Voronezh region - a region with interesting history and great economic and social potential. Successful and stable development of any area is human resources. The question arises: which area ensures the economic stability of the region? Consider the features and demographic characteristics of the inhabitants of this area.
Geographical position of the Voronezh region
In the center of the East European Plain is located. Its area is 52 thousand square kilometers, and this is the 51st place among all regions of Russia. The region has an extremely convenient location; many transport routes pass through it, connecting various regions of Russia and other countries. nearest neighbors Voronezh region are Rostov, Tambov, Saratov, Kursk, Volgograd, Lipetsk, Belgorod regions and Ukraine. The relief of the region is determined by such objects as the Central Russian and Kalach Uplands and the Oka-Don Plain. The lands here are hilly, with big amount ravines, most of the territory is occupied by fertile black earth regions. The region is located in a zone with a large amount of water resources. The main river of the region is the Don, there are also more than 700 lakes and 1300 small rivers. Sufficiently favorable conditions for life contributed to the fact that people began to settle here quite early, mastering the land.
Climate
The Voronezh Region is located in the temperate continental climate zone. The average annual temperature in the region is +5 degrees. Summer in the region is warm, sometimes dry, on average, the thermometer in the summer months stays around the +20 mark. Winters are quite long, with a lot of snow. The average temperature at this time of the year is -9 degrees. Seasonal fluctuations are clearly observed in the region. In general, the seasons in Voronezh coincide with the calendar seasons.
The population of the Voronezh region has long adapted to the weather in the region. All the main observations about her are recorded in the national experience in the form of sayings and signs. Although the climate in the region cannot be called the most comfortable for living and farming, it is still quite sparing. Therefore, people have been living here for a long time.
Settlement history
The first human settlements on the territory of the modern Voronezh region, according to archaeologists, date back to the Paleolithic. It is believed that these are the oldest human settlements throughout the territory. modern Russia. Anthropological studies show that 37 thousand years ago people of the Caucasian race lived here.
IN bronze age representatives of the Abashev culture settled on these lands, engaged in cattle breeding. In the Iron Age, these territories were in the possession of the Scythians, later they were replaced by the Sarmatians. In the 9th century, Slavic tribes came to the lands of the modern Voronezh region. From times Tatar-Mongol invasion there are many mounds and remains of temple structures. With the cultural and ethnic mixture of Slavic and nomadic cultures, a special sub-ethnos is formed here - the Cossacks.
Since the 16th century, the history of the area is well documented. In 1585, Voronezh was founded as a fortress to guard the borders of the Muscovite kingdom. Until the 17th century, Tatar tribes continued to raid these lands, so the inhabitants of the region have serious military abilities and a special character. During the time of Peter the Great, Voronezh became a provincial city, the territory was actively developed and settled. Since the 18th century, the population of the Voronezh region has been steadily growing. The region took an active part in all Russian wars. During the Second World War, fierce battles were fought on these lands. In 1957, the Voronezh region acquired its current borders.
Administrative division
Throughout its history, the region has repeatedly been subjected to various attempts at administrative division. Some of its lands were either given to other regions or returned back. Since 2006, the population of the Voronezh region has been living in 534 municipalities. Of these, 3 are urban districts, 29 are cities, 471 are villages and 31 are municipal districts.
Population dynamics
Regular observations of the number of inhabitants of the region begin in 1897. The frequency of measurements was different, but they allow us to see that the population of the Voronezh region has almost always been relatively stable. Only at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries was there a sharp increase in the number of inhabitants, this is due not to a change in demographic indicators, but to the redistribution of land between regions. After the Second World War, for obvious reasons, the number of inhabitants decreased by as much as a million. IN Soviet times population fluctuations were observed: from 2.3 million people in 1959 to 2.5 million in 1970.
During the period of perestroika, small changes in the number of residents of the region were noticed: about several thousand people in a positive and negative direction. In the 21st century, in general, the population of the region is declining. Only in 2010 and 2015 was there a positive trend. Today the population of the Voronezh region is 2 million 333 thousand people.
Ethnic composition and language
The main nationality of the inhabitants of the region are Russians. According to 2010 data, 90% of people who consider themselves Russians live in the region. The number of other ethnic groups is distributed as follows: Ukrainians - about 2%, Armenians - 0.4%, Uzbeks and Tajiks in the amount of about 0.15%, other nationalities - less than 1% each. Despite the fact that most of the inhabitants of the region call themselves Russians, there is a great influence of the Ukrainian nation in the language, the nature of buildings, and customs. The region is the place of formation of a special southern branch of the Russian people. A significant role in this is played by the culture of the Cossacks, which assimilates Russian and Ukrainian cultures. Some time ago, an increase in the flow of migrants from Central Asia, but today these processes do not have a significant impact on the ethnic composition of the population. However, in the region it is quite high, it is 13 thousand people annually.
Population distribution
Most of the region's inhabitants settle in cities, and the upward trend in the urban population continues. Today, 67% of people in this federal subject live in cities. If we evaluate the cities of the Voronezh region in terms of population, then the capital will be the largest - it has a little over 1 million people. The rest of the cities are much smaller in terms of population. There are only 3 settlements in the region, where more than 50 thousand people live: Rossosh, Liski and Borisoglebsk. From 20 to 35 thousand inhabitants were recorded in 7 cities. These settlements grow little by little, pulling residents away from nearby villages. Thus, the population of Pavlovsk, Voronezh region, with a total number of 25 thousand people per year, grows by more than 500 people. The region is seeing a slow decline
Population density
The Voronezh region, with an average of 44.7 people per square kilometer, ranks 21st in Russia on this basis. This is a fairly high figure, especially considering that people mostly live in small towns with up to 20,000 people. High Voronezh region due to the large number of settlements and favorable living conditions.
Gender characteristics of the population
The distribution of the population by sex in the Voronezh region is as follows: the number of women is on average more than men by 200 thousand. At the same time, at birth, the ratio of male infants to newborn girls is 1.2. And already by the retirement age, this figure changes into opposite side up to 1.5. The disproportion in favor of women, which is typical for the whole country, slowly continues to grow in the region, by about 0.1% per year.
