Morphological norms (formation of word forms)

Morphological norms - these are the rules for the formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech.

Morphological norms of nouns

1. Indeclinable nouns that denote inanimate objects are of the neuter gender: coupe, potpourri, bikini.
2. Exceptions: curlers, breeches (plural), blinds, kiwi, whiskey, brandy, coffee (m. and sr.r.), mocha, penalty, euro (m.r.).
3. The gender of nouns denoting persons is determined based on the gender to which they refer: beautiful madam, serious monsieur, cunning frau and so on.
4. The gender of geographical names, names of press organs is determined by the generic word: Capri - island (m.r.), Jungfrau - mountain (m.r.), Monaco - principality (m.r.), Borjomi - city (m.r.); "Times" - newspaper (female).
5. Abbreviations are usually assigned to the genus to which the reference word in them belongs: NATO - alliance (m.r.), CIS - commonwealth (sr.r.); Moscow State University - university (m.r.).
6. Some masculine nouns in the nominative plural instead of ending -s(s) may have a shock ending -and I):
   • monosyllabic nouns: side - sides, forest - forests, eye - eyes, house - houses, eye - eyes, century - centuries, silk - silk, food - feed, board - sides etc.;
   • two-syllable nouns in which in the form singular nominative case stress on the first syllable: buffer - buffers, coast - coast, pearls - pearls etc.
7. The gender of compound nouns is determined by the word that expresses the broader meaning of the noun: Butterfly Admiral, pay phone, sofa bed. And if both concepts are equivalent, the gender is determined by the first word: armchair-bed, cafe-restaurant.

Morphological norms of adjectives

1. It is impossible to combine in one construction the simple and complex forms of the comparative degree of the adjective:more good essay/ this essay is better (not this essay is better)
2. You can not mix the simple and complex forms of the superlative degree of the adjective:the wisest old man/the wisest old man (not the wisest old man)

Morphological norms of pronouns

1. The error is the formation of the form possessive pronoun theirs instead of their: their son.
2. After the prepositions of personal pronouns he, she, they, the letter appears in oblique casesn: to him, from her.

Morphological norms of nouns

1. When declensing compound ordinal numbers, their last part changes, which, when declensed, takes on forms that coincide with the form of full adjectives: first, first, first etc. The rest of the compound ordinal noun remains unchanged for all types of declensions, and any changes to it are considered a morphological error: in two thousand two.
2. Each part and each word that makes up a compound and complex cardinal number is declined separately: saw twenty-four classmates.
3. Cases when it is correct to use collective numbers:
   • with nouns denoting males: two brothers, three men, four guys.
   • with nouns children, people: two children, four people.
   • with nouns denoting baby animals: three puppies, seven kids.
   • with nouns that have only the plural form. hours: five days.
   • with nouns denoting paired or compound objects: two goggles, two skis.
   • with pronouns: two of us, five of them.
4. numeral bothused only with nouns f.r.:both girls, both books. With nouns m. and cf. R. the form is usedboth: both brothers, both elephants.

Morphological norms of verbs

1. Verbs win, convince, convince, dissuade, find oneself, feel, outshine, dare, vacuumand some others do not have a form of 1 person singular. h.
2. Formation of return forms:met, wanted to say hello(after vowels -s is used),Sorry(no return form).
3. Form formation imperative mood: ride, wave, drive away, lay down, buy, lie down.
4. Formation of past tense forms:hardened, dry, wet(Not hardened, dried out, wet).

Morphological norms of participles

1. Participle formation: rinsing, waving, wanting(Not rinsing, waving, wanting);
2. Present participles are not formed from perfective verbs.

Morphological norms of gerunds

1. Perfective gerunds are formed from the stem of the infinitive with the suffix -V: spill - spill, save - save, thin out - thin out.There are perfective verbs from which gerunds can be formed using the suffix -and I or -shi, -lice: go in - go in, look - looking, lean - leaning.
2. Imperfect gerunds are formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of suffixes -and I: think - thinking, walk - walking, fly - flying.

Morphological norms of adverbs

1. Formation of adverbs: from there, come off, inside, I can hardly, we will divide in half.
2. Formation of the comparative degree of adverbs: bad - worse, beautiful - more beautiful, good - better, hard - harder.

Task Theory 7

TASK: Establish a correspondence between the sentences and those allowed in them grammatical errors: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column. In the 1st column under the letters A) B) C) D) E) examples are given, in the 2nd column under the numbers 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) justifications for grammatical errors are given.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

What the answer should look like:

• In the task with the letter, we look for derivative prepositions (usually the sentence begins with them) and check the case of the noun after the preposition. All of the following prepositions can only be combined with the Dative case of a noun:

• According to (to whom? what?)
• Thanks to (who? what?)
• Contrary to (who? what?)
• Like (to whom? what?)
• Against (whom? what?)

• Also in the sentence there may be prepositions that are combined with a noun in the Genitive case:

• in moderation (of what?)
• during (what?)
• in continuation (what?)
• due to (what?)
• in conclusion (what?)
• like (what?)
• because of (why?)
• like (what?)

• For example: Thanks raise the level of service in branded stores has become more buyers.

• We are looking for construction in tasks with a letter“everyone who ...”, “those who ...”, “one who ...”, etc., it is necessary to check the agreement between the subject and the predicate (singular / plural) in the main and subordinate clauses.

plural singular singular plural

• For example: All who read Pushkin's Boris Godunov, remembers vagabond Varlaam.

OR

Everyone who read Pushkin's "Boris Godunov", they remember the vagabond Varlaam.

• In the task with the letter must be quotation marks
• For example: D.S. appears before us as passionately loving his native culture. Likhachev in the book« Letters about good and beautiful» .
• Explanation: An application is a definition expressed by a noun.
• Explanation:

• If the quotation marks are preceded by a generic name (book, newspaper, magazine, picture, etc.), the name in quotation marks must be in Im.p. For example, the novel "Eugene Onegin"; painting "Autumn"; song "Dubinushka".

• If there is no generic name before the quotation marks, the name in quotation marks is inflected. For example, in "Eugene Onegin"; in "Autumn" by Levitan; in "Dubinushka".

• If the sentence has homogeneous members of the sentence connected by the union "and", after which there is a common dependent word (words), it is necessary to check whether the first homogeneous member of the sentence agrees with these common dependent words.

For example, in the sentence "we hoped and believed in victory "The first homogeneous member of the sentence "hoped" does not agree with "in victory", so there is a grammatical error in this sentence.

For example, "I love draw and painting »

• If in a sentence homogeneous members are connected by double conjunctions “not only - but also”, “as - so and”, “if not then”, it is necessary to check whether the homogeneous members of the sentence are immediately after these unions. For example, in the sentence "We were waiting not only Masha, but also Vanya" unions are correct. If we change the place of one of them: "We not only waited for Masha, but also Vanya”, a grammatical error will appear in the sentence.

• as homogeneous members sentences cannot be used words of different parts of speech

For example, "I love draw and painting »

• It is unacceptable to violate the homogeneity of the syntactic elements of the sentence. The participial turnover and the subordinate part of a complex sentence cannot act as homogeneous syntactic elements.
• For example, in the sentence "Ivan, who studied in the 9th grade and who took part in the competition, ...", a mistake was made.

• An assignment with a letter begins with a participial turnover
• For example: received primary education at home in Moscow, Radishchev was enrolled in the St. Petersburg Corps of Pages.
• Adverbs answer the questions:doing what? having done what?
• Explanation: the gerund expresses an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb. The person doing both actions must be the same person. In the sentence, the action “enrolled” is performed by “they, some people” (indefinitely personal sentence), and the action “having received” is performed by Radishchev.
• Explanation: the adverbial turnover most often cannot be used together with impersonal sentences, except when the action is expressed by the words “can, cannot”

• We are looking for participial turnover in tasks with the letter
• The sacrament answers the questions: what does one do? what did he do? what's done?
• Examples of participles: working, doubting, arriving, writing, etc.
• For example: One of the heroes of the novel, seeking the meaning of life, the path to inner freedom opens.

• Explanation: If the sentence contains a participle, its form (ending) must agree with the noun being defined. To do this, we ask a question from the word being defined to the sacrament. For example, "there were a lot of guys (what?) who came to the forest." The end of the sacrament must coincide with the end of the question to it.

• Do not mix direct and indirect speech. It is unacceptable to use the pronouns "I, WE, YOU, YOU" in the subordinate part of the sentence in indirect speech.
• For example, "Dima admitted that I not ready for class today.

1. Errors related to the violation of the order of words in a simple sentence

	Error type	Example
	The subject takes a place that does not correspond to the fixed generally accepted order.	The author discusses the problems of humanism and mercy in his article.
	The complement is separated from the word that governs it.	We cannot agree in his attitude to the problem with the author.
	The definition is separate from the word being defined.	Majestic and beautiful he was struck by the building of the theater, located on the right.
	The circumstance occupies a place that does not correspond to the generally accepted order.	He returned to Leningrad later, after the war, from the hospital.
	Misplaced preposition.	After two hours, the dispute ended (two hours later)Mixing prepositions from and from (with) guilt from and from through and because	When he arrived With villages to the city, I was surprised at many things. Back co school, he immediately sat down for lessons. Soldiers who took part on war, returned to civilian life. True heroism manifested at battles for Moscow. From morning until evening he worked in his editorial office. He almost died through for the betrayal of a friend.
	No suggestion.	Can't bow down his heroism.
	The presence of an unnecessary suggestion.

CLASSIFICATION OF GRAMMAR ERRORS:

1. incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
2. misuse of the case form of a noun
3. violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
4. violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application
5. error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members
6. violation of the homogeneity of concepts
7. violation of the homogeneity of syntactic elements
8. incorrect construction of a sentence with dee participle turnover
9. violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover
10. wrong sentence construction indirect speech
11. violation of word order in a simple sentence

Quest Source: Decision 2442. Unified State Examination 2018. Russian language. I.P. Tsybulko. 36 options.

Task 7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS A) violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application B) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition B) incorrect sentence construction with participle turnover D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate D) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover

OFFERS 1) Breathing midday heat was replaced by evening coolness. 2) Chasing the beast, the hunters went to the river. 3) At the Bolshoi Theater we listened to P. I. Tchaikovsky's opera The Queen of Spades. 4) Upon arrival of a passenger at the airport, border control workers put a border crossing stamp in the passport. 5) The city of Sochi became the capital of the XXII Winter Olympic Games. 6) According to the agreement, after some time we met in the library. 7) The bridges built on the Moscow River were floating. 8) Noticing signs of an impending storm, the sails of the ship were removed. 9) With the creation of the "Workshop of Poets" in 1911, a new literary movement- acmeism.

Solution.

Consider each of these sentences and determine if they contain grammatical errors.

1) breathed noon heat replaced by the cool of the evening. - A simple sentence, complicated by participial turnover, the word order is broken. Right: Breathing heat noon ... or noon, hot breath, … (Error D)

2) Chasing the beast, the hunters went to the river. - A simple sentence, complicated by a participial turnover, there is no mistake.

