He made a great contribution to the world scientific school Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev. Merits in science truly huge. He not only studied issues related to chemistry, but also made discoveries and delved into physics and economics, solved the problems of geology and meteorology, and was fond of aeronautics.

Certain actions lead to the conclusion that in Everyday life Russian genius was a real gourmet. Mendeleev wrote, for " encyclopedic dictionary»Brockhaus and Efron, three articles: "vareniki", "compote", "jam", signed with the Greek letter "delta". This characterizes the inventor as a rather modest person, despite his merits in the field of discoveries. Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was involved in solving a wide range of problems. Merits in science were not limited to a certain direction.

Doctoral dissertation, "On the combination of alcohol with water" , which Dmitry Ivanovich successfully defended before the scientific community, gave rise to many myths. This work was the starting point for the spread among the people of the opinion that the inventor of the national drink is a Russian inventor. IN scientific work there is not a single mention of a strong drink, it deals with the properties of mixtures of water and alcohol in various concentrations. There were experiments in the field of high alcohol proportions - from 70 degrees and above.

Interesting! The reason for writing the dissertation was chemical reaction, contrary to the laws of mathematics: when mixing 1 l. alcohol from 1 liter. water, 2 liters of solution (1 + 1 = 2) will not work. The fact is that the molecule of the formed liquid will occupy a smaller volume than the molecule of water or alcohol separately.

The city on the Neva has a specific liquor museum. There is an inscription there, indicating that the scientist considered the ideal ratio of water and alcohol to be 38 o. However, the authorities decided that 40-degree vodka was a better option.

At the dawn of the twentieth century, horses were the main vehicle. So the authorities of London made calculations, on the basis of which they made a disappointing conclusion that while maintaining the current rate of increase in horse traffic, the city's utilities will not be able to cope with cleaning the streets. Based on the forecast results, the capital of England will drown in horse manure, which will reach the third floor of buildings.

The situation was not the best in major cities Russian Empire. There were practically no cars, and the few that appeared on the roads were rather an element of luxury and did not compete with horses.

Back in 1850, the French made a forecast about the development of Paris for 100 years. Scientists came to the conclusion that the main problem of the city will be increase in the number of horse transport due to expected population growth. Therefore, the main task of the authorities of the French capital will be the disposal of horse manure.

In the middle of the 19th century, our Russian researcher dealt with the same problem. Based on his calculations, at the same rate of increase in the number of horses, not even a century will pass, as the streets of large Russian cities drown in manure. That's why the scientist proposed industrial methods for processing and disposing of excrement.

But the scientists were wrong: their gloomy scenarios did not materialize, as horses were replaced by road transport.

Several interesting episodes can be distinguished from the life, as well as from the biography of the scientist. So the future inventor was the youngest child. He had 5 sisters and 2 brothers. Dmitry himself was the 17th child in the family. That is why he was his mother's favorite. It was not possible for him to see the other brothers and sisters, since the rest of the children died in infancy.

Perhaps because Mendeleev, as younger child more attention and care. It was easiest for him to show his natural gifts, unlike other guys. Dima already knew how to read at the age of 4 and greedily devoured books from his father's library. Who, before he fell ill with cataracts, worked as a teacher in a gymnasium. This trouble happened in the year of Mitya's birth, and all the worries about raising children fell on the mother's shoulders. She, despite all life's troubles, was able to learn all her children.

Having entered the university as a teacher, the future scientist faced great difficulties in his studies, flunked all subjects except mathematics and stayed for the second year. But, having shown perseverance and diligence, Dmitry Ivanovich was able to radically turn the tide, graduating from a university with honors.

The inventor was a jack of all trades. The scientist had a rare hobby - making suitcases. Due to the quality of the products, they were in great demand among merchants who sold them under the brand "from Mendeleev himself." They served people for decades, and the scientist himself invented his own adhesive composition and kept his know-how secret from competitors.

Once, Fleet Admiral Nikolai Chikhachev turned to the inventor for help. Smokeless powder is what Russian sailors needed. After all, it was an expensive pleasure to acquire such an explosive from foreigners. Who, if not Mendeleev, could help decide this task. Taking the order of the tsarist government, Dmitry Ivanovich enthusiastically set to work. He began by saying that studied in the library reports on freight transportation of railways France, Germany, Britain for last decade. Based on the information received, he made a calculation showing the amount of coal, saltpeter and other components delivered to the powder factories. In such an elementary way, the scientist solved the problem of deciphering the hidden materials that he obtained from the available information.

This is interesting! When the genius was offered to head a laboratory for the study of gunpowder with a decent for that time cash allowance of about 30 thousand a year(in those distant times, a simple village house cost about 100 rubles, and a city dwelling from 500 to 5000 rubles), the great chemist flatly refused to work for that amount. Explaining it this way: “30 thousand is bondage, and 2000 is pah! I want to leave. I'll take the job if you pay 2000."

