on the need to allocate funds for five hundred million rubles in order to recreate the Russian fleet. The report was read out by Minister of Marine Grigorovich in the State Duma, as a result, the requested amounts were allocated. In subsequent years, Krylov was a consultant on the affairs of the navy, managed the Putilov factories, distributed benefits and pensions in the Maritime Department, participated in operations to raise sunken ships, dealt with military meteorological affairs and many other problems. According to the projects of the scientist, a lot of original devices were made (including rangefinders, optical sights for ship guns, contactors for minefields), which later became widespread in the navy. The scientist himself noted that his proposals saved the tsarist government "more than the cost of a modern dreadnought."
The revolution found Alexei Nikolaevich as a member of the Board of the Russian Society of Shipping and Trade. Without hesitation and in perfect order, Krylov handed over to the Bolsheviks the merchant fleet subordinate to him and offered his richest knowledge, vast life experience and outstanding abilities at the disposal of the young republic. It must be added here that on November 26, 1914, the Academy of Sciences elected him a corresponding member in the field of physical sciences. And in April 1916, at a meeting of the Academy of Sciences, it was decided to elect Krylov as an ordinary academician. In the same year, Moscow University awarded Alexei Nikolaevich an honorary doctorate in applied mathematics.
In 1916, Krylov was instructed to head the Main Military Meteorological Directorate and the Main Physical Observatory, in 1917 he was appointed director of the physical laboratory of the Academy of Sciences, and in 1918 he became a consultant to the commission on special artillery experiments. Krylov's popularity in Soviet Russia grew rapidly. As a mathematician who knew how to apply mathematics to solving the most important practical problems, Alexei Nikolayevich knew no equal in the country, and possibly in the whole world. Dealing with even the narrowest questions, pursuing the most practical interests, Aleksey Nikolaevich possessed an amazing ability to look at them from a general, higher point of view, to apply the finest tools of mechanics and mathematics, known to him to the smallest detail, and in the process of application to significantly improve the qualities and properties of these very tools. In July 1919, an outstanding scientist was appointed head of the Naval Academy. Thanks to the tireless work of Krylov, in a short time the academy was transformed, turning into one of the best institutions in the world of its kind. The main departments of the technical departments were occupied by his talented students, who provided high level teaching.
Applied shipbuilding sciences demanded constant improvement in calculation methods. In this regard, despite the many cases, Krylov managed to deal with "pure" mathematics. His work enjoyed well-deserved respect among designers and practical engineers. In order to facilitate their work, the scientist invented the first machine in our country for performing mechanical integration.
In 1921, the Academy of Sciences sent Alexei Nikolaevich abroad to restore scientific ties, purchase technical literature, instruments and instruments. Abroad, he watched the construction of ships for our country, worked in various commissions, and exchanged experience. In the spring of 1924, Krylov took part in the work of the first International Congress on Applied Mechanics, held in the Dutch city of Delft. In addition, the scientist happened to be engaged in the acquisition, ordering, chartering of timber carriers, oil tankers and steamers necessary for Russia, as well as in the transportation of steam boilers and steam locomotives purchased in a huge number. Just on this occasion, Krylov noted in his memoirs: “Our country needed steam locomotives. 1250 pieces were ordered at foreign locomotive plants. It was necessary to transport to Russia by water and in assembled form. I was entrusted with the search for steamships profitable and suitable for these transportations. Having familiarized myself with the case, I put forward a proposal not to charter steamers at an expensive price, but to purchase them. During the transportation of locomotives bought in Sweden alone, it turned out to save about one and a half million rubles in gold.
In April 1926, the scientist took part in drawing up an agreement with a British optical company for the manufacture of a 41-inch refractor intended for the Pulkovo Observatory. And in October 1927, Alexei Nikolaevich received the Pushkin Archive in the capital of France and sent it to his homeland. Mind, energy and purely Russian ingenuity helped Krylov to carry out each assigned task in the best possible way. Aleksey Nikolayevich always demanded only the highest quality goods from foreigners, striking them with his outstanding and versatile knowledge. The scientist got everything necessary in as soon as possible, with minimal spending of public funds and delivered to Soviet Russia in complete safety.
IN foreign trips Alexei Nikolaevich was often accompanied by his daughter, Anna. In 1926, in Paris, she met a Russian physicist who worked at the Cavendish Laboratory in England. His name was Peter Kapitsa. After some time, the young people got married. Together with Anna Krylova, Pyotr Leonidovich lived for a long 57 years.