3) At the Bolshoi Theater we listened opera P. I. Tchaikovsky "The Queen of Spades".- There is an inconsistent application (name in quotation marks), standing at the generic word (opera). With a generic word, the name in quotation marks is not declined. Right: listened to the opera "The Queen of Spades" by P. I. Tchaikovsky or listened to "The Queen of Spades" by P. I. Tchaikovsky. (Error A)

4) Upon arrival Passenger at the airport, border control workers put a border crossing stamp in the passport. – A simple sentence, a mistake was made in case management: the preposition PO determines the case of a noun. Right: Upon passenger arrival… (Mistake B)

5) City Sochi become the capital of the XXII Winter Olympic Games. - A simple sentence, a mistake was made in agreeing the subject and the predicate. Right: City Sochi became capital or Sochi steel the capital ... (Error D)

6) According to the agreement, after some time we met in the library. Simple sentence, no grammatical errors.

7) The bridges built on the Moscow River were floating. A simple sentence, complicated by participial turnover, no grammatical errors.

8) Seeing the signs of a coming storm sail ship were removed. - A simple sentence, complicated by a participial turnover, there is a mistake. Right: Seeing the signs of a coming storm sailors removed ship's sails. (A mistake in)

9) With the creation of the “Workshop of Poets” in 1911, a new literary trend declared itself - acmeism. – A simple sentence, complicated by an application, there are no grammatical errors.

Examination. Be sure to analyze each sentence from the proposed options so as not to make a mistake. The numbers in the answer are not repeated.

In response, we write out the numbers corresponding to the letters, strictly observing their order, without spaces and commas.

Algorithm for completing USE tasks

In Russian.

Part 1.

Exercise 1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?

Task execution algorithm:

Task 2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write out this word.

Task execution algorithm:

1. Read the text carefully.

2. By successively selecting the proposed means of communication, establish a logical correspondence between the sentence with the gap and the one that precedes it. This technique will help you determine which word should be in the gap.

Task 3. Read the snippet dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word (………). Determine the meaning in which this word is used (…….) in the sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

Task execution algorithm:

read the task carefully;

find the specified offer;

include each of the proposed lexical interpretations instead of the word given for analysis;

listen to the new sound and meaning of the sentence;

determine whether the sentence lost or did not lose its semantic integrity during the linguistic experiment:

• if the sentence has not lost its semantic integrity, the answer is correct;

  if the meaning of the sentence has changed, the answer is correct.

Task 4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.

Remember: the mobility of Russian stress creates objective difficulties in completing this task.

agent, Augustow, agency, agony, acropolis, alcohol, alphabet, anApest, anAtom, antithesis, apostrophe, watermelon, arrest, aristocracy, argument, asymmetry, astronomer, atlas (collection geographical maps), atlas (fabric), bourgeoisie, being,

bureaucracy, airports

scam, crimson, ballot, pamper, pampered, pampered, bow (banta, bows)

bartender, unrestrained, birch bark and birch bark, gas pipeline, blagovest, favor, block, bombard, barrel, delusional and delusional, armor (securing something for someone), armor (protective sheathing), bakery, bourgeoisie, sandwich, being, bureaucracy

gross, cook (cook, cook, boil, cook), watchman, willow, veterinarian, turn on, water supply, Volgodonsky, wolf (wolf, wolves, wolves), thief (thieves, thieves, thieves, about thieves), magic, invest, concave, arouse, exorbitantly

gas pipeline, gastronomy, hectare, genesis, citizenship, grenadier, pear

cousin, girlish, democracy, department, despot, hyphen, action, diagnosis, dialogue, dispensary, white, extraction, dogma, contract, contractual, naked, red, document, report, naked, dosinya, leisure, associate professor, daughter, dram aturgy, drowsiness, confessor,
heretic,
blinds, vent, life,

book, (secure something for someone), book (cover with armor), enviably, bent, conspiracy (secret agreement), conspiracy (spell), bent, long, frosty, busy (man), busy (by someone ), clog, clogged, mold, seal, sealed, powder, call (call, call, call), winterer, malice, sign, significance, sorcery, jagged

scoop, scoop, cleaner,
chassis, seamstress, shake, syringes, sorrel, crushed stone, wood chips, wood chips,
excursion, expert, export, equipped, express, epilogue, pullover

yurOdivy

religion, exhaust,
flounder, catalog, rubber, cough, quarter, cedar, kilometer, cinematography, pantry, whooping cough, college, colossus, compass, complex, self-interest, more beautiful, nettle, flint, cooking, kitchen, chump, chunk, LO mouth, flap (waste, remnants), flap (a piece of cloth),
alluring, masterful, medicines, briefly, manager, metallurgy, meager (allowed - meager), youth, milkman, monologue, ordeal,

naked, naked (cut off), naked (hold checkers), bent over, for a long time, intention, heel, backhand, start, started, arrears, illness, obituary, hatred, unpretentious, oil pipeline, newborn,
provision, facilitate, sharpen, Embraced, embraced, facilitate, encourage, borrow, embittered, wholesale, inform, point, uncork, Adolescence, in part, paralysis,
partner, plowing, first-born, mold, pizzeria, offer, fable, understood, understood, understood, raised, noon, briefcase, pedestal, funeral, at a funeral, plateau, anticipate, undertaken, fail, award, award, sentence p, dowry

knowledgeable, beet, silo, orphan, orphans, plum case, condolence, convocation, concentration, means, statue, status, statute, shorthand, carpenter, vessel, bent,
customs, dancer, cakes, cakes, shoe,
decoration, speed up, deepen, Coal, Ukrainian, improve, deceased, mentioned, mention, strengthening, aggravate,
facsimile, porcelain, extravaganza, phenomenon, fetish, fluorography, flyleaf, form,
chaos, characteristic (typical), characteristic (actor), intercessor, intercession, intercession, well-groomed (adj.), well-groomed (adj.), Christian, Christ-seller,
cement, chain, gypsies,

Task 5. In one of the sentences below WRONG highlighted word is used. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly. Task execution algorithm:

read all offers carefully;

determine the lexical meanings of each of the paronymic words by selecting synonyms and antonyms or taking into account what words each of them can be combined with;

indicate the correct answer.

Addressee - addressee. Addressee - the person or organization to whom the postal item is addressed (recipient); addressee - a person or organization sending a postal item (sender).

anecdotal - anecdotal. Anecdotal - inherent in an anecdote, based on an anecdote (an anecdotal story); anecdotal - ridiculous, ridiculous (anecdotal case).

archaic - archaic. Archaic - characteristic of antiquity (archaic view), archaic - obsolete, not corresponding to new views, rules (archaic use).

weekday - everyday. Weekday - not a holiday (weekday); everyday - prosaic, monotonous (everyday work).

Breathe in - breathe in. Inhale - take in, draw in air (inhale oxygen), inspire something (inhale courage); sigh - let out a sigh (breathe with relief); rest a little (let me breathe); to grieve, be sad (sigh for children).

Educational - educational. Educational - related to education (educational system); educational - related to the teacher (educational room).

Everyone - everyone. Everyone - everyone (every minute); all kinds - the most diverse (all kinds of searches).

Elective - selective. Elected - related to elections, elected by voting (elected position); selective - partial (selective check)

Harmonic - harmonious. Harmonic - related to harmony (harmonic series); harmonious - slender, coordinated (harmonious personality).

main - capital. Main - main, most significant, central, senior (main street); capital - related to the title (title role).

Engine - mover. Engine - a machine that sets in motion, power (electric motor); mover - what sets in motion, contributes to it (the mover of society, progress is outdated.).

Democratic - Democratic. Democratic - pertaining to democracy, democrat (democratic camp); democratic - characteristic of democracy, democrat (democratic act).

Dynamic - dynamic. Dynamic - related to dynamics, movement (dynamic theory); dynamic - having great internal energy(dynamic pace).

Diplomatic - diplomatic. Diplomatic - related to diplomacy, diplomat (diplomatic post); diplomatic - subtly calculated, evasive (diplomatic behavior).

Long - long. Long - having a great length (long report); long - long-term (long vacation, long period).

Voluntary - voluntary. Voluntary - performed without coercion (voluntary labor); volunteer - relating to a volunteer (volunteer initiative, volunteer army).

dramatic - dramatic. Dramatic - expressing strong feelings, full of drama (dramatic situation); dramatic - related to drama (dramatic circle).

friendly - friendly. Friendly - relating to a friend, friends (friendly meeting); friendly - based on friendship (friendly country).

pitiful - pitiful. Pitiful - expressing sorrow, longing, suffering; plaintive, sad (pitiful voice); compassionate - prone to pity, sympathy; compassionate, touching (compassionate words, people).

Spare - thrifty. Spare - available as a spare (emergency exit); thrifty - able to stock up (thrifty person).

Evil - malicious. Evil - filled with a sense of enmity (an evil person); malicious - having a bad purpose, deliberate (malicious non-payer).

Executive - performing. Executive - diligent, having as its goal the implementation of something (executive worker); performing - relating to the performer (performing skills).

seconded - business trip. Seconded - a person who is on a business trip (a seconded specialist); business trip - relating to a business traveler (travel expenses).

Comic - comical. Comic - related to comedy (comic character); comical - funny (comical look).

Critical - critical. Critical - related to criticism (critical article); critical - having the ability to criticize (critical approach).

logical - logical. logical - pertaining to logic ( logical thinking); logical - correct, reasonable, consistent (logical reasoning).

methodical - methodical. Methodical - related to methodology (methodical conference); methodical - exactly following the plan (methodical work).

Hateful - hateful. Hateful - imbued with hatred (hateful acts); hateful - causing hatred (hated enemy).

intolerable - intolerable. Unbearable - one that cannot be endured (unbearable cold); intolerant - unacceptable (intolerant attitude).

to dine - to dine. To become poorer - to become poor (to become poorer as a result of inflation); impoverish - make poor (impoverish life).

dangerous - fearful. Dangerous - associated with danger (dangerous bridge); cautious - acting cautiously (cautious person).

typo - unsubscribe. A typo - an accidental mistake in writing (an annoying typo); unsubscribing - an answer that does not affect the merits of the case (impudent unsubscribing).

Learn - learn. To master - to learn how to use something, to include it in the circle of one's activities (to master the release of new products); to assimilate - to make habitual; understand, memorize

Organic - organic. Organic - pertaining to the plant or animal world ( organic matter); organic - inextricably linked, natural (organic integrity).

Condemnation - discussion. Condemnation - an expression of disapproval, sentencing (condemnation of a criminal); discussion - comprehensive consideration (discussion of the problem);

Responsible - responsible. Reciprocal - being the answer (response); responsible - responsible, important (responsible employee).

Reporting - distinct. Reporting - related to the report (reporting period); distinct - well distinguishable (distinct sound).

Political - political. Political - related to politics (politician); political - acting diplomatically, cautiously (political hint).

Understandable - understandable. Understanding - quickly understanding (understanding person); understandable - clear (clear reason).

Representative - representative. Representative - making a favorable impression (representative appearance); representative - elected (representative body); relating to representation, representative (representation expenses).