In fact, this is how it happened: at a speed Mendeleev left the laboratory. At the same time, invent smokeless powder in as soon as possible it was not difficult for him. This gunpowder in its qualities surpassed all analogues existing at that time. As always, Russian officials were slow to formalize the invention, which the Americans took advantage of. They bought the patent and began to produce this gunpowder in the States. And the tsarist government later had to buy their own explosives from them.

Once, when the scientist was asked how long the table of chemical elements took him, the scientist cut off briefly: “I’ve been thinking about it for maybe 20 years, but you think: I sat and suddenly ... it’s ready.”

Many scientists have been developing similar tables, but no one has been able to combine all the elements into a system. Almost simultaneously, similar studies were carried out by German scientist Meyer. However, the version proposed by our genius received scientific recognition, thanks to the audacity and eloquence of the author in proving his system. In developing his method, he moved up a notch from his competitors.

The contribution to science of Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev is truly great. He is the owner of more than a hundred different titles and titles. The inventor was an honorary member of many educational institutions and scientific societies. He simply signed his works. For example, "D. Mendeleev" or "Professor Mendeleev", practically without mentioning any assigned to him honorary title. The inventor did not recognize academic titles, titles, being skeptical about them.. In those days, in universities, students were examined in alphabetical order. Once a student approached the examiner and introduced himself: "Prince Vasilchikov." “I accept students with the letter “K” tomorrow,” the scientist said with irritation.

And in conclusion, we note that Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev left very important merits in science. Do you think so? Leave your opinion or feedback for everyone on the forum.

Here one colleague thought that Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was "one of the rabbis". Like, he has a rabbinical beard.

A strange association, although, yes, the beard is similar to Karl-Marx's, and he really was the grandson of as many as two rabbis.

And personally, from school, I was puzzled by a clear discrepancy between the affairs of Mendeleev, his name, appearance on the one hand and ... a purely Jewish surname on the other! Look at the portrait below: what is there Semitic or Jewish? Russian man with ... a falcon's eye!

Thanks to colleague evstoliya_3, (who once unfriended me, most likely for criticizing the Russian Orthodox Church), who threw a link to an interesting material about Dmitry Ivanovich. Where, by the way, the falconry view of the Russian scientist is clearly explained.

And near Yaroslavl, in the village of Konstantinovo, there is a small refinery (built by my great-great-grandfather Ragozin Viktor Ivanovich). An interesting museum of the plant is still preserved there, where a lot of materials are devoted to the period of Mendeleev's work in the laboratory of the enterprise. There are also completely original materials.

The museum was created by many years of efforts of the remarkable ascetic in the preservation of Russian history, Galina Vladimirovna Kolesnichenko. Who gave him, in fact, her entire working life. Also, Galina Vladimirovna is the author of an interesting monograph about the Russian oleonapht Viktor Ivanovich and about the Ragozin family in general. Almost 800 pages, excellent design, only circulation ... a hundred copies (The Ragozins Brothers. The Beginning of the Russian Oil Business: A Documentary Biographical Tale. - St. Petersburg: Alfaret, 2009. - 756 p.).

And now - "Interesting facts from the life of D. I. Mendeleev."

It is unusual for a Russian person to waste money on trifles.

What's the matter here - whether the spaces are huge, whether it's winter for half a year, or the absence of roads, but it was in our fatherland that citizens preferred to aim straight at the foundations of the universe.

It would seem that it would be better for the Kaluga teacher to improve the hearing aid, which is extremely necessary for him - but no, Tsiolkovsky took up interplanetary travel and the settlement of other planets.

The excellent geochemist Vernadsky - no longer to study pebbles - came up with some kind of intelligent layer on planet Earth, the noosphere. Chizhevsky explained literally all the events on Earth by the influence of the Sun.

In short, in Russia you don’t want to delve into the little things, let the German do it.

And it is customary for us to create comprehensive - and most often ridiculous - theories with a minimum of experimental data.

But miracles sometimes happen, if only the right genius is caught. That's what Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was like.

Everyone knows that he discovered the periodic table of chemical elements. Many remember that he theoretically and practically substantiated the optimal strength of vodka. But only about 9% of more than 500 of his scientific works are devoted to chemistry.

And how many other hobbies this brilliant man had, besides science!

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was born on January 27 (February 8), 1834 in the village of Upper Aremzyany, not far from Tobolsk, as the seventeenth and last child in the family of Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev, who at that time held the position of director of the Tobolsk gymnasium and schools of the Tobolsk district.

Dmitry's paternal grandfather was a priest and bore the surname Sokolov; the surname Mendeleev was given to Dmitry's father in religious school in the form of a nickname, which corresponded to the customs of that time.

Mendeleev's mother came from an old but impoverished merchant family of the Kornilievs.

After graduating from the gymnasium in Tobolsk in 1849, on a territorial basis, Mendeleev could only enter Kazan University in Russia. But he never became a student of N.N. Zinin. Since Moscow and St. Petersburg universities were closed to him, he entered the St. Petersburg pedagogical institute to the department natural sciences Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.