Age characteristics of the population
The age differentiation of the population of the region is as follows:
- the number of residents under the age of 15 - 330 thousand people;
- able-bodied population - 1 million 375 thousand people;
- population older than working age - 626 thousand people.
This age differentiation suggests that each able-bodied resident of the region must provide for another 0.8 people besides himself, which is a very high demographic burden.
Demographic characteristics
Fertility is the most important criterion for assessing the socio-economic development of the region. In the Voronezh region, it is 11 people per thousand inhabitants. IN last years this figure is growing slightly, by 0.2 people per year. But the necessary and noticeable increase in the birth rate is not observed. Mortality, on the contrary, shows growth dynamics; in recent years, approximately 15.7 people have died. for every thousand inhabitants. Although in terms of mortality, when considering a longer period, the situation improves. The number of deaths has decreased over 10 years by 3 people per thousand inhabitants. But so far, the death rate overtakes the birth rate. At the same time, the population of the cities of the Voronezh region is characterized by a low birth rate and growing mortality, and the growth of cities occurs solely due to migration.
Life expectancy, another indicator of the socio-economic well-being of the region, is growing in the Voronezh region. It averages 70.1 years, for men - 64.7, for women - 77.1. According to this indicator, the Voronezh Region ranks 25th in Russia, which is very good.
Employment
The well-being of the population is ensured by an efficiently developing and functioning economy. In the Voronezh region, there is a decrease in unemployment and an increase in employment. The average unemployment rate is 4.4%, which is slightly higher than in neighboring regions.
The region has a high level of employment in agriculture, manufacturing and service industries.
Notes of travelers: deacon Ignatius and Metropolitan Pimen (1389), the Venetian ambassador Contarini and Moscow Marco Ruf (1476), the Turkish ambassador Theodoret Komal and the Russian nobleman Alekseev (1514) - indicate that in the XIII-XV For centuries, the territory where the Verkhnemamonsky district is located did not yet have permanent settlements.
After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the Tatars still devastated the Don region - the Crimean Horde from the west, the Nogai Horde from the east. As a result of the terrible invasion of Divlet Giray on Moscow in 1571, the Russian land lost a huge part of its population, and Muscovites remembered his visit even in the 17th century.
Tsar Ivan the Terrible took a number of security measures. On fine days of October-November 1571, when the wind was in the direction of the steppe, 3 villages (6 people each) left the city of Dankov to burn the steppe. From Meshchera on both sides of the Suvola River and Teleorman - "dense impenetrable forest" Tellermanovsky. From Dankov down the Don to the mouth of Quiet Sosny, from the upper e` to the Don River. As a more radical measure, the tsar organized in the southern borders of the state a sentry and stanitsa service of the children of the boyars, Cossacks, archers, part of the hunters (volunteers) led by "standing heads" from the extreme Russian cities.
By order of Ivan IV, on January 1, 1671, Prince Vorotynsky was appointed head of the Russian sentry stanitsa service. According to the painting of 1571, there were 73 watchmen, divided into 12 groups, or categories, including Donetsk, Putivl and Rylskaya, Ryazan. To control them, 5 standing heads were provided. Each guard consisted of b people. They traveled 2 people to the right and left. Watchmen existed in the 17th century.
From September 1, 1575 to August 31, 1576, by order of Sovereign Ivan Vasilievich, people were sent “in the first place - on the Donets on Seversky mouth of the river ... on Oskol mouth of Ubli ... on the Don river mouth of Bogatovo Zaton (now the city of Liski) ... between the Don and the Volga under the Tellerman Forest” (at the confluence of the Vorona River with the Khoper).
Armed detachments went from guard to guard. In case of danger, signal fires were lit on commanding heights and on specially constructed towers, quickly alerting them to danger hundreds of miles ahead. Experienced scouts went out onto the road beaten by the enemy army, and by its condition determined the number of soldiers. Then, on interchangeable horses, they overtook the attackers and brought information about the enemy to standing heads.
Residents hid in forests, ravines, in swampy floodplains. The Tatars who did not have time to hide were taken into slavery. Valuable captives were hastily taken away on horseback, most of the adults were tied with belts and driven on foot, and the children were taken away in special baskets. The captives were then sold in the slave markets in different countries Beautiful girls and women were sent to the khan's harems. Valuable property, bread, livestock were taken away, villages were burned.
Then the cities of Venev, Epifan, Chern, Dankov, Ryazhsk, Volkhov, Orel appeared. At first they were small, with wooden walls, towers, surrounded by moats. Then they grew at the expense of bold and courageous people who were not obliged to bear draft duties. They were the sons and nephews of servicemen, townspeople, peasants.
It is appropriate to say here about the appearance of the Cossacks, whose roots are lost in history. It arose in the south in a collision with the Tatars.
Cossack, Cossacks - Tatar words. The Cossack is a homeless tramp. Subsequently, the Cossacks are a kind of warriors from such vagabonds. Before the Russians, there were Tatar Cossacks in the same sense of free wandering daring men. In 1586, Kursk and Voronezh were restored in the south, and other fortresses were being built.
The settlement of our region began with Slobozhanschitsa - a vast territory in the south of the Russian state, which included the lands of the present Kharkov, parts of the Sumy, Donetsk, Lugansk regions of Ukraine, part of the Voronezh, Belgorod and Kursk regions of Russia. This territory, or "field", was called "Polish Ukraine" - Sloboda Ukraine. It housed the Sloboda regiments: Sumy, Akhtyrsky, Ostrogozhsky (Rybinsky) and Kharkovsky, from which Izyumsky stood out.
The Ostrogozhsky Sloboda Regiment is a semi-regular military formation that existed within the Voronezh Territory in the 17th-18th centuries. It was formed in 1652 from Ukrainian settlers (Cherkasy) and carried guard duty within the Ostrogozhsky district.
The regiment was a military-administrative district divided into hundreds, representing something like volosts. In 1734, there were 18 hundreds in the Ostrogozhsky regiment. Hundreds of places were Kalitva, Novaya Kalitva, Tali, Boyuchar (Boguchar), Bychok, Melovaya, Shiryaevo, Kalach, Trostyanka, Olshansk, Tolucheevka and others. The regimental city was Ostrogozhsk.