Presentation - provision. Presentation - presentation for familiarization, nomination for promotion (representation of a characteristic); provision - the allocation of something at someone's disposal (granting a loan).

conspicuous - conspicuous. Perceptive - able to notice (perceptive critic); noticeable - noticeable (noticeable displeasure).

Realistic - realistic. Realistic - next to realism (realistic painting); realistic - corresponding to reality, quite practical (realistic goal).

Hidden - secretive. Hidden - secret, invisible (hidden threat); secretive - unrevealed (secret person).

Tactical - tactical. Tactful - possessing tact (a tactful act); tactical - related to tactics (tactical task).

Technical - technical. Technical - relating to technology (technical progress); technical - possessing high skill (technical actor).

Lucky - lucky. Lucky - happy; one who is lucky (lucky explorer); successful - successful (good day).

Actual - actual. Actual - corresponding to the facts (actual state of affairs); factual - containing many facts (actual report).

Master's - economic. Master - relating to the owner; such as a good owner (owner's interest); economic - busy with the economy, associated with the economy (economic issues).

Explicit - obvious. Explicit - obvious, undisguised (clear superiority); clear - distinct, well distinguishable (clear whisper).

Task 6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.

Find mistakes in education and usage

case forms of numerals;

numerals one and a half, one and a half;

collective numerals, including numerals both, both;

comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs;

nominative and genitive plural of some nouns;

imperative forms of some verbs.

Task execution algorithm:

1. Determine which part of speech the given word belongs to.

2. If this name is a numeral, remember that

in complex quantitative names of numerals both parts are inclined;

Cases

From 50 - 80

200, 300, 400

From 500 - 900

fifty

heels And ten And

heels And ten And

fifty

five Yu ten Yu

oh heel And ten And

two hundred

dv wow honeycomb

dv mind st am

two hundred

dv knowing st ami

about dv wow st Oh

five hundred

heels And honeycomb

heels And st am

five hundred

five Yu st ami

oh heel And st Oh

when declining compound ordinal numbers, only the last word;

numeral both used with masculine and neuter nouns, and both- female;

Cases

M., cf. genus

G. genus

both

both

both

both

both

about both

both

both

both

both

both

about both

collective nouns ( two, three, four etc.) are used with nouns denoting males, names of baby animals, paired objects, or having only the plural form.

3. If this name is an adjective, check if the forms of degrees of comparison are formed correctly. Remember: you cannot mix simple and compound forms of degrees of comparison.

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Comparative

excellent

simple

composite

simple

composite

beautiful´v- her(s)

less- she

deep e

more Beautiful

less Beautiful

beautiful´v- ash- uy

great- aish- uy

nai most difficult

most Beautiful

most Beautiful

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

comparative

excellent

simple

composite

composite

-her(s)- it hurts - it hurts her, ill to her

-e - easy - easy e-she- thin - thin e

adverb + more (less) more thin

less Interesting

comparative+ pronoun all, everything:

did the best (of all)

4. If this is a verb, pay attention to the correct formation

imperative mood forms;

forms of the past tense used without a suffix are -NU-.

(There is - well - in the verb - error - correct answer)

5. If this is a noun, make sure the formation is correct

nominative plural forms;

genitive plural forms.

NOMINATIVE PLURAL

m. kind

With the end - and I(emphasis on ending)

With the end - s, -i ( accent based)

dual number influence)

Addresses, shores, centuries, fans, director, doctor, gutter, inspector, boat, clover, feed, box, body, seine, district, vacation, passport, cook, professor, variety, watchman, stack, paramedic, outbuilding, barn, ramrod, stack, stamp, anchor, hawk.

sentences, mines,

editors, snipers, tractors, cakes, fronts, drivers.

volumes

locksmiths bakers

1. Animated foreign nouns. on

-torus, -sor stylistically neutral: directors

1. Animated foreign nouns. on -er,

-er:engineers

2. Inanimate. foreign words in

-torus, -sor:processors

3. Animated foreign nouns. on

-tor with a book touch: editors.

Remember: oil - pl. hours - oil A

cream - pl. – cream s(not cream A)

male

female

average

banknotes

giraffe

hall

corrective

piano

only

tulle

shampoo

sandal, boot

cuff, callus

sneaker

reserved seat

gravy (with gravy)

slipper

shoe (no shoes)

surname

bast

tentacle

Task 7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

1. Look for mistakes in sentences:

1) with homogeneous members; (look for homogeneous predicates with the union I. Ask a question from the verb to the homogeneous members of the sentence. The question should be the same, if not, then an error !!! This will be the correct answer. (I see??? (a member of the sentence is missing) and I'm proud nature? I see what?, I'm proud of what?)

2) with participle turnovers; (look at the end of the sacrament, remember that there must be agreement with the word being defined in gender, number, case.)

3) with proper names enclosed in quotation marks and being the name of newspapers, magazines, books, paintings, films;

4) with derivative prepositions thanks to, in spite of, in spite of and non-derivative preposition By used in turns of speech upon completion, upon arrival, upon completion, upon arrival;

5) with double alliances not only but; like…and;

6) using quotes;

7) beginning with the words: everyone who…; those who…; none of those who...

Task 8. Identify the word in which the unstressed checked vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

Task execution algorithm:

1. Cross out words with alternating vowels, as they will not be the correct answer:

1.1. read each word carefully and look for words with an alternating vowel in the root ( gar - mountains, zar - zor, clan - clone, creature - creation, lag - lie, bir - ber, feast - lane, dir - der, tir - ter, world - mer, blist - shine, stil - stel, jig - burned, chit - even, kas -kos, rast - rosch - grew, jump - skoch, poppy - mok, equal - even).

2) select test words for the remaining words, remembering that among them there may be dictionary words in which an unstressed vowel requires memorization;

3) if you found dictionary word, then you can cross it out, since it will not be the correct answer;

4) if by the way you managed to pick up a test in which an obscure vowel sound was stressed and is clearly heard, then you have found the correct answer.

Task 9. Identify the sequence in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words out with the missing letter.

You need to know the following spelling rules:

spelling of prefixes on -З and -С;

spelling of prefixes PRE and PRI;

PRE -

AT -

To stay (=trans-)

arrive (approach)

despise (hate)

To despise (to give someone shelter)

Betray (= re-)

to give (to add, to change something, to add)

bow down, bow down (= re-)

bow down (approach)

transform (implement)

Pretend (incomplete action)

Transient (= re-)

Incoming (approach)

endure (endure)

get used to (get used to)

Successor (= re-, adopt)

Receiver (radio)

Resign (die)

Attach (put close)

Vicissitudes (reversals in fate)

gatekeeper - gatekeeper

Immutable (immutable, indestructible)

attach (attach)

Prerequisite (mandatory)

Unacceptable conditions (impossible)

Limit (border)

Aisle (extension in the church)

Downplayed (very)

Reduced (slightly)

Remember:

PRE-

AT-

preamble, prevail, those in power, predicate, present, presentable, president, presidium, presumption, price list, prelude, seduce, do not fail, premiere, neglect, preparation, present, obstacle, prerogative, prestige, pretender, preference

private, fastidious, privilege, contingency, comely, picky, adventure, prima donna, primate, primitive, priority, deplorable, swear, claim, embellish, unpretentious, whimsical

Prefixes on -З and -С:
spelling depends on the subsequent consonant

before voiced consonants - s appeal, rootless

before voiceless consonants

bake, careless, silent

Task 10. Write out the word in which the letter E / I / is written at the place of the gap

Task execution algorithm:

1) Find out in which part of the word the letter is missing: in the ending or in the suffix.

2) If the vowel is omitted at the end, then use the indefinite form of the verb to establish its conjugation:

in the personal endings of the verbs of the first conjugation, vowels E, U are written;

in the personal endings of the verbs of the second conjugation, vowels I, A (I) are written.

3) If the vowel is missing in the suffix, then analyze the nature of the spelling:

missing vowel in participle suffixes ush, yusch, ash, box, im, eat (om).

missing vowel before participle suffix vsh, nn .

4) Spelling participle suffixes ush, yusch, ash, yashch, im, eat (om) depends on the conjugation of the original verb:

in participles formed from verbs I conjugations , suffixes are written ush, yusch, em (om) ;

in participles formed from verbs II conjugations , suffixes are written ash, box, im.

5) Vowel spelling before suffixes participles vsh and nn depends from that to at - yat or it - et ends indefinite form original verb:

yat or yat , then before nn in passive past participles, the vowel is preserved and I);

if the original verb ends in eat or eat , then before nn only written e ;

before suffix vsh retains the same vowel , as before the end be in an indefinite form.

HINT: Put the verb in the 3rd person plural. (THEY do what? THEY do what?) ending -ut-yut - verb 1 conjugation - in endings you should write a letter E,

Ending - at-yat - verb 2 conjugation - in the endings you should write a letter AND.

Task 11. Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the gap

Need to know the spelling of suffixes

nouns ( ets, itz; ink, enk; out, in; ichk, echk; ik, ek );

adjectives ( iv, ev; liv, chiv );

verbs ( willow, willow; eva, ova; And, E before the stressed suffix wa) .

Task execution algorithm:

1) Determine which part of speech (noun, adjective, verb) the word with the missing letter in the suffix belongs to.

2) Apply the desired rule.

adjective

-ev- unstressed: glue ev oh, enamel ev th

-iv- percussion: linen willows th

Exception: kindly willows oh, fool willows th

-chiv-:infusion chiv th

-living-: talent Liv th

verb

-ova- (-eva-)

hang up

I'm hanging

Yva- (-iva-)

annoy

I'm annoyed

TABLE OF DEFINITIONS

VERB ENDINGS AND PARTICIPLE SUFFIXES

Verb endings

Suffixes are valid. participles

Suffixes suffer. participles

I conjugation

rest

-eatwriteeat

-eatwriteeat

-etwriteee

-utwriteut

-utthoughtut

-usch-writeyi uy

-yusch-thoughtYusch uy

-om-carriedohm th

-eat-blowing eatth

II conjugation

N.F. on - And be

-themstrictthem

-ishstrictish

-itestrictite

-atstrictyat

-yatstorageyat

-ash-breatheash uy

-box-storagecrate uy

-them-storagethem th

Task 12. Determine the sentence in which NOT with the nightingale is written ONE. (SEPARATE). Open the brackets and write out this word.

)? It should be remembered that the rules for writing NOT with different parts of speech can be grouped as follows:

NOT with nouns, quality adjectives, adverbs in -O and -E;

NOT with verbs and gerunds;

NOT with participles.

1. Not with nouns, adjectives, adverbs in O, E

together

apart

1. Not used without NOT:

ignoramus
fables

careless

ridiculous

1. If there is opposition with unionA Not true but false

Not happy but sad

Not close but far

adverb not in O-E: did not enter like a friend

2. If the word with the prefix NOT can find a synonym without NOT

Foe (enemy)

Misfortune (grief)

Enemy (enemy)

unhappy (sad)

Close (far)

2. If at the word with NOT there are words far, at all, not at all, not at all, by no means

Far from pretty

Not a friend at all

Nothing interesting

Not at all sweet

3.Remember:

small

slave

confusion

imperfections

undergrowth

dunno

klutz

3.Remember:

not in measure, not as an example, not for good, not for haste, not to taste, not within the power, not according to the gut, not from the hand, etc.; b) neither give nor take, neither be nor me, neither here nor there, neither light nor dawn, for nothing

not about anything, not a bottom, not a tire, not for a sniff of tobacco, not for a penny and so on.

not one (no one) - not one (many), never (never) - not once (often) .