And I didn't guess. It was taught by outstanding scientists of that time - M.V. Ostrogradsky (mathematics), E.Kh. Lenz (physics), A.N. Savich (astronomy), A.A. Voskresensky (chemistry), M.S. Kutorga (mineralogy), F.I. Ruprecht (botany), F.F. Brandt (zoology).

While still a student in 1854, Dmitry Ivanovich conducts research and writes an article “On isomorphism”, where he established the relationship between the crystal form and the chemical composition of compounds, as well as the dependence of the properties of elements on the magnitude of their atomic volumes. In 1856 he defended his dissertation "On specific volumes", for a master's degree in chemistry and physics.

At this time, he writes about enantholosulfurous acid and about the difference in substitution, combination and decomposition reactions.

In 1859 Mendeleev was sent abroad. In Heidelberg he studied the capillarity of liquids. He discovered in 1860 the "absolute boiling point of liquids", or the critical temperature.

Returning, in 1861 he published the first Russian textbook " Organic chemistry". In 1865-1887 he created the hydrate theory of solutions. He developed ideas about the existence of compounds of variable composition. In 1865 he bought the Boblovo estate, where he conducted research on agricultural chemistry and agriculture.

In 1868, together with Zinin and other scientists, he became the founder of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society.

In 1869 Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev made greatest discovery in the history of chemistry - creates the famous periodic table of elements. In 1871, his book Fundamentals of Chemistry was published - the first coherent presentation of inorganic chemistry. Mendeleev worked on new editions of this work until the end of his life.

About table creation:

He bought about seventy empty business cards and on each of them he wrote on one side the name of the element, and on the other, its atomic weight and the formulas of its most important compounds. After that, he sat down at a large square table and began to lay out these cards in any way. At first, he didn't succeed.

Dozens and hundreds of times he laid them out, shuffled and laid them out again. At the same time, as he later recalled, some new regularities emerged in his mind, and he continued his work with the excitement that was well known to him, preceding the discovery.

So he spent whole hours and days, shutting himself up in his office. Fortunately, by that time he was already married to Anna Grigorievna, who managed to create the best conditions for him for creative pursuits.

The legend that the idea of ​​the periodic table came to him in a dream, Mendeleev came up with specifically for persistent fans who do not know what creative insight is. In fact, it just dawned on him. In other words, it immediately and finally became clear to him in what order the cards should be laid out so that each element would take its proper place, according to the laws of nature.

In 1871-1875, Mendeleev studied the properties of elasticity and expansion of gases, explored petroleum hydrocarbons and questions of the origin of oil, about which he wrote several works. Visits the Caucasus. In 1876 he went to America, to Pennsylvania, to inspect American oil fields. The work of Mendeleev in terms of studying oil production had great importance for the rapidly developing oil industry in Russia.

The result of one of the then fashionable hobbies was the study "On Spiritualism".

Since 1880, he began to take an interest in art, especially Russian art, collects art collections, and in 1894 he was elected a full member of the Imperial Academy of Arts. Repin draws his portrait.

Since 1891, Mendeleev became the editor of the Chemical-Technical and Factory Department of the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron and wrote many of the articles himself. As a hobby, Dmitry Ivanovich made suitcases and sewed clothes for himself. Mendeleev also participated in the design of the first Russian icebreaker "Ermak".

In 1887, Mendeleev took off on his own in a balloon to observe a solar eclipse. The flight was unprecedented and became famous all over the world. Here is how G. Chernechenko describes this case in issue 8 of one of the newspapers dated August 19, 1999 (the article is called: "Mendeleev in a balloon"):

In a small picturesque estate D.I. Mendeleev Boblovo were preparing to observe the solar eclipse in "home" conditions. And suddenly, when a little more than a week remained before the eclipse, a telegram arrived from St. Petersburg to Boblovo. In it, the Russian Technical Society announced that a balloon was being equipped in Tver to observe the eclipse, and that the council considered it their duty to announce this so that Mendeleev, if he so desired, "could personally use the raising of the balloon for scientific observations."

Actually, neither the flight itself, nor the invitation to participate in it were a big surprise for Mendeleev. Only one thing embarrassed the great chemist: a ball filled with luminous gas (there was no other in Tver) could not rise above two miles, and, therefore, would remain captive to the clouds. We needed a ball filled with light hydrogen. He reported this in an urgent telegram that left Boblovo for the capital.

It was getting light. It was overcast, drizzling rain. In the wasteland between the line railway and a ball, surrounded by a fence of poles, swayed like a station. Nearby rose a gas-producing plant, at which soldiers in acid-burnt shirts operated.

“They were waiting for Professor Mendeleev. At 6:25 there was applause, and from the crowd to the ball came a tall, slightly stooped man with gray hair lying on his shoulders and a long beard. It was a professor,” Vladimir told the readers of Russkiye Vedomosti. Gilyarovsky.