The present Verkhnemamonsky district borders on the lands of the former Ostrogozhsky Sloboda regiment in the west, south and southeast, partially occupying its territory in the Olkhovatsky, Gorokhovsky, Derezovsky and Osetrovsky village councils.
In 1638, the construction of the Belgorod line began on the paths of the raids of the Crimean and Nogai Tatars - a fortified line along the rivers Don, Silent Pine, Voronezh, Usman. By 1652, 6 new cities were built: Kostensk (1642), Olshansk (1644), Orlov (1646), Korotoyak (1647), Uryv (1648), Ostrogozhsk (1652) . Voronezh also became a city on the Belgorod line in the middle of the 17th century. Simultaneously with the completion of the construction of the Belgorod line in 1658, a large military unit was formed - the Belgorod regiment and a military-administrative unit - the Belgorod category was created. The management of the Belgorod line was in Belgorod.
The fortified line protected the vast territory of Russia from Tatar invasions, contributed to the development of vast lands, marked a decisive turn in relations between Russia and the Crimean Khanate. Significantly increased the number of inhabitants in the Voronezh region, grew new fortress towns, manned by garrisons of small service people: archers, Cossacks, gunners, settled dragoons. Has changed social composition population.
The Moscow government sent servicemen to the Belgorod line to carry out serf and field service, to guard the cities, to make patrols, to keep dangerous places guards. In some places (Korotoyak, Ostrogozhsk, Staraya Kalitva, Losevo) Cherkasy (Ukrainians) were settled from the Lithuanian side for eternal life with their wives and children. Like other service people, they were “ordered to give the sovereign’s salary, looking at their families, with the guarantee that they serve the sovereign’s service with the sovereign’s traitors: fight with Crimean, Nogai, Lithuanian and German people, and not betray the sovereign, and to the Crimea , and to Lithuania, other states, you can’t leave anywhere, and build courtyards for eternal life, and plow your indicated arable land, and sow bread, and don’t steal, taverns ... don’t keep, and don’t drink tobacco with them, and don’t rob anyone and do not beat, and do not steal, and do not take anything from anyone by force. Soon new settlers began to arrive: people from Moscow, Tula, Ryazan cities and from Ukraine. Among them were noblemen, boyar children, archers, Cossacks, soldiers, dragoons, reiters, gunners, security guards, blacksmiths, carpenters, coachmen. Nobles and boyar children received estates for their service, others - initially salaries and food, and then the government and other service people began to allocate land, give fishing and animal fishing for use.
The Voronezh region, starting from the 1640s, was inhabited different nations; Russians, Cherkasy, Lithuanians from Belarusians, immigrants and captives of the "Polish and Svei breed", Russified Germans, baptized and unbaptized Kalmyks, Kirghiz (Kazakhs), Tatars, Mordovians. Fugitive peasants, serfs, schismatics, vagrants gathered here. The government exiled various criminals here. The population initially gravitated towards fortified cities, and then from the south and north spread throughout the region. Settlers settled among the old-timers or founded new villages. From the overgrown villages, individual cultivators went out to the farms, creating new settlements. At this time, the landowners who came here took serfs with them from different places in Russia and created new settlements, for example, the village of Mamonovka. Other landowners invited free people to their place, seducing them with temporary benefits, and then enserfed them. Pavlovsky and Bogucharsky districts were actively settled at the beginning of the 18th century, when the Don Cossacks began to approach from the south, occupying lands along the Don, Khopr, and Aidar.
Of interest are documents related to the history of leased plots (holes, or cares). On the map placed in the book by V.P. Zagorovsky “The Belgorod Line”, it can be seen that the Belozaton yurt (the territory on which the Verkhnemamonsky district is located) did not have permanent settlements. Separate sections of the "Wild Field" were leased to monasteries and individuals - even serfs, for hunting, fishing and beekeeping. These areas were called uhozhy or uhozhy (in Tatar yurts), where people lived seasonally in artels of forty people. In the "Patrol Book" - a description of the Voronezh district, compiled by the scribe G. Kireevsky in 1615, it is indicated; “The patrimony of the Belozatonsky well-groomed is for the archer for Fetka for Fedotov’s son Sazonov, and I’ll pay off twelve rubles and a half from that patrimony.” This well-groomed Voronezh voivode began to rent out "at the mercy" from September 1, 1614. This is the first documented mention of our places. In the "Book of the Big Drawing" for 1627, the rivers Betyuk, Mamonets, Bouchar are mentioned. In the diary of the “singing clerks”, who traveled with Commander-in-Chief Shein on the Azov campaign of 1696, it is written: “... Maya on the 5th day on Tuesday morning sailed the Bouchar River, it flows from the upland on the right side. Here the fishery of the Divnogorsk monastery, and they give the Rybny (Ostrogozhsk) town as quitrent to the peasants. Undoubtedly, our rivers had their own names long before the first Russian settlers. For example, the Sarmatians and Alans began to call the Tanais River Don, which meant "water", "river". The name of the river Mamon was given by the Greeks, having borrowed it from the Hebrew: mamo-us - property, condition. This word came to the Russian language as "mammon" with the meaning "wealth, earthly treasures." "The Mamon River got its name from its fertile land and abundance of game."20 The rivers Gnilusha, Olkhovka, Sukhodol, the Zhuravliny, Osetrov, Mamonsky, Vyazovatsky ravines, the Krugloye, Beloe, Bobrov tracts, Podgornoe, Sazan, Mamonskoye lakes and others were called Russian. The lake near the White Mountains, connected to the Don by a channel, was called the White Backwater. According to him, he subsequently received the name Belozatonsky ukhozhey (yurt).
Another interesting document. In 1631, the abbot of the Assumption Monastery Theodosius Protopopov asked the Belozaton yurt for quitrent "for building, candles and incense." In a letter dated August 2, 1631, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich ordered Prince Vasily Romanovich Pronsky and Artemy Vasilyevich Lodygin to give the Belozatonsky yurt to the monastery on September 1, 1631 for the monastery building without repurchase. There are also documents for 1651, 1652, 1678 and other years that mention this yurt.