2.Not with verbs and gerunds

together

apart

1. Not used without NOT:

resent (indignant)

rage (rage)

unwell

dislike

hate

1.Always separate

Was not

Not catching up

Not knowing

2. With the prefix under-

UNDER-= below normal, not 100% be in insufficient quantity
there is an antonym with re- (=excess)
undersalt the soup (oversalt the soup)
the result is unsatisfactory
missing = not enough
You lack patience.
^ I always lack money.

2. With prefixes not + to

done not to end
do not watch the movie, do not take home
She did not finish and fell silent.
(to end implied)
does not reach = does not reach
The rope is missing before gender.
Before poplar is missing the fifth floor

3. Not with participles and verbal adjectives.

together

apart

1. not used without NOT:
n units mindful (adj., not packing without NOT)
2. NO opposition with union A and
dependent words: n no sown field (no a, AP)

1. with brief participles: not_ closed
2. IS opposition with union a:
unfinished, A started meeting
3. IS dependent words:
unsown during field, not yet plowed field

4.NOT and NOR with negative PRONOUNS

together

apart

There is NO preposition between NOT and the pronoun: No one, no one

THERE IS A SUGGESTION

With no one, with no one

Task 13. Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are written CLEARLY (SEPARATELY). Open the brackets and write out these two words.

Task execution algorithm:

1) Read the sentence, think about its meaning.

2) Determine which part of speech the underlined word belongs to.

Unions so that, also, also, but, moreover, moreover, so, because are written together ; they can be replaced by synonyms of the same part of speech.

Words of other parts of speech similar to these unions in sound whatever, the same likewise, for that, for that, for that , and so, from that are written separately. They consist of two components: one of them (well, would) can either be removed from the proposal, or rearranged to another place; other component (that, that, than, yes, that) replace with other words.

Derivative prepositions are written together: DUE TO = due to, IN VIEW = due to, ABOUT = about, TOGETHER = to, DESPITE = contrary to.

Derivative prepositions are written separately: DURING = IN CONTINUATION, IN DIFFERENCE, IN CONCLUSION, DURING.

For continuous, hyphenated or separate spelling of adverbs, apply the appropriate rules.

Derived prepositions

Nouns with prepositions

during

There was no news V flow of the year.

How long?

(time value)

during (what?) rivers

See V continue (what?) series.

IN(fast) currents rivers

See V(soon) continued series

in continuation

She said in continuation hours.

Finally articles

At the end, in the end

Sat V conclusionI.

Sat V(debt) conclusionI.

in contrast from others

(used with from)

Difference V differences life.

Difference V(strong) differences life.

due to= due to

He did not come due to illness.

Remember: later I - adverb

as a consequence

intervened as a consequence in the case of theft.

intervened V(new) consequence in the case of theft.

like= like

vessel like flasks

Error V kind noun.

about= about, about

Reach an agreement about excursions.

Put on check in the bank.

Put on(mine) check.

towards=k

Go towards friend.

go to a meeting with friends.

go on(long awaited) meeting.

due to= due to

In view of We didn't go to the cinema when it rained.

I meant Tomorrow. (stable expression).

as cones

in mind cities

(cone view, city view)

adverbs

Nouns with prepositions

climb up (refer to the verb)

climb to the top mountains

on(most) top mountains

shoes me fit

at the right time flowering -

V ( spring) time flowering

Derived prepositions

Participles with negation

Despite rain, went out of town

(Although it was raining).

Regardless of bad weather, we went camping.

(in spite of what?)

Despite father, he got up from the table.

Regardless of me, he left the room.

(=not looking)

Task 14. Indicate all the numbers in the place of which HH (H) is written

determine what part of speech the word with the missing letter belongs to;

apply the spelling rule Н and НН in the suffix of this part of speech.

Noun:

HH

H

1. If the root of the word ends in H, and the suffix begins with H:

malinn ik(Mali n A)

2.If noun. formed from an adjective with HH, or from a participle:

diseasesenn awn(diseases enn th)

pampered(spoiled)

3. Remember: besprida nn itza

1. In words formed from nouns that have suffixes -in-, -an-, -yan-

peatyang ik(from noun peat)

2. In words formed from adj. with one H: studyn ik(from adj. study n th), martyr, worker

3. In words:

gaff yang itza (bagr yang th), cannabis yang ir(cannabis yang th)

var en ik (var yon th), smoked yon awn (kopch yon th)

cost yang ika (cost yang oh) wise yon awn (wise yon th)

oil en itza (oil en th), oats yang itza (oats yang th)

gost in itza (guest in th), firewood yang ik (firewood yang Ouch)

smart yon awn (meaning n th), great en itza

Adjective:

HH

H

1. n. -H+ -H-: karmann th

2. -ONN-, -ENN-: commissionion th, cranberriesenn th,

! without wind nn th

3. exceptions with -YANN-: GLASSHH YY, TINHH YY, WOODHH YY

YU nn And you ( young s nat Uralists)

1. -IN-: goose in th

2. exception WINDH YY(day, person)

3. -AN- (-YAN-): leatheren th

Remember: Yu n th;

gaff yang oh, rum yang oh, r yang oh, pi yang oh, right n yy (historical suf. - YAN-); bar n oy, svy n oh si n oh, green n oh, go n oh, core n th.

In short adjectives, the same number of n is written as in full adjectives.

Tuma nn aya distance - the distance of the fog nn A

wind n th girl - girl in the wind n A

Participles:

Н - НН IN SUFFIXES OF PARTICIPLES AND VERBAL ADJECTIVES

HH

H

1. There is a prefix: about seeded flour

(except for attachment Not-)

But: no problem her nn oh flour

1. There is a prefix Not-: Not sowing n oh flour

2. No ¬, but there is AP: soya nn and I through a sieve flour

2. No ¬: sowing n oh flour

3. have a suffix -ova-/-eva-:

marin ovann th cucumbers

3. Exceptions: kova n oh, chew n oh, cool n th (-ov-, -ev- are part of the root)

4. Formed from a non-prefixed perfective verb:

Reshe nn task (to solve - what With do?)

But: from wound nn th , wound nn th in leg fighter

! Being woundnn th, the soldier remained in the ranks.

Women immediately hung washingnn oh.(Suffering. adverb, since they retain the verbal meaning, indicate a temporary state, and not a permanent sign-quality)., windless

4. Exception: wound n oh, windy

5. The same words in their direct meaning will be participles : name nn oh play, end nn th work.

5. When the participle turns into an adjective, it is possible to change the lexical meaning of the word: a smart child, an uninvited guest, a named brother, an imprisoned father, a dowry, Forgiveness Sunday, a dead man.

Exceptions: covetous, desirable,

unheard, unseen, sacred,

unexpected, unexpected, inadvertent, done, slow, awake, swaggering, chased

6. Spelling does not change in the composition compound words: goldfish n oh, scrap n th-fracture n th, Word everything in general has adjective meaning (high degree quality), and not the value of “adj. + communion.

7. Brief participles: a spoiled girl n A

SHOULD BE DISTINCTIVE

short adjective

Brief Communion

Girl brought up nna (sama - short adjective). Can be replaced with a full adjective: educated I.

Girl brought up n and in orphanage(by whom?) - a short par.. Replaced by the verb: the girl was brought up.

Adverb

Short neuter participle

 Ch.  adv.

He answered deliberately(how? in what way?).

Thoughtfully - a circumstance.

noun  cr. moreover

Case thoughtful (how?) from all sides.

Considered - predicate.

Task 15. Set up punctuation marks. Specify the numbers of sentences in which you need to put one comma.

Execution algorithm:

1. Find homogeneous members in the sentence.

2. Determine which unions connect them:

if it is a single connecting or dividing union ( and, or, either, yes (= and ), comma in front of him not put ;

if it is a double union ( as ..., and; not so much ... as; not only but; though...but ), a comma is placed only before the second part of the double union ;

if this repeated alliances , That a comma is placed only in front of those who are between homogeneous members ;

before opposing alliances between homogeneous members always put a comma .

3. Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members connected in pairs. Remember: if homogeneous members in a sentence are combined in pairs, then a comma is placed between paired groups and only one!

Task 16. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.

Remember:

participial answers the questions Which? which? which? which? ;

gerund answers the questions having done what? doing what? And denotes an additional action with a verb - a predicate ; participial turnover answers the questions How? When? Why?

punctuation in participial turnover depends on its location in relation to the noun being defined;

the adverbial turnover is always distinguished in writing by commas;

homogeneous definitions and circumstances, expressed by participial and participial phrases and connected by a single union And, are not separated by a comma.

Task execution algorithm:

1) Find participial and adverbial phrases in the sentence, correctly defining their boundaries. Always separated by commas.

2) Determine what position in the sentence the participial turnover occupies (DO- does not stand out with commas !!! AFTER the word being defined - stands out !!!).

3) Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members with the union AND, expressed by participial or adverbial phrases. A comma is not put before the union And.

4).Attention! there should not be numbers in the middle of the turnover, this provocation!!! Eliminate them!!!Use the trick to eliminate the highlighted turnover.

Task 17.

Remember: introductory words can be removed from a sentence without changing the main idea of ​​the syntactic construction. Use the technique of excluding highlighted words.

Task execution algorithm:

1) Check if the highlighted words are introductory.

Introductory words can be removed from the sentence or replaced with synonymous introductory words; they are separated by commas.

Homonymous with the introductory words, the members of the sentence cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the syntactic construction; they are not separated by commas.

Remember that words are not introductory and are not separated by commas: as if, as if, perhaps, for the most part, as if, literally, in addition, after all, in the end, it seems to be, hardly, anyway, after all, even, exactly, sometimes, as it were, besides, only, meanwhile, for sure, extremely, probably, certainly, definitely, partly, at least, truly, still, therefore, simply, let, decisively, nevertheless, only, supposedly.

Task 18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.

Execution algorithm:

1. Find the grammatical foundations of the sentence.

2. Define the boundaries of the main and subordinate parts.

3. Read the sentence, observing the selected signs. This will help to identify an incorrectly found solution or, conversely, confirm the correct choice.

Remember! As a rule, this task presents complex sentences with adjectives , in them conjunction word which is not at the beginning of the subordinate part, but in the middle her, therefore A comma is not placed before the allied word. (1. Eliminate the numbers around the word "which"

4. Attention to the union And). Determine what it connects: parts complex sentence- comma, homogeneous members of the sentence - no comma.

Task 19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.

To complete the task, use the algorithm:

1. Indicate the grammatical foundations in the sentence.

2. Define boundaries simple sentences as part of a complex syntactic structure.

3. See how these parts are connected.

4. Find out if the offer contains Union And , and if it is present in the sentence, determine what it connects:

If homogeneous members , then there is a comma before it not put ;

If parts of a complex sentence , then there is a comma before it put .