The moment of eclipse was approaching. Last goodbyes. Tall, slender Kovanko is already in the basket. Mendeleev in a brown coat and hunting boots makes his way there with difficulty through the web of ropes.

“For the first time I entered the ball basket, although, however, I once climbed in Paris in a tethered balloon. Now we were both in place,” the scientist later said

Further events played out in a matter of seconds. Everyone suddenly saw how Mendeleev said something to his companion, how Kovanko jumped out of the basket, and the ball slowly went up. A stool and a board that served as a table flew overboard. As luck would have it, the damp ballast turned into a dense lump. Having sank to the bottom of the basket, Mendeleev threw wet sand down with both hands.

The unexpected flight of Mendeleev alone, the disappearance of the ball in the clouds and the sudden surging darkness, according to Gilyarovsky, "had a depressing effect on everyone, it somehow became terrifying." Anna Ivanovna was taken home to the estate, petrified with horror. The painful atmosphere intensified when an unintelligible telegram sent by someone was received in Klin: "The ball was seen - Mendeleev is not there."

Meanwhile, the flight was successful. The ball rose to a height of more than three kilometers, broke through the clouds, and Mendeleev managed to observe the total phase of the eclipse. True, before the descent, the scientist had to show not only fearlessness, but also dexterity. The rope coming from the gas valve got tangled. Mendeleev climbed on board the basket and, hanging over the abyss, untangled the valve rope.

The ball landed safely in the Kalyazinsky district of the Tver province, the peasants escorted Mendeleev to the neighboring estate.

The news of the unusually bold flight of the Russian professor soon became known to the whole world. The French Academy of Meteorological Aeronautics awarded Mendeleev a diploma "For the courage shown during the flight to observe a solar eclipse."

In 1888, on the instructions of the government, he studied the causes of the crisis in the coal industry in the Donetsk region. His works "Letters on Factories", "Explanatory Tariff" contained important economic proposals.

In 1890-1895 he was a consultant at the Scientific and Technical Laboratory of the Naval Ministry. In 1892 he organized the production of the smokeless powder he invented.

In 1892, Mendeleev was appointed the scientist-custodian of the Depot of Exemplary Weights and Scales. Since 1893, on his initiative, it has become the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures. Now it is the All-Russian Research Institute of Metrology. DI. Mendeleev. As a result, already in 1899, Russia introduced new law about weights and measures, which contributed to the development of industry.

For one of the anniversaries, Dmitry Ivanovich was presented with a precious chemical balance made of pure aluminum - the electrochemical method for obtaining this cheap metal was then unknown, although Mendeleev's works also indicate this technology.

American physicists synthesized the 101st element of the table and called it mendelevium, on Earth there is a mineral named after Mendeleev, a volcano and an underwater mountain range Mendeleev, and reverse side The moon is Mendeleev's crater.

Jokes tell only about the great

There was a whole series of jokes about Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev. Some stories really happened, and some are clearly invented.

For example, there is a story about a visit to Mendeleev's laboratory by one of the Grand Dukes. The famous chemist, in order to point out the plight of the laboratory and knock out money for research, ordered to fill up the corridor along which the prince was supposed to walk, with all sorts of junk and boards from the fence. The imbued prince released some funds.

Another, which has become a classic, story is connected with Mendeleev's hobby - the manufacture of suitcases. Once a cab driver with a rider in a cab suddenly got up from his seat, bowed and raised his hat in front of some passerby. The surprised rider asked: "Who is this?" - "Oh!" - answered the driver. - This is the famous suitcase master Mendeleev! It should be noted that all this happened when Dmitry Ivanovich was already an internationally recognized great scientist.

And once, in almost similar circumstances, the driver respectfully informed the rider that this was the chemist Mendeleev. "Why isn't he arrested?" the rider was surprised. The fact is that in those years the word "chemist" was synonymous with the word "crook".

Legend of the invention of vodka

Dmitry Mendeleev in 1865 defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic “Discourse on the combination of alcohol with water”, which was not at all connected with vodka. Mendeleev, contrary to the prevailing legend, did not invent vodka; it existed long before him.

The Russian Standard label says that this vodka “meets the highest quality standard of Russian vodka, approved by the tsarist government commission headed by D. I. Mendeleev in 1894.” The name of Mendeleev is associated with the choice of 40° strength for vodka. According to the "Museum of Vodka" in St. Petersburg, Mendeleev considered the ideal strength of vodka 38 °, but this number was rounded up to 40, to simplify the calculation of the tax on alcohol.

However, in the works of Mendeleev, it is not possible to find a justification for this choice. Mendeleev's dissertation, devoted to the properties of mixtures of alcohol and water, does not single out 40 ° or 38 ° in any way. The “Tsarist Government Commission” could not establish this standard for vodka in any way, if only because this organization - the Commission to find ways to streamline the production and trade circulation of drinks containing alcohol - was formed at the suggestion of S. Yu. Witte only in 1895. Moreover, Mendeleev spoke at its meetings at the very end of the year and only on the issue of excises.