TO early XVIII century, especially after the victory of Peter I over the Turks, the population of a number of districts of Russia and Little Russia rushed to our lands. On June 19, 1702, the chanter of the bishop's house, Yeremey Popov, came to the monastery's order with a request to give him White Zaton for quitrent for 23 rubles (the monastery paid 13 rubles). At the time, that was a lot of money. The cost of a horse in the second half of the 18th century was 1 ruble 38 kopecks, 1 kopeck was paid for 12 hours of labor. Popov's request was granted, but soon, at the request of Archimandrite Nikanor of Akatovo, Bely Zaton was returned to the monastery. Evidently, Yeremey Popov was one of the first inhabitants of Mamon, which is confirmed by the residents of the Osetrov Yar village. But this will be discussed below.
As noted above, the settlement of the southern districts of the Voronezh region within the current borders began from the southwest, for which there were important historical reasons.
With the strengthening of feudal and national oppression in Ukraine with mid-seventeenth century, every year, until the XVIII century, there was a resettlement of Ukrainians (Cherkasy). It took on a particularly wide scope in the 1950s and 1970s. The last wave of mass migration from the Right-Bank Ukraine was in 1711-1715. Mass resettlement Ukrainian people to Russia was determined by the internal and external position Ukraine, which was until 1648 in the power of the Polish feudal lords. In 1848-1867, the liberation war of the Ukrainian people and the war between Russia and Poland went on with varying success. Ukraine at that time was either free or subjected to brutal attacks by Polish feudal lords and Tatar hordes. According to the Andrusovo truce, the left-bank part of Ukraine went to Russia. Pravoberezhnaya was under the rule of the Commonwealth for more than 100 years. In the 70s years XVII century Right-bank Ukraine twice experienced a devastating invasion of the Turks in Podolia and the Kiev region, which again increased the resettlement of Ukrainians to Russia.
“The main and decisive force of this war,” says the Theses on the 300th Anniversary of the Reunification of Ukraine with Russia (1654-1954), “was the peasantry, who fought against the social oppression of the Polish and Ukrainian feudal serfs and foreign enslavers. Together with the peasantry in the war of liberation, the broad masses of the Cossacks and the urban population, as well as the Cossack elders, acted. This fight was led by Bogdan Khmelnitsky.
The Russian government arranged for the first settlers away from the borders with Ukraine: in Korotoyak, Voronezh, Kozlov, in the Simbirsk province and other cities, “and they cannot live in nearby cities for quarreling.”
It was in the first half of the 50s of the XVII century that many cities and settlements arose in the region. And from these settlements, founded by Ukrainians and named by the Pretender "Sloboda places", the region received the name "Sloboda Ukraine". In them, the peasants were "free", had a number of benefits.
In March 1652, about 2 thousand people with their families came to Putivl. They were headed by the Chernigov Colonel Ivan Dzika, or, as he wrote himself down, Dzikovsky.
The letter from the Putivl governors F. Khilkov and P. Protasyev to the government said: “And with the colonel and with them, with the centurions, they came to Putivl from Chernigov, from Baturin, from Borzna, and from Nizhyn, from Sosnitsa, from New Pesochin, from Konotop , from Bakhmach, from Ivangorodishche and those cities and from villages ... and from children, and with all their bellies. The government settled them at the confluence of Ostrogozhka and Quiet Pine.
Upon arrival in Ostrogozhsk, the settlers occupied ready-made houses with all the buildings and a supply of food (grain). Under Ivan Nikolaevich Dzikovsky, in addition to family members and servants, clerk Matvey Mikhailov, convoy Fyodor Shchebolta with his family and servants, regimental judge Andrei Stepanov Velichko with his family, esauls Vasily Denisov with his family, Grishka Fedorov with his family, Ivashka Ivanov, Stepan Sidorov with his family, Vaska Voloshin with his wife, centurion Ivan Astafyev Krasovsky with his wife, Alexander Grigoriev with his wife, Gerasim Ivanovich Karabut with his wife, Zakhar Ivanov with his family, Fyodor Akulov Dubovikov with his family, Ivan Nesterov with his family, Fyodor Vasiliev with his family and 5 denominators with their families. Then 828 Cossack families, 19 arable peasants, 3 bourgeois families. They were followed by a convoy on oxen and horses, a herd of 1789 horses, a series of 982 cows with calves, a herd of sheep of 1503 heads, a series of 750 pigs, 736 oxen. Only 52 families did not have livestock, including the regimental clerk and judge. The settlers immediately became farmers and warriors.
There were 9 hundred in the regiment with a different number of people. A hundred was led by a centurion. There were no centurions in the colonel's hundred. It was a detachment of cornet Cossacks - the colonel's guard. Hundreds were named after the place of natives: 1 Borzenskaya, 2 Baturinskaya, 3 Karabutskaya, 4 Chernigovskaya, 5 Baturinskaya, 7 Konotopskaya, 8 Luchnikovskaya (hence Lushnikovka - part of the city of Ostrogozhsk). In 1676, there were 10 hundreds in the Ostrogozhsky regiment. The latter was called New. Hence the settlement New Hundred.
The colonel had the hetman's authority: he was in charge of the organization and deanery of the regiment, approved the sentences of the court, distributed lands and lands to his subordinates, and occupied them himself. All orders were approved by universals for their signature and official seal. To the signature, as the hetman of Little Russia, he added "with an authoritative hand." At exercises and meetings on the Maidan, he had a pernach (mace) in his hands - a sign of power.
Regimental foreman: colonel, baggage officer, judge, captain, cornet, clerk. All of them were elected by the regimental council and approved by the regimental foreman for life. The Ostrogozhsky regiment retained the right to elect a colonel by free votes for a short time.