5. Find 2 unions side by side: what if, what when, and if, and although, but when, so that if, and when:

Comma between conjunctions NOT put if the words go further in the sentence then yes, but

Comma between conjunctions put, If no THEN, SO, BUT.

Task 20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.

Special attention should be given to the second and third sentences:

they (argument and output) contain the main information;

therefore, among the answer options, one should look for one that combines the information of the 2nd and 3rd sentences.

Remember the main information is given only in its direct meaning. (EXACTLY and SPECIFICLY)

Task execution algorithm:

1. Highlight in each sentence the key words that are important for understanding the issue that is raised in this text; pay attention to the main part of complex sentences.

2. Determine the causal relationship between sentences in the text by analyzing conjunctions, allied words, introductory constructions.

3. Shorten the text by crossing out secondary information (various explanations, details, descriptions of minor facts, comments, lexical repetitions).

4. Transmit in one sentence the main information contained in the text.

5. Compare your text compression option (your sentence that conveys its main idea) with the answer options.

Task 21. Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.

Task execution algorithm:

1. Read the text.

2. To determine his type of speech, use the technique of imaginary "photography":

if it is possible to “photograph” the entire text in one frame, this is description ;

if it is possible to “photograph” the text in a successive series of frames, this is narration ;

if the text cannot be "photographed" - this reasoning .

3. Remember that

description shows (this is what we see: a portrait of a person, a landscape, an interior);

narration tells (this is a chain of events or actions and actions of characters);

reasoning proves and is built according to the scheme: thesis - proof - final conclusion.

Determine what type of speech the proposed text belongs to.

Types of speech

composition scheme

Narration

(what happened?)

I came, I saw, I conquered.

communicate a sequence of actions or events.

verbs are used.

Multiple Frames

exposition

tie

Development of action

climax

5. Interchange

Description

(Which?)

indicate the signs of an object, person, place, state. Adjectives are used.

1 frame

From the general impression to the details.

Reasoning (why?)

substantiate this or that put forward position (thesis), explain the essence, causes of this or that phenomenon, event.

It talks about causes and effects, events and phenomena, our ideas about them, assessments, feelings. - about what can not be photographed.

1. Thesis (a thought that is being proved) →

2. arguments (proofs, examples) →

3. conclusions.

Task 22. From the given sentences write out synonyms (synonymous pair). (There may be various lexical means.

Task execution algorithm:

1. If in the task it is required to find a certain lexical unit in the specified passage of text, it is necessary

recall the definition of this lexical unit:

Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that are opposite in their lexical meaning.! Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.

Synonyms- These are words of the same part of speech, the same or similar in meaning, but different in sound and spelling. Like antonyms, synonyms can be contextual.

Homonyms-these are words thoughhigher in sound (withpossible differentwriting) or writesledge (if possiblenom different soundingnii), but different in meaning.

historicisms- These are obsolete words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the objects and phenomena that they denoted from life.

Neologisms– new words of limited use.

Phraseologism- Lexically indivisible phrases reproduced in finished form: hang your nose, win, voice of crying)

Task 23. Among sentences 1-8 (there may be other sentence numbers), find one that is connected with the previous one using a possessive pronoun (another means of communication). Write the number of this offer.

Lexical means of communication required in task B7:

lexical repetitions (repetitions of words and phrases);

synonyms and synonymic substitutions;

contextual synonyms;

antonyms (including contextual ones).

Morphological means of communication:

unions;

personal, demonstrative and some other pronouns instead of words from previous sentences;

adverbs;

degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs.

The syntactic means of communication of sentences include:

syntactic parallelism (the same word order and the same morphological design of the members of adjacent sentences);

parceling (withdrawal from the sentence of any part and its execution in the form of an independent incomplete sentence);

incomplete sentences;

introductory words and sentences, appeals, rhetorical questions.

Task execution algorithm:

1. It is necessary to firmly learn the categories of pronouns, since the pronominal connection is most in demand in tasks of this type.

2. Remember that you must determine the relationship of this sentence with the previous , with the one that is to the offer you are considering .

CATS OF PRONOUNS BY MEANING

Personal

Unit h. pl. h.

1 l. - I we

2 l. - you you

3 l. - he, she, it they

returnable

myself

Interrogative

relative

who, what, which, whose, which, how much, what

indefinite

someone, something, some, several, someone, something, someone, someone, someone, some someday

Negative

no one, nothing, none, no one, no one, nothing

Possessive

mine, yours, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs

pointing

that, this, such, such, so much, this (obsolete)

Determinants

all, everyone, everyone, himself, any, other, most, other

When declining some pronouns, the whole word changes: I - to me, you - to you ...

Distinguish the categories of pronouns.

Wed Her (his, them) book- whose? - possessive pronoun.

We sawher (his, their ) - whom? - personal pronoun.

Who on duty today? - interrogative pronoun.

We do not know, Who today duty is a relative pronoun.

Task 24. Restore the missing terms in the text of the review, with the help of which the linguistic features of this text are characterized.

Task execution algorithm:

Carefully read the list of figurative and expressive means of the language presented in the sample of answers.

Divide all the terms into 3 groups: Paths, Figures, Vocabulary.

Read the review carefully, insert the necessary IVS.

4 . In case of difficulty, you can use the technique of excluding from the list of those terms that, according to the meaning, cannot be in place of gaps in the text.

1. trails - words and expressions used in figurative meaning:

epithet - figurative definition (Through wavy fogs the moon sneaks ... / A.S. Pushkin/);

personification - attribution of qualities, actions, emotions of a person to objects, nature, abstract concepts ( The earth is sleeping in the glow of blue / M.Yu. Lermontov/);

comparison - a comparison of two objects or phenomena in order to explain one of them with the help of the other ( Ice weak on the studenoy river like melting sugar lies on. Nekrasov/);

metaphor - the transfer of properties from one object to another based on their similarity (Lights rowan bonfire red / S.A. Yesenin /);

metonymy - allegorical designation of the subject of speech, "renaming", replacing one concept with another that has a causal relationship with it ( All flags will visit us / A.S. Pushkin/);

synecdoche - a kind of metonymy, when the name of the part is used instead of the name of the whole or vice versa (We all look at Napoleons / A.S. Pushkin /);

hyperbola - excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object (The sunset burned in a hundred thousand suns / V.V. Mayakovsky /);

litotes - excessive underestimation of the properties of the depicted object or phenomenon (your spitz, lovely spitz, no more than a thimble / A.S. Griboyedov /);

irony - hidden mockery; the use of a word or expression in the opposite sense of the literal (Otkol, smart, you wander head? / I.A. Krylov/);

paraphrase – replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of it hallmarks or pointing to character traits (King of beasts/instead of a lion/);

2. Figures of speech – special syntactic constructions giving expressiveness to speech:

antithesis - a sharp opposition of concepts, thoughts, images (You are wretched, You are plentiful, You are powerful, You are powerless, Mother Rus'! / N.A. Nekrasov /);

inversion - reverse word order (whitens sail lonely/M.Yu. Lermontov/);

gradation - the arrangement of words or expressions in ascending or descending order of their meaning (semantic or emotional) ( Glowing, burning, shining huge blue eyes)

oxymoron - a contrasting combination of words that are opposite in meaning ( Dead souls, living corpse, sad joy);

parceling - intentional violation of the boundaries of the sentence (It happened a long time ago. A very long time ago. Anna had trouble. Big.);

anaphora monophony, repetition of similar words at the beginning of stanzas or closely spaced phrases ( Wait me and I'll be back. Just wait a lot. Wait when yellow rains make you sad, Wait when it snows, Wait when the heat Wait when others are not expected, having forgotten yesterday / K. Simonov/);

epiphora - repetition of the same words or phrases at the end of several adjacent constructions (I would like to know why I titular councilor? Why exactly titular councilor? /N.V. Gogol /);

a rhetorical question - a question that is posed in order to draw attention to a particular phenomenon (To be or not to be? / Shakespeare /);

rhetorical appeal - emotional appeal to people who are not directly involved in communication, or to inanimate objects (People of the world, take care of the world!);

ellipsis - omission of the predicate, giving speech dynamism (We villages - to ashes, cities - to dust / V.A. Zhukovsky /);

lexical repetition - intentional repetition of the same word or phrase to enhance the emotionality, expressiveness of the statement (It seemed that everything in nature fell asleep: sleeping grass, slept trees, slept clouds).

questionable - response form of presentation - a form of presentation in which questions and answers alternate (What to do? I don’t know. Whom to ask for advice? Unknown.);

syntactic parallelism - the same syntactic construction of neighboring sentences, the same arrangement of similar members of the sentence in them (I look at the future with fear, / I look at the past with longing. / M.Yu. Lermontov /);

homogeneous members of a sentence .

3 .Lexical means of expression: Vocabulary

Dialect words - a word or phrase existing in a particular locality (territorial dialectism), social group (social dialectism) or profession (professional dialectism): cock-kochet

jargon- speech social group, different from common language containing many artificial words and expressions. There are different jargons: salon, philistine, thieves, student, school, army, sports, etc. "Smell" - from the jargon of hunters, "amba" - from the sea.

Antonyms(Greek Ant - against and on uma - name) - words that have opposite meanings: "Deceit and love", "Whiter is only a shine, blacker is a shadow."

Archaisms(from the Greek Archaios - ancient) - an obsolete word or figure of speech.

Neologisms(from the Greek Neos - new and logos - word) - a newly formed word that appeared in connection with the emergence of new concepts in life (in science, technology, culture, in everyday life). Neologism emphasizes the expressiveness of speech. For example, "mediocrity" instead of "mediocrity".

Synonyms(from Greek - the same name) 1) Words that are different in spelling, but close (or the same) in meaning: defeat-overcome (the enemy); run - rush; beautiful - charming; hippopotamus - hippopotamus. 2) Contextual synonyms are words or phrases that converge in meaning in the same context, these words are individual, situational in nature: needle - Ostankino needle (tower); the voice (murmur) of the waves; noise (rustle, rustle, whisper) of foliage.

Contextual synonyms - words or a combination of words that acquire a close meaning only in a certain context. "Doing nothing" - passive rest.

Phraseologism - lexically indivisible, stable in its composition and structure, integral in meaning, a phrase reproduced in the form of a finished speech unit. (Frown eyebrows, win, lower head, bloody nose, burn with shame, bare teeth, sudden death, longing takes, biting frost, fragile boat, delicate question, delicate position)

Homonyms- equally sounding words having different meanings, for example: club (couple and sports), change your mind (a lot and change your mind). In oral speech, sound homonyms (homophones) arise - words that sound the same, although they are written differently: cry and cry, boil and open.

PART 2

It is necessary to analyze the proposed text, identifying the author's position on one of the problems raised in it, correctly and conclusively expressing one's own attitude to what was read. The volume of the essay is at least 200 words.

In order to perform the task correctly, you need to know Part C evaluation criteria.