Where did 1894 come from? Apparently, from an article by the historian William Pokhlebkin, who wrote that "30 years after writing his dissertation ... he agrees to join the commission." The manufacturers of the "Russian Standard" added the metaphorical 30 to 1864 and got the desired value.

Vodka with a strength of 40 ° was widely used already in the 16th century. It was called polugar, because when burned, its volume was halved. Thus, checking the quality of vodka was simple and public, which became the reason for its popularity.

“I myself am surprised,” Mendeleev wrote at the end of his life, “what I just did not do in my life. And done, I think, not badly. He was a member of almost all academies and an honorary member of more than 100 learned societies.

Mendeleev conducted and published fundamental research in chemistry, chemical technology, pedagogy, physics, mineralogy, metrology, aeronautics, meteorology, agriculture, economics. All his works were closely connected with the needs of the development of productive forces in Russia.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Mendeleev, noting that the population of the Russian Empire had doubled over the past forty years, calculated that by 2050 its population would reach 800 million people.

In January 1907, D. I. Mendeleev himself caught a bad cold, showing the Chamber of Weights and Measures to the new Minister of Industry and Trade, Filosofov.

First, dry pleurisy was diagnosed, then the doctor Yanovsky found pneumonia in Dmitry Ivanovich. On January 19, at 5 o'clock, the great Russian chemist passed away. He was buried next to his son at the Volkovsky cemetery in St. Petersburg. He bought this place for himself shortly after the death of his son, it was located near the grave of the mother of D. I. Mendeleev.

Mendeleev (Dmitry Ivanovich) - prof., b. in Tobolsk, January 27, 1834). His father, Ivan Pavlovich, director of the Tobolsk gymnasium, soon became blind and died. Mendeleev, a ten-year-old boy, remained in the care of his mother, Maria Dmitrievna, nee Kornilyeva, a woman of an outstanding mind and enjoyed general respect in the local intelligentsia society. M.'s childhood and high school years are spent in an environment conducive to the formation of an original and independent character: her mother was a supporter of the free awakening of her natural vocation. Love for reading and studying was clearly expressed in M. only at the end of the gymnasium course, when the mother, deciding to send her son to science, took him as a 15-year-old boy from Siberia, first to Moscow, and then a year later to St. Petersburg, where she placed him in a pedagogical institute. Shortly thereafter, she died. A rare mother falls to the lot of such a large role in the history of the life of her children, which belonged to Maria Dmitrievna. It can be thought that the mother's precepts, which entered into flesh and blood from early childhood, determined to a large extent the entire nature of M.'s further activities, including attitudes towards various technical, economic and social phenomena. The Institute began a real, all-consuming study of all branches of positive science. Professors of chemistry - Voskresensky, physics - Lenz, mineralogy - Kutorga, mathematics - Ostrogradsky, astronomy - Savich, botany - Ruprecht, zoology - Brandt had the main influence. The future scientist was then clearly defined; while still a student, he published several analyzes and wrote an article "On isomorphism". At the end of the course at the institute, due to poor health, he left for the Crimea and was assigned as a gymnasium teacher, first in Simferopol, then in Odessa. But already in 1856 he returned to St. Petersburg again, entered as a privatdozent in St. Petersburg. univ. and defended his thesis "On specific volumes", for a master's degree in chemistry and physics. During this time he lectured on organic and theoretical chemistry; wrote about enantholic-sulphurous acid and about the difference between substitution, combination and decomposition reactions. In 1859, Mr.. M. was sent abroad. At first he intended to study in Paris in Regnault's laboratory, but then he chose Heidelberg, where, having set up a small laboratory, he carried out his research on the capillarity of liquids. At the same time he wrote "On the expansion of liquids" and "On the temperature of absolute boiling." Upon his return from abroad, in 1861, Mr.. M. again became a Privatdozent in St. Petersburg. university. Soon after, he published the course "Organic Chemistry" and the article "On the Limit of СnН2n+ Hydrocarbons". In 1863, Mr.. M. was appointed professor of St. Petersburg. Technological Institute and for several years dealt with technical