Hundred foreman: centurion, ataman, esaul, cornet, clerk. The centurion was elected by the regimental foreman. The regimental baggage officer was in charge of regimental artillery and replaced the colonel in his absence with the rank of colonel. The regimental judge was in charge of civil affairs and was present at the regimental town hall. The regimental esaul carried out the orders of the colonel in the military unit. The regimental cornet commanded the cornet Cossacks and regimental music. On campaigns, he kept the banner of the regiment. The clerk acted as secretary.
Yesaul and the cornet are assistants to the centurion in the military unit. Last in war time was in charge of the hundreds badge. During the campaigns of hundreds and in the absence of the centurion, the ataman, who did not go on a campaign, was in charge of all affairs.
The Cossacks were selected from the villagers and served. They were divided into registered, gunners and cornets. The first made up the regiment, the second served the guns, the third were at the headquarters of the regiment and were subordinate to the colonel.
Next to the regimental ranks were government, administrative, judicial and fiscal officials in the city. They limited regimental self-government and led the Russian settlers. The petty-bourgeois population had its own voit. Landlords seduced free settlers with benefits (for 7 years). The settlers campaigned for the landowner, who occupied the best plots for settlement.
The landowners from the settlers received a voluntary tribute from the ral-ralts (on the day of the Nativity of Christ). Depending on the location to the landowner, the ralets increased or decreased.
Settlers moved not only from Ukraine. Great Russians and schismatics arrived. The latter settled along the Don, Medveditsa, Khopr. There were fugitives from the suburban regiments, but they were caught and returned to their original place.
In 1702, by order of the government, Little Russians from the cities of Zemlyansk, Taletsk and the village of Endovishchi were transferred to Kalitva. Before 1696, Russians settled in Belogorye and lived there for about 20 years. In 1711, the Russian population was transferred to Korotoyak and the village of Tatarino, Biryuchensky district. Instead of Russians, Ukrainians from Zemlyansky uyezd were settled.
In 1765, they were joined by former Cossacks of the Kharkov, Izyum, Sumy, Akhtyrsky regiments and the Orlik settlement of the Kursk province. At the same time, there is a settlement along the tributaries of the Don - Ikorets, Bityug and Osered. There were obrochnye departures (departure). In Bityug, for example, beaver rutting, fishing and other trades were at the mercy of the Kozlovsky Trinity Monastery for a long time.
In 1697, they were farmed out for 202 rubles a year by Ostrogozhsk Colonel P. Bulart. The settlement of this area was authorized by Peter I in 1697. This year, settlers - Osadchi I. Serkov, Ukrainians F. Golubov, I. Kolontaevsky, M. Ostroverkhov, P. Golubok, V. Storozhev, A. Grigoriev - came from different places in Ukraine to the mouth of the Bityug. A. Butov, on behalf of 800 people, asked the tsar to send service people to guard against attacks by Tatars and Kalmyks before the construction of the prison, and also to give them weapons. In with. E. Chalenko and 50 people from the Poltava regiment came to Krasny Ostrov, M. Ostroverkhoye and 50 people from the Kharkov regiment with him. They were followed in 1698 by groups of 30-50 people from different cities of the Left-Bank Ukraine and Sloboda Ukraine.
In 1702, a group of Ukrainians led by S. Popov came to the village. Losevo. At the same time, about 200 families of Ukrainians from Krasny Kut, Burluk, and Budishch of the Poltava regiment settled near Krasny Ostrov. The pace of settlement in this area did not satisfy the government. By decree of Peter I of November 17, 1698, it was proposed to the Bityug clerk P. Losev to describe all the lands along Ikorets and Bityug and to populate the free ones with palace peasants. According to this decree, in 1701, palace peasants were taken to Bityug from the Velikoselskaya volost of the Rostov district 226 households, from the Yukhotskaya volost of the Yaroslavl district - 225, from the villages of the Poshekhonsky district 334 households. In total, there are 1021 households out of 4 counties, in which there are 4919 men.
Local conditions for the settlers were very harsh. Most of the Ukrainians who came here voluntarily, having stayed for a short time, went to other places, many Russian people could not get used to this area. Of the 4919 people (1021 households) in 1701-1703, 1141 people fled, 3409 died. 369 people remained to live on Bityug. In 1703, 601 households lived in Ikorets and Bityug, Russians and Cherkasy.
In 1704, the government again resettled here from the villages of Balakhonsky, Kostroma, Suzdal, Vladimir, Pereyaslav-Zalessky districts of peasants 999 households or more than 4,500 people. Of these, according to the unsubscribe of the clerk E. Danilov dated November 3, 1705, 410 people fled, 1062 people died. In addition to those named, in 1687-1725 Ukrainian settlements arose on the territory of the Ostrogozhsky regiment: Saguny, Kolodezhnoye, Kostomarov, Berezovo, Markovka and others. Russian villages also appeared: Elchanskoye, Veretye, Shubino. The lands of the southern regions of the Ostrogozhsky regiment were settled in the 18th century mainly by Little Russians. Representatives of other peoples also settled: Volokhi led by Kantemir, five families of Latvians in the village of Krutets, in 1766 a group of Germans in Rybensdorf.
Ukrainian settlers brought the traditions of Cossack self-government. The Russian government found this system of military-administrative structure convenient in the fight against Tatar raids.
See: Syrovatsky N.I. Father's land. - Voronezh, 1996. - 628 p.
However, more than 97% of the total population falls on two peoples: Russians (94.1%) and Ukrainians (3.1%). The number of Russians is about 2,200,000 people. The second largest people are Ukrainians (more than 70,000 people). For decades, Belarusians were the third largest people.
Recent years have made significant adjustments to the national composition of the population. From 1989 to 2009, more than 5,500 Azerbaijanis, 3,000 Armenians, 4,500 Georgians, more than 5,500 Moldovans, 1,800 Kazakhs, 1,500 Kyrgyz, more than 1,500 Tajiks and Uzbeks arrived in the Voronezh region. According to unofficial data, these figures are much higher. Several tens of thousands of Azerbaijanis and Armenians live in the Voronezh region. Azerbaijanis became the third largest ethnic group in the Voronezh region.
The modern ethnic composition is largely related to the history of settlement and modern migrations. In 1897, the Voronezh province had 2,500,000 inhabitants, of which 1,000,000 were Ukrainians. Moreover, in the southern regions, Ukrainians made up the vast majority: for example, 89% - in Bogucharsky district, 96% - in Ostrogozhsky district.