Essay writing plan - reasoning on the proposed text

Regardless of the content of the text, you can use the following plan, compiled on the basis of the requirements for completing the task of part C:

1. Formulate the problem - K 1

2. Comment on the problem.K-2

4. Express your own opinion, agreeing or disagreeing with the author. K-4

5. Prove your point of view by giving at least two arguments (each of them is given in a new paragraph).

6. Final conclusion (conclusion).

Problem - a question that interests the author of the source text and causes his thoughts and reflections.

Miss
for you
(pronouns in
prepositional
case)
At
words
a lot of,

For example:
A lot of
books
stood
on shelves;
A lot of children
annually
resting
in the country;
How many students
attended

in class on
physical education
?
Wed from writers:
(M. Yu. Lermontov);
(A. S. Pushkin);

(V. G. Korolenko);

M. Gorky)
7-2. Install

relevant
position from the second column.
OFFERS
GRAMMAR
ERRORS


IN)

For the first time the opera
Khovanshchina

inconsistent application

D)


A
B
IN
G
D
6
1
3
2
7

We learn that
A
every
examiner
1
1
answer
records

WRONG:
Meeting at the train station

RIGHT:
When we met, we cried.
THANKS TO
DESPITE
ACCORDING TO
LIKE
what?
bad weather
O
expectations
order
cloud
BY
= after something
+ prepositional

(in what?)
upon arrival
e
upon arrival
And
BY
+ sigh, mourn,
G
to rustle, to cry,
With
mourn, mourn
+ dative

(to whom?
h
to him?)
yearn
by wife
IN VIEW
what?
P
upcoming event
2
. With numerals
two,

three four,

three houses
for evening
name is
(A. S. Pushkin);
(A.P. Chekhov)
waiting in line
still to send
two compositions
(N. Ostrovsky).
At
for one,

Twenty
one
student
at
frequented
on a camping trip
.
Specify

1) To universities
received
forty one people.


1

application
Compare three sentences:
1
) In the picture (
p.p.
.) "Sleeping Shepherd" (
i.p

2) In "The Sleeping Shepherdess" (
p.p.
.) Venetsianov managed to convey all the charm of the dim Russian nature.
3) In the picture (
p.p.
.) "Sleeping shepherdess" (
p.p.
.) Venetsianov managed to convey all the charm of the dim Russian nature.
i.p
. (see Proposition 1).

Let's try to solve this problem
7-1. Install
correspondence between the proposals and those allowed in them
grammatical errors: for each position of the first column, select
relevant
position from the second column.
OFFERS
GRAMMAR
ERRORS
A) Thanks

1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

3) a violation in the construction of a sentence with
inconsistent application

4) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members
D) creating
painting
,
the work went on for several days.
5) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
6) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover
7) incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech
A
B
IN
G
D
1
6
2
4
5
N. G.
Kharlanova
.
WITH.
Arkhipovskoe
Stavropol region
2014
Syntactic norms
Approval norms
Management norms
If:
5
Several students
let's go

one who ..., those who ...:
Those
exposed
cold"

..: This


Most of the houses
in this district

stone
.
Wed:
Most doors
were low

for his growth
I
(L. Andreev).
4. Errors in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members
7-5. Install
correspondence between the proposals and those allowed in them
grammatical errors: for each position of the first column, select
relevant
position from the second column.
OFFERS
GRAMMAR

ERRORS

1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

3) a violation in the construction of a sentence with
inconsistent application
G)

4) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members
D)
5) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
6) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover
7) incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech
A
B
IN
G
D
5
1
3
6
4
Let's remember the main thing!

Prepositions

.

WRONG:


WRONG:
Tickets will be on sale at
arrival
trains.
By
arrival
Approval norms
Coordination
and predicate

1. Usually

For example:
After half an hour
eight
armed
Human

entered
to the innkeeper's house
N. Ostrovsky);
And in the forest
ten horsemen
whipped
horses
(him).

Eight planes
shelf
took off
in pairs, following the queue
(N. Chukovsky).
Let's remember the main thing!

1. Misuse case form of a noun with a preposition
Prepositions
thanks to, in spite of, in spite of

WRONG:
thanks to
forecastA
despite
instructions
according to
order

RIGHT:
thanks to
forecast
despite
instructions
according to
order
Prepositions
upon arrival, upon completion, upon departure, upon exclusion, upon arrival

have a prepositional form
.

The predicate is used in plural forms,
If:
1.
Several schoolchildren
rushed to catch up
competition leader.
Several boys and girls

treated with interest
to the appearance of a kitten in the classroom.
Even before going to school
most first graders
loved to read and could count
.
which:
Most parents
,
hosted
(plural)
remained
at school after the event.
Most parents
remained
at school after the event.

7-4. Install
correspondence between the proposals and those allowed in them
grammatical errors: for each position of the first column, select
relevant
position from the second column.
OFFERS
GRAMMAR

ERRORS
A)

1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
IN)
3) a violation in the construction of a sentence with
inconsistent application

4) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

5) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
6) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover
7) incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech
A
B
IN
G
D
6
3
1
4
7

More often
such grammatical
mistakes
meet in
and may

Who.

and so on.
Who
used only
with singular verbs. h
.

Given

4. Errors in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members


IN


If:
1.
Most rooms
already
has been renovated.
2.
overwhelming

majority

schools
took part
in this Olympics.
6. Violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover

Image
poet-prophet
created

i.p
i.p
The image of the poet-prophet,
created
Pushkin, also determined his own life.
I was instructed to destroy
Defined word
sniper
perched on a tree
I was instructed to destroy
tree sniper
. I was instructed
destroy
7-3. Install
correspondence between the proposals and those allowed in them
grammatical errors: for each position of the first column, select
relevant
position from the second column.
OFFERS
GRAMMAR
ERRORS

1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

3) a violation in the construction of a sentence with
inconsistent application

4) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

5) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
6) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover
7) incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech
A
B
IN
G
D
3
5
4
2
1
Good luck!!!

Slides captions:

Miss
for you
(pronouns in
prepositional
case)
At
words
a lot of,

little, a little, a lot, how much, so much
the predicate, as a rule, is put in the singular,

For example:
A lot of
books
stood
on shelves;
A lot of children
annually
resting
in the country;
How many students
attended

in class on
physical education
?
Wed from writers:
Many carriages have already passed this road.
(M. Yu. Lermontov);
How few of us survived the battle
(A. S. Pushkin);
How many more fairy tales and memories remained in her memory?
(M. Gorky). Less commonly in these cases, the plural form of the predicate is used:
Many fires, both before and after, beckoned more than one me with their proximity
(V. G. Korolenko);
Many eyes looked into the broad, flattened face of the long line of soldiers with cold, silent curiosity, contempt, disgust (
M. Gorky)
4. Errors in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members
7-2. Install
correspondence between the proposals and those allowed in them
grammatical errors: for each position of the first column, select
relevant
position from the second column.
OFFERS
GRAMMAR
ERRORS
A) The delegation was heading to the house of a famous scientist, located not far from the main square.
1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
B) The winter session of students was held according to the schedule.
2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
IN)

For the first time the opera
Khovanshchina
I listened with my parents.
3) a violation in the construction of a sentence with
inconsistent application
D) Everyone who begins to learn a foreign language early, masters it perfectly.
4) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members
D)
Alekhin, entering the drawing room, exclaimed that I was very glad to see us all.
5) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
6) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover
7) incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech
A
B
IN
G
D
6
1
3
2
7
The format of the task, which tests knowledge of syntactic norms, norms of coordination and control, has changed a lot in comparison with previous years, but the theoretical material necessary for the successful solution of this part of the exam is the same. We will repeat and systematize it.
We learn that
A
the performance of task 7 can be set from 0 to 5 points. Behind
every
correctly indicated number corresponding to the number from the list,
examiner
receives 1 point each (5 points: no errors; 4 points: admitted
1
error; 3 points: 2 mistakes were made; 2 points: 2 digits are correct;
1
score: only one number is correct; 0 points: completely wrong
answer
, i.e. incorrect sequence of numbers or its absence. Order
records
the digits in the answer matter.
5.Wrong construction adverbial sentences
The verb-predicate and the participle should not denote the actions of different objects and persons.

WRONG:
Meeting at the train station
, tears welled up in my eyes.
RIGHT:
When we met at the station, the tears themselves appeared from the eyes.
When we met, we cried.
THANKS TO
DESPITE
ACCORDING TO
LIKE
what?
bad weather
O
expectations
order
cloud
BY
= after something
+ prepositional

(in what?)
upon arrival
e
upon arrival
And
BY
+ sigh, mourn,
G
to rustle, to cry,
With
mourn, mourn
+ dative

(to whom?
h
to him?)
yearn
by wife
IN VIEW
what?
P
upcoming event
2
. With numerals
two,

three four,
included in the subject, the predicate is usually put in the plural:

three houses
for evening
name is
(A. S. Pushkin);
Four dogs ran behind the stroller
(A.P. Chekhov)
; In addition to the military echelon, at the station
waiting in line
still to send
two compositions
(N. Ostrovsky).
At
compound numbers ending
for one,
the predicate is put in the singular.

Twenty
one
student
at
frequented
on a camping trip
.
Specify
a sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) To universities
received
forty one people.
2) Professor Sotnikova took the floor
3) He was sent to Moscow according to the order.
4) The girl put on a new coat.
1

3. Violation in the construction of a proposal with inconsistent
application
Compare three sentences:
1
) In the picture (
p.p.
.) "Sleeping Shepherd" (
i.p
.) Venetsianov managed to convey all the charm of the dim Russian nature.
2) In "The Sleeping Shepherdess" (
p.p.
.) Venetsianov managed to convey all the charm of the dim Russian nature.
3) In the picture (
p.p.
.) "Sleeping shepherdess" (
p.p.
.) Venetsianov managed to convey all the charm of the dim Russian nature.
The first two sentences are grammatically correct, the third contains a grammatical error, since if there is a common noun, the proper one should be in
i.p
. (see Proposition 1).

Let's try to solve this problem
7-1. Install
correspondence between the proposals and those allowed in them
grammatical errors: for each position of the first column, select
relevant
position from the second column.
OFFERS
GRAMMAR
ERRORS
A) Thanks
increasing the level of service in branded stores has become more buyers.
1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
B) In his articles, this journalist raised questions that concern many of his contemporaries.
2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
C) Those who strive for a dream from childhood often realize their life plans.
3) a violation in the construction of a sentence with
inconsistent application
D) A chemical reaction shows and helps to understand the composition of a substance.
4) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members
D) creating
painting
,
the work went on for several days.
5) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
6) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover
7) incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech
A
B
IN
G
D
1
6
2
4
5
The work of a Russian language teacher
N. G.
Kharlanova
.
WITH.
Arkhipovskoe
Stavropol region
2014
Syntactic norms
Approval norms
Management norms
The predicate is used in plural forms,
If:
5
. The main members of the sentence are cut off from each other:
Several students
first class of the St. Petersburg gymnasium
let's go
to an international conference in Spain.