issues a lot: he traveled to the Caucasus to study oil near Baku, made agricultural experiments Imp. freestyle economic society, published technical manuals, etc. In 1865, he studied alcohol solutions by their specific gravity, which served as the subject of his doctoral dissertation, which he defended the following year. Professor of St. Petersburg. univ. in the Department of Chemistry, M. was elected and appointed in 1866. Since then, his scientific activity has taken on such dimensions and diversity that in a brief essay it is possible to point out only the most important works. In 1868 - 1870. he writes his Fundamentals of Chemistry, where for the first time the principle of his periodic system elements, which made it possible to foresee the existence of new, yet undiscovered elements and to accurately predict the properties of both themselves and their various compounds. In 1871 - 1875. engaged in the study of elasticity and expansion of gases and publishes his essay "On the elasticity of gases". In 1876, on behalf of the government, he went to Pennsylvania to inspect American oil fields and then several times to the Caucasus to study the economic conditions of oil production and the conditions for oil production, which led to the widespread development of the oil industry in Russia; he himself is engaged in the study of petroleum hydrocarbons, publishes several essays about everything and analyzes the issue of the origin of oil in them. Around the same time, he dealt with issues related to aeronautics and the resistance of liquids, accompanying his studies with the publication of separate works. In the 80s. he again turns to the study of solutions, which resulted in Op. "Study aqueous solutions by specific gravity”, the conclusions of which have found so many followers among chemists of all countries. In 1887, during a total solar eclipse, he rises alone in a balloon in Klin, himself makes a risky adjustment of the valves, makes the ball obedient and enters into the annals of this phenomenon everything that he managed to notice. In 1888, he studied the economic conditions of the Donetsk coal region on the spot. In 1890, Mr.. M. stopped reading his course in inorganic chemistry in St. Petersburg. university. Other extensive economic and state tasks from that time began to especially occupy him. Appointed as a member of the Council of Trade and Manufactories, he takes an active part in the development and systematic implementation of a tariff that is patronizing for the Russian manufacturing industry and publishes the essay "Explanatory Tariff of 1890", interpreting in all respects why Russia needed such patronage. At the same time, he was involved by the military and naval ministries on the issue of rearming the Russian army and navy to develop a type of smokeless powder, and after a trip to England and France, which then already had their own gunpowder, he was appointed in 1891 as a consultant to the manager of the naval ministry on gunpowder issues and, working together with employees (his former students) in the scientific and technical laboratory of the naval department, opened specifically for the study of the indicated issue, already at the very beginning of 1892 he indicated the required type of smokeless powder, called pyrocollodic, universal and easily adaptable to any firearms guns. With the opening of the Chamber of Weights and Measures in the Ministry of Finance, in 1893, it is determined in it by the scientific custodian of measures and weights and begins the publication of the Vremennik, in which all measurement studies carried out in the chamber are published. Sensitive and responsive to all scientific issues of paramount importance, M. also keenly interested in other phenomena of current Russian social life, and wherever possible, said his word. So, in the 70s, when the totality of what was called mediumistic phenomena by some authors began to be discussed in print, he wrote his essay “On Spiritualism”. Since 1880, he began to take an interest in the art world, especially Russian, collects art collections, etc., and in 1894 he was elected a full member of the Imp. academy of arts. Since 1891, he has been the editor of the chemical-technical and factory department of this Dictionary, and he writes many of the articles himself. Of paramount importance, the various scientific questions that were the subject of M.'s study, due to their multiplicity, cannot be listed here. He wrote up to 140 works, articles and books. But time to evaluate historical significance these works have not yet come, and M., we hope, will not stop researching and expressing his powerful word on newly emerging issues, both science and life, for a long time to come.