By the beginning of the 20th century, Ukrainians had largely mixed with Russians. This mixed type received the household name "Khokhly", most of whom call themselves Russians, which is also confirmed by modern statistics. Only 3% of the population of the Voronezh region consider themselves Ukrainians, and 15 years ago more than 5% called themselves Ukrainians. But the Ukrainian type is still clearly visible, especially in countryside- in the planning of settlements, home improvement, round "cellars", in a special dialect, cuisine and microculture.
Migrations of the late 1980s-1990s also contributed to the change in the national composition of the Voronezh region. Despite the fact that Russians make up the bulk of migrants, internally displaced persons and refugees, their share is more than 10% lower than in the national composition of the indigenous population. In recent years, the share of the Russian population has somewhat decreased in a number of settlements and districts. Row rural settlements the region turned into "national enclaves", for example, the village of Kolodezhnoye (Podgorensky district) - a compact residence of the Meskhetian Turks, the village of Upper Khava - Chechens, Repevsky district - Armenians.
94% of the region's population, which is, as a rule, the southern branch of the Russian people, consider themselves Russians.
The Voronezh Territory gave the country many writers and poets, a significant number of scientists and other figures, which allowed Vladimir Pavlovich Semyonov, a well-known Russian geographer, to call the Voronezh region not only the “material”, but also the “spiritual breadbasket of Russia”.
In connection with the democratization of society, the religiosity of the population is growing. The vast majority of the inhabitants are followers of the Russian Orthodox Church, which has dozens of churches in the region. Many of them have reopened in recent years. There is a revival of monasteries, among which are the famous Akatov convent in the city of Voronezh, cave monasteries in the village of Kostomarovo and the village of Belogorye (Podgorensky district), the Divnogorie museum-reserve (Liskinsky district) and a number of others.
The Orthodox religion is practiced by Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. The group of Islamic peoples are Meskhetian Turks, Tatars, Azerbaijanis, peoples North Caucasus. Most Armenians are supporters of the Christian Armenian-Gregorian Apostolic Church. Many Jews who live mainly in cities, as well as in the village of Ilyinka, Talovsky District, practice Judaism. The building of the synagogue was returned to the Jewish community of the city of Voronezh. There are several hundred followers of Christian Protestant movements and sects in the Voronezh region: Jehovah's Witnesses, Evangelical Christian Baptists, "Pentecostals" and others.
Voronezh region for centuries, being a border area Russian state, was formed as a multinational region. A mixture of different languages, cultures, religions is quite significant feature in the history of the region. The relevance of the issue lies in the fact that the state of interethnic relations is the most important factor for any multinational state and region. This is all the more important for the Voronezh region, which until recently faced manifestations of ethnic intolerance. Despite the difficulties of relationships, it must be remembered that we are a single family of the Voronezh region, Russia, Eurasia and the world. We need to understand each other in order to achieve our goals in various fields life modern society. Moreover, the economic situation is an important, but not the main indicator. Atmosphere of mutual understanding successful development not only the financial, economic and political system, but also the culture of our region. “The whole history of mankind, since we know it, is the movement of mankind towards greater and greater unity. This unity is accomplished by the most diverse means, and it is served not only by those who work for it, but even by those who oppose it. L.N. Tolstoy. Active changes in the composition of the region began in the years I-st world war, when a stream of refugees from the western provinces poured into the province Russian Empire. Now representatives of 178 nationalities live in Voronezh and the Voronezh region. Of these, about 30 already have or are preparing to form and officially register national public organizations. According to the results of the All-Russian census in 2010, the population of the Voronezh region was 2331147 people. Our region is one of the densely populated regions of Russia and has a fairly homogeneous ethnic composition. However, historically whole line ethnic minorities, each of which has its own specifics and historical roots. A new trend in the development of the Voronezh region is an increase in the number of non-Slavic peoples. This is due to the intensification of migration processes after the collapse of the USSR. Among the reasons influencing the influx of migrants are economic (search for work) and security-related (military conflicts in countries of traditional residence). The main regions - sources of migrants are the countries of Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Ukraine. A significant part of them gravitate towards areas where industrial production facilities and construction are concentrated, which makes it possible to find places to apply their labor. Belarusians, Moldovans are located everywhere, and Ukrainians are settled in the southern regions (Kantemirovsky, Bogucharsky, Rossoshansky, Olkhovatsky, Ostrogozhsky, Kalacheevsky). Muslim ethnic groups are represented in all districts of the region, but especially in the central districts (Novovoronezhsky, Paninsky, Verkhnekhavsky). Russians are the largest ethnic group living in the Voronezh region. According to the 2010 census, the number of Russians is 2124587 people. They are the absolute majority of the population in almost all districts of the region, with the exception of the southwestern ones. The main traditional occupation of the people is agriculture, animal husbandry, and poultry farming. Russians are a Christian Orthodox people. Currently, there is an active process of revival of the traditional culture of the Russian people. Voronezh land is the birthplace of world-famous folk choirs. Now in the region there are dozens of creative groups reviving the old Russian song, dance, folklore (for example, "Voronezh Girls", "Pavetie", "Chernozemochka"). Ukrainians are the 2nd largest people in the Voronezh region (43054 people). Mass resettlement is associated with the formation of the Ostrogozhsky Cossack regiment. Because of this, many Ukrainian settlements arose in Ostrogozhsk, Rossosh, Boguchar, Kalach, Olkhovatka. Then part migrated to other districts of the region. The basis of the economic life of Ukrainian settlers was agriculture, animal husbandry, and fishing. The local autonomy of Ukrainians actively participates in the public life of the region. It annually organizes a number of charitable and cultural events (for example, the “Tell about the war” campaign, the “There are no other people's children” campaign, the Charity Easter Marathon