Some difficulties are also caused by tasks related to coordination in complex sentences with combinations
one who ..., those who ...:
Those
who swim less
exposed
cold"
as well as exercises that are associated with the use of homogeneous members of a sentence with paired unions
like ..., and .., not only ..., but also
..: This
It was interesting not only for children, but also for adults.
The predicate is plural if it is expressed by an adjective:
Most of the houses
in this district

stone
.
Wed:
Most doors
were low

for his growth
I
(L. Andreev).
4. Errors in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members
7-5. Install
correspondence between the proposals and those allowed in them
grammatical errors: for each position of the first column, select
relevant
position from the second column.
OFFERS
GRAMMAR

ERRORS
A) Having driven the sharks far into the sea, the rescuers no longer worried about anything.
1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
B) Thanks to an article in the newspaper, we learned about the resumption of the tourist boat route to the Northern Islands.
2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
C) In the April issue of the Youth magazine, poems by a young talented poet were published.
3) a violation in the construction of a sentence with
inconsistent application
G)

Students helped a group of geologists who arrived from St. Petersburg.
4) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members
D)
The international community understands and is concerned about the problems of the economies of developing countries.
5) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
6) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover
7) incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech
A
B
IN
G
D
5
1
3
6
4
Let's remember the main thing!

1. Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
Prepositions
upon arrival, upon completion, upon departure, upon exclusion, upon arrival

have a prepositional form
.

WRONG:
Tickets will be sold upon arrival of the train.
Upon arrival in the city, Chichikov met with city officials.
WRONG:
Tickets will be on sale at
arrival
trains.
By
arrival
in the city of Chichikov met with city officials.
Approval norms
Coordination
subject expressed by numeral and noun,
and predicate

1. Usually
the predicate is put in the plural form with the subject denoting an animated object,
For example:
After half an hour
eight
armed
Human

entered
to the innkeeper's house
N. Ostrovsky);
And in the forest
ten horsemen
whipped
horses
(him).
The same with the subject - an inanimate object, if an active action is indicated:

Eight planes
shelf
took off
in pairs, following the queue
(N. Chukovsky).
7. Incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech
Let's remember the main thing!

1. Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
Prepositions
thanks to, in spite of, in spite of
are used ONLY with noun. dative case.

WRONG:
thanks to
forecastA
despite
instructions
according to
order

RIGHT:
thanks to
forecast
despite
instructions
according to
order
Prepositions
upon arrival, upon completion, upon departure, upon exclusion, upon arrival

have a prepositional form
.

The predicate is used in plural forms,
If:
1.
The noun denotes an animated object, and the predicate indicates that the actions performed by this object are intense and energetic:
Several schoolchildren
rushed to catch up
competition leader.
2. The sentence has homogeneous subjects:
Several boys and girls

treated with interest
to the appearance of a kitten in the classroom.
3. The sentence has homogeneous predicates:
Even before going to school
most first graders
loved to read and could count
.
4. With the subject before the predicate, there is a participial turnover (with plural participle) or attributive subordinate clause with an allied word
which:
Most parents
,
hosted
(plural)
participation in the organization of the holiday,
remained
at school after the event.
Most parents
who took part in the organization of the holiday,
remained
at school after the event.

6. Violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover
You need to find the correct word.
In this sentence, the word son is defined, and not the person, therefore, the correct option:
7-4. Install
correspondence between the proposals and those allowed in them
grammatical errors: for each position of the first column, select
relevant
position from the second column.
OFFERS
GRAMMAR

ERRORS
A)
The scientist addressed the representatives of African countries who were present at the congress.
1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
B) Among scientific papers F.I. Buslaev, first of all, his book "Historical Grammar of the Russian Language" should be mentioned.
2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
IN)
Contrary to the rules of punctuation, journalists often use dashes instead of colons.
3) a violation in the construction of a sentence with
inconsistent application
G) Chemical reaction shows and helps to understand the composition of the substance.
4) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members
E)) The taxi driver told the newly entered passengers that they would pay the fare.
5) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
6) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover
7) incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech
A
B
IN
G
D
6
3
1
4
7

2. Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
More often
such grammatical
mistakes
meet in
complex sentences
and may
be allowed in the following cases:
Sentences in which the subordinate clause is joined with the help of an allied word
Who.
Usually such sentences begin with the words:
all who ..., those who ..., those who ..., none of those who ...
and so on.
It is important to remember that the pronoun
Who
used only
with singular verbs. h
.
At the same time, it is also necessary to pay attention to the unity of the grammatical forms of the subject and the predicate in the main part of the sentence.
Given
the sentence is grammatically correct. The following variants of such a proposal would be erroneous:
4. Errors in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members
The demo looks like this:
The cases discussed above are most common in USE tests. But we will give a few more examples of prepositional control.
IN
sentences that include a collective noun with a quantitative meaning
(majority, minority, part etc.)
, most often the predicate is used in singular forms,
If:
1.
The noun denotes an inanimate object:
Most rooms
already
has been renovated.
2.
A collective noun has a definition:
overwhelming

majority

schools
took part
in this Olympics.
6. Violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover
In sentences containing participial turnover, it is necessary to pay attention to the following points:

Agreement of the participle with the defined word in gender, number and case.
Image
poet-prophet
created
Pushkin, determined his own life.
The defined word image is in
i.p
., units h., m.r., and the sacrament created - in
i.p
., pl. h. Therefore, this sentence is constructed grammatically incorrectly. Correct option:
The image of the poet-prophet,
created
Pushkin, determined his own life.
The word being defined should not break the participial turnover, it can only stand before or after it.
I was instructed to destroy
a sniper in a tree.
Defined word
sniper
breaks the participle in this sentence
perched on a tree
Therefore, this sentence contains a grammatical error. Correct options:
I was instructed to destroy
tree sniper
. I was instructed
destroy
sniper perched on a tree.
7-3. Install
correspondence between the proposals and those allowed in them
grammatical errors: for each position of the first column, select
relevant
position from the second column.
OFFERS
GRAMMAR
ERRORS
A) The problems of the economy and business were the focus of the host of the TV show "Business Moscow".
1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
B) Leaving on a trip, suddenly guests came to us.
2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
C) The sisters were fond of and well versed in modern music.
3) a violation in the construction of a sentence with
inconsistent application
D) Everyone who wrote about Russian nature noted its poetry and picturesqueness
4) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members
D) A.P. Chekhov, in a letter from Yalta, describes a trip to the botanical garden.
5) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
6) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover
7) incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech
A
B
IN
G
D
3
5
4
2
1
Good luck!!!

Preview:

Preview:

USE 2015: task 7

SYNTAX REGULATIONS

OPTION 1

OFFERS	GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

USE 2015: task 7

SYNTAX REGULATIONS

OPTION 2

OFFERS	GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

USE 2015: task 7

SYNTAX REGULATIONS

OPTION 3

OFFERS	GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
	2) Incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
	4) Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
	6) Incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech.
	10) Violation of the structure of participle turnover
	11) The use of logically incompatible concepts in one series of homogeneous members
	12) Incorrect attachment of the subordinate part, creating ambiguity in the perception of the meaning of the sentence.

USE 2015: task 7

SYNTAX REGULATIONS

OPTION 4

OFFERS	GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
	1) Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
	2) Violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application.
	4) Incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
	5) Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition.

ANSWERS TO TASK 7

SYNTAX REGULATIONS

	Option 1	Option 2	Option 3	Option 4

Preview:

USE 2015: task 7

SYNTAX REGULATIONS

OPTION 1

OFFERS	GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
A. Everyone who has been to the Borodino field bares his head in front of the monuments to the defenders of Russia's national freedom.	1) Violation of control in a phrase with a derivative preposition
B. Upon arrival in Venice, I immediately visited several of my old acquaintances.	2) Incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
C. The poetry of awakening spring is revealed by F. Tyutchev in the poem "Spring Waters"	3) An error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous predicate members that control different cases
D. Economists are talking about falling inflation and that there will be no more wage arrears.	4) Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
D. The listeners of the program expected and hoped for a meeting with a famous TV presenter.	5) Violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application.
E. The narrow path was covered with falling snow underfoot.	6) Incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech.
G. The mourners walked with bags and sad faces.	7) Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition.
Z. Leaving on a business trip, my father promised that I would definitely return by the holidays.	8) Incorrect use of secondary members and subordinate clauses.
I. When choosing a style of clothing, individuality is emphasized	9) Violation of the grammatical form of the allied word in the subordinate part.
	10) Violation of the structure of participle turnover
	11) The use of logically incompatible concepts in one series of homogeneous members
	12) Incorrect attachment of the subordinate part, creating ambiguity in the perception of the meaning of the sentence.

USE 2015: task 7

SYNTAX REGULATIONS

OPTION 2

OFFERS	GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
A. For short term in the satellite town built not only new school, a hospital, as well as a drama theater and a library.	1) Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
B. I drank coffee prepared by the bartender with whiskey added.	2) Violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application.
V. Raskolnikov invented and admires his theory.	3) Incorrect use of isolated secondary members and a subordinate clause.
D. The villagers, men and children, were moving towards them.	4) Incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
E. Some of the travelers who visited the tributaries of the Amazon River described a plant with huge floating leaves.	5) Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition.
E. Upon completion of construction, the workers left the site in perfect order.	6) Violation of the structure of the participle turnover
G. Many readers know the writer Gavriil Troepolsky from his book "The Black Ear to the White Bim."	7) Incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech.
Z. Those who were older were offered chairs.	8) Violation of the sentence structure associated with the use of double unions
I. I was instructed to destroy the sniper who sat on the tree.	9) An error in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous predicates that control different cases.
	10) Violation of the agreement of the participle with the word being defined.
	11) The combination in one series of homogeneous members of crossing concepts.
	12) Violation of the grammatical form of the allied word in the subordinate part.

USE 2015: task 7

SYNTAX REGULATIONS

OPTION 3

OFFERS	GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
A. Translating a poem into another language, it loses its beauty.	1) Violation of control in a phrase with a derivative preposition.
B. Prishvin knew deeply and told us about nature in his works.	2) Incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
C. Ecologists have repeatedly noted that the problem of forest protection is especially important today.	3) An error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous predicate members that control different cases.
D. There are three main groups of human qualities, thanks to which you can increase the level of personal charm: sociability, reflection, eloquence.	4) Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
D. In the store, she chose a smart dress, perfect for the prom, and which fit perfectly.	5) Misuse of an inconsistent proper name application.
E. A number of new houses stood on the outskirts of the village.	6) Incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech.
AND. Need a computer repair technician willing to come to your home.	7) Incorrect use of the case form of a pronoun with a preposition.
Z. In the April issue of the magazine "Youth" were published poems by a young talented poet.	8) Incorrect use of isolated secondary members and a subordinate clause.
I. Alekhin, entering the living room, exclaimed that I was very glad to see all of us.	9) Violation of the agreement of the name of the adjective with the noun being defined
	10) Violation of the structure of participle turnover
	11) The use of logically incompatible concepts in one series of homogeneous members
	12) Incorrect attachment of the subordinate part, creating ambiguity in the perception of the meaning of the sentence.