In November 1927, Krylov returned to his homeland and resumed his teaching activities in different educational institutions of the country. In parallel with this work, he advised shipbuilders and designers. At the heart of his pedagogical views, which, by the way, he put into practice and propagated in every possible way, was the immutable requirement "to teach to learn." According to Aleksey Nikolaevich, no school was able to prepare a complete specialist, a specialist could be formed as a result of his own activities. This required that he was able and willing to study, study and study throughout his life. The task of teachers is to instill in students a love for science, for the chosen business, as well as a common culture. The future specialist had to take out educational institution only critically assimilated the basics of knowledge, the ability to seek out missing information, ideas about where to find it and how to use it.
Alexey Nikolaevich was a very resourceful teacher. He knew how to find amazing forms of teaching the most difficult disciplines to illiterate cadets. Krylov's biographer Solomon Yakovlevich Shtreich wrote about this: In simple words Academician Krylov began his lecture and just as clearly and simply continued it. No clever names that cause yawns of boredom in some and senseless awe in others. No vulgar simplification in the presentation of serious scientific disciplines. The interest of the listeners increased with each of his phrases. After the basic concepts and definitions, an interesting story on the history of shipbuilding always followed. Gradually, Krylov moved on to complex issues. Lectures were accompanied not only by digital calculations and drawings on the blackboard. The academician went with the students to the Experimental pool or explained what was stated on the models of ships. The theory was supported by colorful examples from the history of navigation.”
Exactly the same principle - to clearly state complex things - Krylov applied in his famous translations of the works of Leonhard Euler and Isaac Newton. Alexey Nikolaevich noted: “Newton's name was constantly encountered in various works of the Naval Academy. However, his writings were written in Latin and were completely inaccessible to ordinary listeners. I decided to translate the most important of them - "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" - into Russian, adding 207 notes and explanations to the text to improve the understanding of this creation of Isaac Newton. It took two years of hard work of four to five hours every day.” Translations of works by foreign scientists were made by Alexei Nikolaevich without archaisms, in good Russian. They are accompanied by extensive, deep, and at the same time extremely clear and intelligible comments, revealing, restoring everything unsaid by scientists, translating their words into the language of modern science, comparing them with contemporaries, predecessors and followers. Euler's New Theory of the Motion of the Moon and Newton's two-volume Principia Mathematica are still considered the pinnacles of scientific translation.
In February 1939, Alexei Krylov was awarded the Order of Lenin, he was awarded the title of Honored Worker of Science and Technology. In 1941, the elderly academician (who was 78 years old) was awarded the Stalin Prize of the first degree. After the start of the Great Patriotic War, Alexei Nikolaevich flatly refused to leave Leningrad. He joked: “As for the air bombing and shelling, I calculated that the chance of getting into my house is equivalent to the chance of winning a hundred thousand rubles on a tram ticket.” And yet, under pressure from friends, Krylov went to Kazan, where he continued to work on his autobiographical book, My Memoirs. This work is well written. literary language, is easy to read and reflects the slice of time in which the great shipbuilder happened to live. In July 1943, Krylov was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.
In the summer of 1945, the eighty-two-year-old man, full of extraordinary personal charm and wisdom, returned to his native Leningrad. The last months of his life, he worked tirelessly, surrounded by many of his students - sailors of three generations. On October 2, Alexei Nikolayevich spoke to students of the Higher Naval Engineering School named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky, and on October 26, 1945 at 4 o'clock in the morning he was gone. According to eyewitnesses last words great scientist were: "There is a big wave." On October 28, Aleksey Nikolayevich was buried at the Volkovo cemetery on the Literary Bridges, not far from the grave of D.I. Mendeleev. His last, unfinished work was The History of the Discovery of Neptune.
Such was the life of this remarkable representative of Russian science, who gave all his exceptional gifts to the service of the Russian people. When the academician’s 75th birthday was celebrated in 1939, after numerous congratulations, the embarrassed Alexei Nikolaevich said: “I have been serving my beloved maritime business for about 60 years and have always considered this service to the Motherland, the Fleet and the people to be the highest honor for me. And so I don’t understand why I won such honors today? In his last public speech, Krylov said: “I gave my whole life to the fleet, and if I had one more such life, then without a doubt I would give it to my beloved business to the very end.”
Alexey Krylov is the author of over 300 articles and books (of which about a hundred are on the theory of shipbuilding), covering a huge range of human knowledge and bringing worldwide fame to the scientist. Naval sciences, mechanics, mathematics, astronomy, physics were his native elements, and there was no such question to which he could not give a comprehensive answer. Alexei Nikolaevich was a brilliant connoisseur of the history of the development of sciences. He wrote essays, remarkable in their artistic brightness and depth, dedicated to the activities of the classics of physical and mathematical sciences - Newton, Lagrange, Euler, Galileo, Chebyshev. Essays were written by Krylov at different times, mainly for the celebrations of the memory of scientists organized by the Academy of Sciences.
Based on the materials of the autobiographical book by A.N. Krylov "My memories".
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