project). Armenians. The official size of the Armenian community is about 10,400 people. (According to the community itself, about 30 thousand Armenians). Traditional occupations: agricultural and cattle breeding. Among crafts. Embroidery, lace weaving, jewelry art are developed. Most believing Armenians are Christians. One of the main activities of the Voronezh Armenian community is the formation of local branches in the areas where Armenians live. In Voronezh and in the region there is an Armenian Sunday school, which provides training Armenian language and history. It has vocal and dance groups. The community publishes a Russian-Armenian newspaper. Gypsies. The Voronezh Territory is traditionally inhabited mainly by gypsies-servis. The official number of the Roma diaspora in the Voronezh region, according to the 2010 census, is more than 5100 people. According to this very community, 20 thousand gypsies of various "nationalities" and religions live in our region. The structure of classes is the unshakable basis of gypsy life. Throughout history, these people have been doing almost the same thing. Depending on external conditions, some professions could temporarily disappear. Main occupations: crafts, trade, singing and dancing, performing with animals. They especially specialize in crafts such as blacksmithing and jewelry, woodcarving. Gypsy singing is now popular. For example, at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest in 2008, a gypsy from the Voronezh region performed. Azerbaijanis. The official number of the Azerbaijani diaspora in the Voronezh region, according to the 2010 population census, is more than 5,000 people. (according to the community itself, about 14 thousand people). Regions compact living they have not been identified in the region (however, quite close-knit national communities can be distinguished in the cities of Rossosh, Bobrov and Liski). They are mainly engaged in retail trade, primarily in food products. The traditional occupations of the rural population are agriculture, gardening, and sheep breeding. With the active participation of community representatives, cultural events, sports competitions are regularly held, educational projects(study of the Azerbaijani language, the history of Azerbaijan at school No. 37 of the city of Voronezh). I believe that we live in a multinational region and we need to establish strong friendly relations. To do this, we need to solve the following tasks: we need constant work on the adaptation of migrants; active interaction with organizations emerging in the region, expressing the interests of various diasporas; participation in the prevention of conflicts in the sphere of interethnic relations; strengthening understanding and friendship between peoples. But there are already successes in this area: representatives of associations and communities participate in the organization of charity events, thematic conferences, thereby enriching the cultural life of the region. Through the efforts of the communities, exhibitions are held dedicated to the history and cultural heritage Voronezh region. Naturally, this should have a positive impact on the image of the region, its attractiveness and socio-economic well-being.
A.Z. Vinnikov, V.I. Dynin, S.P. Tolkachev
LOCAL ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE COMPOSITION OF THE SOUTH RUSSIAN POPULATION OF THE VORONEZH KRAI
The vastness of the ethnic territory of the Russians led to the presence of many ethnographic and sub-ethnic groups within the Russian people, each of which has its own specific features in the language (dialect) and traditional everyday culture. The population of the Voronezh Territory in the past was divided into several local-ethnic (ethnoterritorial), ethno-class, ethno-confessional and other sub-ethnic groups (odnodvortsy, tsukany, economic / monastic peasants, Old Believers and others).
Local-ethnic groups in the South Russian population of the Voronezh Territory, in particular, are:
Tsukans are an ethnoterritorial group within the South Russian population, which also differed by class category: in the 19th and early 20th centuries, tsukans belonged to the categories of landlord and monastery peasants. Within the Voronezh Territory (according to the data of researchers of the 19th - early 20th centuries N.I. Vtorov, A.M. Putintsev, D.K. Zelenin), candied fruits lived in a compact mass in the basin of the river. Khvorostan: the villages of Moskovskoye, Mozhayskoye, Kolomenskoye, Kashirskoye, Novoklinskoye, Vereyskoye, Mosalskoye, Dorogobuzhskoye, Odoevskoye, Levaya Rossosh (within the Voronezh district); Kopanishche, Tresorukovo, Maryino, Pochepskoye, Rozhdestveno, Olen-Kolodez, Drakino, Davydovka, Solonetsy, Borshchevo (within the Korotoyaksky district). These villages arose in the 1760s-1770s, when former monastic peasants settled here, transferred to the management of the college of economy and called economic. Separate villages in Nizhnedevitsky (Berezovo, Odintsovka, Zmeevka), Zemlyansky (Kaverino / Tavolzhanets, Ivanovka, Korovkiny), Valuysky (Bely Kolodez), Novokhopersk (Kamenka / Sadovka) counties also belonged to “Tsukansky”. These villages were inhabited by landlord peasants.
Ethnographic materials collected in the Central Chernozem region in recent years indicate that residents of some villages of the Semiluksky district of the Voronezh region (Novosilskoye, Ivanovka, Dolgomokhovka), as well as the villages of Nabokovo, Baryshnikovo, Danilovka, the villages of Vasilyevka and Malye Borki of Terbunsky still call themselves tsukans district of the Lipetsk region. In with. Troitskoye (Semiluksky district) “tsukans” were called “visitors from the Lipetsk region”, “non-indigenous residents”. In with. Usmanskiye Vyselki (Paninsky district of the Voronezh region) one local resident was called “tsukanka” - “by her husband”, who himself was from “Kondrashy” (from the village of Kondrashkino).
It is assumed that the local ethnonym “tsukany” was originally assigned as a nickname to the inhabitants of the villages listed above by neighbors-odnodvortsy and indicates the peculiarities of their dialect: the so-called “tsukanie” (or “clatter”) is the indistinguishability of the affricates ts and h. explanatory dictionary” V. I. Dahl read: “Tsukan (Tambov, Voronezh) is a sokalist who says ts instead of h”. A Voronezh local historian A.M. Putintsev, who once suggested that the ethnonym-nickname “tsukan” comes from either chukavy (“sharp, quick-witted”), or from chukan - “dandy”, had a different opinion. There are a number of folk etymologies. For example, according to informants from the Terbunsky district of the Lipetsk region, in the village of Kazinka “tsukans, or sukans live” - “in the old days, the local master Shtakhov allegedly changed serfs for bitches, probably hence the name”.
It should be noted that in the past, clatter was indeed one of the characteristic features dialect "tsukanov"; however, the majority of the inhabitants of the “Tsukan” villages lost this feature of their dialect at the beginning of the 20th century. According to a report from the village of Baryshnikovo, tsukans “speak y - pychama, mykarony”, and in the village of Danilovka - “on and”.