I. Cheltsov.

Literature. Full list scientific works M. published in the "Biographical Dictionary of St. Petersburg. University". From this list, compiled by V. Kurilov, we present the following: "Specific volumes" (part of the dissertation; "Mining Journal" for 1856 and in a special edition); technical articles in Manufactury and Gornozavodskiye Izvestia, 1857 (July, August, September); "Ueber den Zusammenhang einiger physikalischer Eigenshaften der Korper mit ihren chemischen Reaktionen" ("Bulletin de la classe Pbysico Mathematique", 1858, vol. XVII-49; "Melanges physiques et chimiques", vol. III); "Ueber die onanthol-schweflige Saure" (located in the same place, the same "Lieb. Annalen"); “On sulphurous-enantholic acid” (“Chemical Journal” by Sokolov and Engelhardt, 1859; the article was supplemented against the previous one); "On the expansion of liquids from heating above the boiling point" ("Mining Journal" 1861, as well as "Zeitschrift fur Chemie und Pharmacie", 1861; "Liebig's Annalen d. Chemie u. Pharmacie", CXIX); "Organic Chemistry" ( 1861 - 1872; publication of the partnership "Public Benefit", 1861; ed. 2nd 1865); technical publications of the partnership "Public Benefit", published under the editorship of M., first under the title "Technology according to Wagner", and then "Technical Encyclopedia". Of these, M. a) "Production of flour, bread and starch" (1862), b) "Sugar production" (1862), c) "On distillation and alcoholometry" (1862), d) "Glass production" (1864); f) "Oil-milling" (1867); "On the organization of agricultural experiments" ("Proceedings of the Imperial Voln. Economics. General", vol. II, issue 3, 1866); "Program of agricultural experiments" ( Proceedings of the Imp. Voln. Voln Economy Tot. over the effect of fertilizers” (ibid., vol. 1, issue 4, 1872); "ABOUT modern development some chemical industries as applied to Russia and about the World Exhibition of 1867. (published by the department of trade and manuf., 1867); “On the combination of alcohol with water” (1865; doctoral discourse, defended on January 31, 1865); “A note on the question of the transformation of gymnasiums” (“St. Petersburg Vedomosti”, 1871, No. 118); "On Nitriles" ("Proceedings of the 1st Congress of Russian Naturalists", 1868); "Relationship of properties with the atomic weight of elements" ("Journal. Pyc. Khim. General", 1869, vol. 1, 60 - 77); “On the atomic volume of simple bodies” (“Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of the Russian Naturalists”); "Ueber die Stellung des Ceriums im System der Elemente" (1870, in "Bull. de l" Acad. de St. Pet. "Vol. XVI); "Zur Frage uber das System der Elemente" ("Berichte d. deut. Chem. Gesellsch.", 1871, 348); "Natural system of elements and its application to the indication of the properties of certain elements" ("Journal. Rus. Khim. General", 1871, issue 2); "Die periodische Gesetzmassigkeit der chemischen Elemente "("Lieb. Ann.", Supplem. VIII, 133; this article was translated in 1879 in "Quesneville Moniteur Scientifique"); "On the applicability of the periodic law to cerite metals" (answer to Rammelsberg, "Jour. Rus. Khim. Obshch.", 1873; the same article in "Lieb. Ann.", 168, 45); "On the metric system for expressing temperatures and a new sensitive differential thermometer" ("Journal of Phys. General", 1875, March); " On barometric leveling and on the use of an altimeter for it "(1876, special reprints from the Engineering Journal"); "On the elasticity of gases" (1875, part 1); "On the temperature of the upper layers of air" ("Protok, St. Petersburg. Fiz. Obshch.", 1875, October); "On the Temperatures of Atmospheric Layers" ("Journal. Phys. General.", 1876); "De la temperature des couches superieures de l "at mosphere" ("Archives des sciences", Geneva, March, 1875; the same "Jahresbericht des physik. Vereins zu Frankfurt a. M.", 1874 - 1875); "Oil industry in North America, Pennsylvania and the Caucasus "(1877); "On the resistance of liquids and aeronautics" (Issue 1, 1880); "On experiments on the elasticity of gases" ("Zap. Rus. Tech. General.", 1881 15, issue 2, St. Petersburg, 1881); “On the applicability of Newton’s third law to the mechanical explanation of chemical substitutions and, in particular, to the expression of the structure of hydrocarbons” (“Journal. Rus. Khim. Obshch.”, 1883, 15, duct.); "Expansion of liquids" ("Journal. Rus. Khim. General.", 1884, vol. 16, section 1); "Note on solutions" ("Journal. Rus. Khim. General. ", 1884, vol. 16, part chem., sep. 1); "On the ratio of the density of salt solutions with a partial weight of dissolved salts" ("Journal. Rus. Khim. General.", vol. 16, part chem. , sec. 1, duct.); “Dependence specific. the weight of the solutions on the composition and temperature "(" Vestn. Prom. "1884, No. 9, app. No. 10); “Opinion on the Baku-Batum oil pipeline” (“Zap. Imp. Rus. Tekhn. General”, 1885, chemical and technical department); "Application of the periodic law for the induction of the unity of matter, etc." ("Journal. Rus. Khim. General.", 1886, vol. 18. section 1); “Air flight from Klin during an eclipse” (“Sev. Vestn.”, 1887, No. 11 and 12); "A note on the dissociation of dissolved substances" ("Journal. Rus. Khim. General", 1889, 21, 1); " global importance kam. coal and Donets. basin "(" Severn. West. "1888); "An Attempt to Apply to Chemistry One of the Principles of Newton's Natural Philosophy" (a lecture delivered at the London Royal Institute; Sev.Vestn., 1889, No. 6); Fundamentals of Chemistry (6th ed., St. Petersburg, 1895); "Change in the density of water when heated" ("Journal. Russian. Phys. Chemical. General", 1893, department of physics.); “Overview of the factory. Industry and Trade of Russia” (in the edition of the Department of Trade and Manufactories). "On the renewal of prototypes of measures and weights"; "On pyrocollodic smokeless powder" ("Sea Collection", 1895 and 1896); "Time of the Main Chamber of Measures and Weights" (part 1, 1894); "On the weight of a liter of air" (1895, part II); “About the weight of a cube. measures of water” (“Proceedings of the Royal Society,” vol. 59).

This article is an abbreviation (in the first half) of the biography written by I. M. Cheltsov for the Biographical Dictionary of St. Petersburg. Univ. ”, a book published under the editorship of N. L. Menshutkin and not yet published.

The contribution to science of the famous Russian chemist, you will learn from this article.

Mendeleev's contribution to the development of chemistry

The famous Russian chemist owns the discovery of one of the main laws in natural science. This periodic law of chemical elements. He was the first to systematize and generalize a huge number of chemical observations and factors. Mendeleev also laid the foundations modern science chemistry. He outlined all his thoughts in his work entitled "Fundamentals of Chemistry".