USE 2015: task 7

SYNTAX REGULATIONS

OPTION 4

OFFERS	GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
A. Upon graduation from the institute, our graduates can count on employment in specialized companies.	1) Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
B. The officer demanded from the stationmaster that he needed horses.	2) Violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application.
Q. I have often come across representatives of a secular society who undeservedly place themselves above ordinary workers.	3) Incorrect use of secondary members and subordinate clauses.
D. Preparing for the exam in the Russian language, it is necessary to repeat the entire school course.	4) Incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
D. A multi-ton fighter, contrary to all the laws of gravity, almost without a takeoff rises into the air from the deck of an aircraft carrier.	5) Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition.
E. In his latest book the writer explores and discusses the problems of education in modern Russian villages.	6) Violation of the agreement of the participle with the noun being defined.
G. In North Africa we have observed many peculiarities both in nature and also in human manners.	7) Violation of control in a phrase with a derivative preposition.
Z. Those who until recently condescendingly looked at Vitaly began to respectfully address him by his patronymic.	8) An error in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous predicates that control different cases.
I. Children go to the lobby to get dressed, where their parents are already waiting for them.	9) Misuse of double alliances
	10) Incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech.
	11) Violation of the order of words in a complex sentence.
	12) Violation of the structure of the participle turnover

ANSWERS TO TASK 7

SYNTAX REGULATIONS

	Option 1	Option 2	Option 3	Option 4

Preview:

USE 2015: task 7

SYNTAX REGULATIONS

OPTION 1

OFFERS	GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
A. Everyone who has been to the Borodino field bares his head in front of the monuments to the defenders of Russia's national freedom.	1) Violation of control in a phrase with a derivative preposition
B. Upon arrival in Venice, I immediately visited several of my old acquaintances.	2) Incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
C. The poetry of awakening spring is revealed by F. Tyutchev in the poem "Spring Waters"	3) An error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous predicate members that control different cases
D. Economists are talking about falling inflation and that there will be no more wage arrears.	4) Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
D. The listeners of the program expected and hoped for a meeting with a famous TV presenter.	5) Violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application.
E. The narrow path was covered with falling snow underfoot.	6) Incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech.
G. The mourners walked with bags and sad faces.	7) Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition.
Z. Leaving on a business trip, my father promised that I would definitely return by the holidays.	8) Incorrect use of secondary members and subordinate clauses.
I. When choosing a style of clothing, individuality is emphasized	9) Violation of the grammatical form of the allied word in the subordinate part.
	10) Violation of the structure of participle turnover
	11) The use of logically incompatible concepts in one series of homogeneous members
	12) Incorrect attachment of the subordinate part, creating ambiguity in the perception of the meaning of the sentence.

USE 2015: task 7

SYNTAX REGULATIONS

OPTION 2

OFFERS	GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
A. In a short time, not only a new school, a hospital, but also a drama theater and a library were built in the satellite town.	1) Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
B. I drank coffee prepared by the bartender with whiskey added.	2) Violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application.
V. Raskolnikov invented and admires his theory.	3) Incorrect use of isolated secondary members and a subordinate clause.
D. The villagers, men and children, were moving towards them.	4) Incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
E. Some of the travelers who visited the tributaries of the Amazon River described a plant with huge floating leaves.	5) Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition.
E. Upon completion of construction, the workers left the site in perfect order.	6) Violation of the structure of the participle turnover
G. Many readers know the writer Gavriil Troepolsky from his book "The Black Ear to the White Bim."	7) Incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech.
Z. Those who were older were offered chairs.	8) Violation of the sentence structure associated with the use of double unions
I. I was instructed to destroy the sniper who sat on the tree.	9) An error in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous predicates that control different cases.
	10) Violation of the agreement of the participle with the word being defined.
	11) The combination in one series of homogeneous members of crossing concepts.
	12) Violation of the grammatical form of the allied word in the subordinate part.

USE 2015: task 7

SYNTAX REGULATIONS

OPTION 3

OFFERS	GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
A. Translating a poem into another language, it loses its beauty.	1) Violation of control in a phrase with a derivative preposition.
B. Prishvin knew deeply and told us about nature in his works.	2) Incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
C. Ecologists have repeatedly noted that the problem of forest protection is especially important today.	3) An error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous predicate members that control different cases.
D. There are three main groups of human qualities, thanks to which you can increase the level of personal charm: sociability, reflection, eloquence.	4) Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
D. In the store, she chose a smart dress, perfect for the prom, and which fit perfectly.	5) Misuse of an inconsistent proper name application.
E. A number of new houses stood on the outskirts of the village.	6) Incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech.
AND. Need a computer repair technician willing to come to your home.	7) Incorrect use of the case form of a pronoun with a preposition.
Z. In the April issue of the magazine "Youth" were published poems by a young talented poet.	8) Incorrect use of isolated secondary members and a subordinate clause.
I. Alekhin, entering the living room, exclaimed that I was very glad to see all of us.	9) Violation of the agreement of the name of the adjective with the noun being defined
	10) Violation of the structure of participle turnover
	11) The use of logically incompatible concepts in one series of homogeneous members
	12) Incorrect attachment of the subordinate part, creating ambiguity in the perception of the meaning of the sentence.

USE 2015: task 7

SYNTAX REGULATIONS

OPTION 4

OFFERS	GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
A. Upon graduation from the institute, our graduates can count on employment in specialized companies.	1) Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
B. The officer demanded from the stationmaster that he needed horses.	2) Violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application.
Q. I have often come across representatives of a secular society who undeservedly place themselves above ordinary workers.	3) Incorrect use of secondary members and subordinate clauses.
D. Preparing for the exam in the Russian language, it is necessary to repeat the entire school course.	4) Incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
D. A multi-ton fighter, contrary to all the laws of gravity, almost without a takeoff rises into the air from the deck of an aircraft carrier.	5) Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition.
E. In his latest book, the writer explores and discusses the problems of education in modern Russian villages.	6) Violation of the agreement of the participle with the noun being defined.
G. In North Africa we have observed many peculiarities both in nature and also in human manners.	7) Violation of control in a phrase with a derivative preposition.
Z. Those who until recently condescendingly looked at Vitaly began to respectfully address him by his patronymic.	8) An error in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous predicates that control different cases.
I. Children go to the lobby to get dressed, where their parents are already waiting for them.	9) Misuse of double alliances
				1) Violation of control in a phrase with a derivative preposition
B. Upon arrival in Venice, I immediately visited several of my old acquaintances.	2) Incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
C. The poetry of awakening spring is revealed by F. Tyutchev in the poem "Spring Waters"	3) An error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous predicate members that control different cases
D. Economists are talking about falling inflation and that there will be no more wage arrears.	4) Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
D. The listeners of the program expected and hoped for a meeting with a famous TV presenter.	5) Violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application.
E. The narrow path was covered with falling snow underfoot.	6) Incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech.
G. The mourners walked with bags and sad faces.	7) Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition.
Z. Leaving on a business trip, my father promised that I would definitely return by the holidays.	8) Incorrect use of secondary members and subordinate clauses.
I. When choosing a style of clothing, individuality is emphasized	9) Violation of the grammatical form of the allied word in the subordinate part.
	10) Violation of the structure of participle turnover
	11) The use of logically incompatible concepts in one series of homogeneous members
	12) Incorrect attachment of the subordinate part, creating ambiguity in the perception of the meaning of the sentence.

USE 2015: task 7

SYNTAX REGULATIONS

OPTION 2

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
A. In a short time, not only a new school, a hospital, but also a drama theater and a library were built in the satellite town.	1) Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
B. I drank coffee prepared by the bartender with whiskey added.	2) Violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application.
V. Raskolnikov invented and admires his theory.	3) Incorrect use of isolated secondary members and a subordinate clause.
D. The villagers, men and children, were moving towards them.	4) Incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
E. Some of the travelers who visited the tributaries of the Amazon River described a plant with huge floating leaves.	5) Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition.
E. Upon completion of construction, the workers left the site in perfect order.	6) Violation of the structure of the participle turnover
G. Many readers know the writer Gavriil Troepolsky from his book "The Black Ear to the White Bim."	7) Incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech.
Z. Those who were older were offered chairs.	8) Violation of the sentence structure associated with the use of double unions
I. I was instructed to destroy the sniper who sat on the tree.	9) An error in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous predicates that control different cases.
	10) Violation of the agreement of the participle with the word being defined.
	11) The combination in one series of homogeneous members of crossing concepts.
	12) Violation of the grammatical form of the allied word in the subordinate part.

USE 2015: task 7

SYNTAX REGULATIONS

OPTION 3

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
A. Translating a poem into another language, it loses its beauty.	1) Violation of control in a phrase with a derivative preposition.
B. Prishvin knew deeply and told us about nature in his works.	2) Incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
C. Ecologists have repeatedly noted that the problem of forest protection is especially important today.	3) An error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous predicate members that control different cases.
D. There are three main groups of human qualities, thanks to which you can increase the level of personal charm: sociability, reflection, eloquence.	4) Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
E. In the store, she chose a smart dress, perfect for prom, and which fit perfectly.	5) Misuse of an inconsistent proper name application.
E. A number of new houses stood on the outskirts of the village.	6) Incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech.
G. Need a computer repair technician willing to come home.	7) Incorrect use of the case form of a pronoun with a preposition.
Z. In the April issue of the magazine "Youth" were published poems by a young talented poet.	8) Incorrect use of isolated secondary members and a subordinate clause.
I. Alekhin, entering the living room, exclaimed that I was very glad to see all of us.	9) Violation of the agreement of the name of the adjective with the noun being defined
	10) Violation of the structure of participle turnover
	11) The use of logically incompatible concepts in one series of homogeneous members
	12) Incorrect attachment of the subordinate part, creating ambiguity in the perception of the meaning of the sentence.

USE 2015: task 7

SYNTAX REGULATIONS

OPTION 4

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
A. Upon graduation from the institute, our graduates can count on employment in specialized companies.	1) Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
B. The officer demanded from the stationmaster that he needed horses.	2) Violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application.
Q. I have often come across representatives of a secular society who undeservedly place themselves above ordinary workers.	3) Incorrect use of secondary members and subordinate clauses.
D. Preparing for the exam in the Russian language, it is necessary to repeat the entire school course.	4) Incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
D. A multi-ton fighter, contrary to all the laws of gravity, rises into the air from the deck of an aircraft carrier almost without a run.	5) Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition.
E. In his latest book, the writer explores and discusses the problems of education in modern Russian villages.	6) Violation of the agreement of the participle with the noun being defined.
G. In North Africa we have observed many peculiarities both in nature and also in human manners.	7) Violation of control in a phrase with a derivative preposition.
Z. Those who until recently condescendingly looked at Vitaly began to respectfully address him by his patronymic.	8) An error in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous predicates that control different cases.
I. Children go to the lobby to get dressed, where their parents are already waiting for them.	9) Misuse of double alliances
	10) Incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech.
	11) Violation of the order of words in a complex sentence.
	12) Violation of the structure of the participle turnover