Odnodvortsy is an ethno-cultural group of the South Russian population of estate origin, the descendants of military service people of the lowest rank (archers, gunners, Cossacks, etc.), settled in the 16th-17th centuries. on the southern outskirts of the Moscow state to protect the steppe borders. Within the Voronezh Territory, single-dvor settlements were located mainly in its northwestern part (for example, within the Voronezh district, these are the villages of Nikolskoye, Privalovka, Upper Khava, Spasskoye, Chertovitskoye, Usman-Sobakino, Kurino, Rogachevka, Kamyshino, Stupino and others). According to ethnographic studies of the 1990s-2000s, residents of a number of settlements Zadonsky district of the Lipetsk region (villages of Ksizovo, Mukhino, Balakhna, etc.), Khlevensky district (village Otskochnoye), Terbunsky district (villages of Uritskoye, Soldatskoye, Novosilskoye, Berezovka, Malye Borki, 2nd Terbuny, Kazinka, Dubrovo), Semiluksky district of the Voronezh region (villages of Troitskoye, Golosnovka). The village of Ksizovo, for example, according to informants, in the past was divided into two parts - “odnodvorshchina” and “corvee”; “guys of one-dwelling and corvee did not go to each other’s halves of the village”; their speech was also different.
As part of the single-dvor population of the Voronezh Territory, smaller local ethnic groups with their own ethnonyms-nicknames stand out (or stood out in the past).
Talagai (Talagai region) - a local group of single-palace residents who lived in Nizhnedevitsky (the villages of Novaya Olshanka, Upper and Lower Turovo, Vyaznovatovka) and Korotoyaksky (Mastyugino, Oskino, Platava, Rossoshki, Krasnolipye) counties. Talagay and talagushki are also called residents of the village. Kolomenskoye (in the Kashirsky district).
Various points of view were expressed regarding the origin of the ethnonym-nickname “talagai”. According to D.K. Zelenin, for example, it comes from talagayat or talalakat - “it’s bad, burr to speak”. Other researchers agree that the nickname “talagai” of the same palaces literally means “loafers, ignoramuses”. IN AND. Dahl points out a few different meanings the words "talagai": lazy, connecting rod, parasite; big blockhead, ignorant, ignorant; (Voronezh swearing) single palace; generally a strange, alien peasant, distinguished by his clothes; (Simbirsk) Mordovian women's top shirt. A. M. Putintsev believed that the nickname “talagai” was associated with the peculiarities of clothing: the residents of the Nizhnedevitsky district allegedly wore a long white shirt with “poles”, like women (the so-called talagay is an upper Mordovian women's shirt with embroideries).
The Yaguns were a one-dwelling group that lived in the western part of the Nizhnedevitsky district (the villages of Pershino, Yasenki, Berezovo, Old and New Melovoye, Kuchugury, Blue Lipyagi, Bogoroditskoye, Rogovoe, Klyuchi, Gorshechnoye, Soldatskoye). The nickname "yaguna" comes, apparently, from the peculiarities of their dialect (pronunciation of kago, yago).
Ionki - single-dvortsy of the Nizhnedevitsky district, a group more educated than others, who by the beginning of the 20th century had lost their archaisms in their dialect, wore city clothes. The nickname “ionki” is again associated with the peculiarities of the dialect (according to the pronunciation of ion / yon instead of he).
Shchekuny - a group of “rough-tempered” single-palace residents who lived in the Nizhnedevitsky and Korotoyaksky counties and were sometimes equated with talagay. According to N.I. Lebedeva, the cheekers (or ticklers) are also a local ethnonym of the inhabitants of the village. Horny (in the Belgorod region). Residents with. Annovka of the Bobrovsky district were nicknamed the schegunki, which folk etymology derives from the cast iron (in their dialect, the sound h is replaced by u: cast iron = schegunki). In the “Explanatory Dictionary” by V.I. Dahl, a cheek, a cheek (Voronezh) is the one who says shche or scho instead of what. Cheeking is generally a typical feature of a number of South Russian dialects (including the Sayan dialect in the Kursk region, which is characterized by the absence of affricates and pronunciation according to h - soft sh, and according to c - s).
Muscovites (i.e. “subordinate to Moscow”) - this is how the inhabitants of the village call themselves. Tatarino (Kamensky district of the Voronezh region). In the language, culture and way of life of the inhabitants of this village, there is a rather strong Ukrainian influence, but in general, traditional Russian culture is preserved.
Katsapy is the self-name of the inhabitants of a number of settlements in the Terbunsky district of the Lipetsk region (the villages of Yakovlevo, Vislaya Polyana, Ozerki), the Repevsky district of the Voronezh region (the village of Istobnoye).
Gamai is a local ethnonym-nickname of the inhabitants of the village. Dolgomokhovka (Semiluksky district), the villages of Yakovlevo and Vislaya Polyana (Terbunsky district of the Lipetsk region). According to informants from Dolgomokhovka, in the past, hamai were “not assigned to the master”; they differed from the tsukans in their dialect (they said, for example, you will come), they wore a wide skirt. Etymologically, the word gamai is probably related to gamble or gaman / gaman - “to babble, speak loudly, noisily, shout”. An etymological connection of the local ethnonym “gamai” with the abusive galmany is also possible - “muzhik, boobie, rude, ignoramus”; in a number of places Voronezh province the word "galmans" was the nickname of the single-palace dwellers. It can also be assumed that the word “hamai” is connected with the dialectism of baglai, which is found in a number of places in the Voronezh and Kursk regions and has the meaning “lazy, parasite, sluggard, couch potato”. At the beginning of the 20th century, the abusive nickname "Baglai" was also used by the Voronezh philistines in relation to the villagers in general.
Taldons - the nickname of the inhabitants of the "village of Krasnensky" (the village of Krasnoye, Kashirsky district?), Who said: Vaneshka, take a rock. Etymologically, perhaps, it is connected with taldonit, taldykat - “talk stupidly” (cf. Tambov-Penza dialectism daldonit / doldonit - “talk, idle talk, talk a lot”).