But the main work of Dmitri Mendeleev, which forever immortalized his name in history, is the creation of a periodic system of chemical elements by him. This brilliant discovery summarized all the empirical chemical material. The previously discovered periodic law showed a natural relationship between all chemical elements. Dmitri Mendeleev arranged all the elements in the age sequence of atomic weights and found that they reveal similar properties at certain intervals. With his table, the scientist showed for the first time that the existing diversity chemical compounds and elements form a coherent system in nature. In addition, he noticed that the characteristics of the elements depend on the atomic weight. The chemist singled out 64 chemical element and arranged them in a table, which was later named after him.

What did Dmitry Mendeleev invent for the needs of the army?

Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich invented for the needs of the army the famous smokeless powder. But at that time, the scientist had not yet managed to file a patent for his brilliant invention, and the Americans later took advantage of this and patented gunpowder, began to sell it on the market.

What did Dmitri Mendeleev write for the encyclopedic dictionary?

Dmitry Mendeleev, whose discoveries were ahead of their time in many respects, was not only a practical scientist, but also an ordinary literary figure. For the encyclopedic dictionary of Efron and Brockhaus, he wrote as many as 54 articles. Of these, 3 articles were on culinary topics. Interestingly, the theme of one of them was called "Compote", which indicates his versatility as a person.

In addition, the scientist Dmitry Mendeleev was engaged in the development of a balloon project that would allow one to rise to high atmospheric heights. In 1887 he expressed the idea of ​​underground gasification hard coal. For several years in a row, he studied the effectiveness of fertilizers and developed a methodology for conducting field experiments. He published his achievements in the work "Proceedings of the Free Economic Society".

We hope that from this article you have learned what contribution Mendeleev made to the development of science.

When asked what was involved in free time D. I. Mendeleev? given by the author User deleted the best answer is "The spectacle of a great man's life
there is always a beautiful sight: it elevates the soul. . .
stimulates activity. V. Belinsky.

D. I. Mendeleev (1834-1907)
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev - the great Russian scientist, known for works in chemistry, physics, geology, economics and meteorology. Also an excellent teacher and popularizer of science, a member of a number of European academies of sciences, one of the founders of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society. In 1984, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) named Mendeleev the greatest scientist of all time.
What was the genius scientist fond of in his free time? scientific activity time?


Mendeleev and Kuindzhi play chess. AI Mendeleev is watching the game.
1904
Dmitry Ivanovich loved painting, music (Mendeleev's favorite music is "Rondo" - W. A. ​​Mozart), was fond of fiction especially the novels of Jules Verne. Despite being busy, Dmitry Ivanovich made boxes and frames for portraits, bound books, made suitcases (He carried this hobby through his whole life). The things he made with his own hands were different high quality. Elegant and wealthy people ordered travel suitcases for him. . .There is even a story about how once Dmitry Ivanovich bought materials for his crafts, and allegedly one seller asked another: “Who is this venerable gentleman? "The answer was quite unexpected:" Oh, this is the suitcase master - Mendeleev! »
It is also known that Mendeleev sewed his own clothes, considering the purchase uncomfortable. In the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron, he wrote articles not only about distilling, but also about dumplings. He considered modesty to be the most harmful human quality, he skillfully knocked out money from the government for his laboratory and other needs: he watched a solar eclipse from a balloon, participated in the design of the first Russian icebreaker "Ermak" ...


Flight of Mendeleev in a hot air balloon.
Mendeleev smoked a lot, carefully selecting tobacco and rolling cigarettes with his own hands. Another of his weaknesses, along with tobacco, was tea. He had his own channel for the delivery of tea home from Kyakhta, where he arrived in caravans from China. He ordered it for several years at once, and when the tsibiki were delivered to the apartment, the whole family began to sort and pack the tea. Mendeleev's tea earned great fame among friends, and Dmitry Ivanovich himself, not recognizing any other, did not drink tea at a party.
All his life, Mendeleev made various predictions and predictions, which almost always came true, because they were based on the natural mind, significant knowledge and unique intuition. Many testimonies of his relatives and friends have been preserved, shocked by the gift of a brilliant scientist to anticipate events, literally see the future, not only in science, but also in other areas of life. For example, he accurately predicted the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War of 1905. and the severe consequences of this war for Russia.

Portrait of D. I. Mendeleev. Ilya Repin 1885
Not a single Russian scientist received such attention during his lifetime as a portrait painter. His portraits belong to the largest domestic artists, graphic artists, sculptors. They were written (not counting A. I. Mendeleeva) by I. N. Kramskoy, I. E. Repin, N. A. Yaroshenko, painted by M. A. Vrubel and M. V. Rundaltsev, engraved by M. V. Rundaltsev and V. Mate; sculpted by I. Ya. Gintsburg.


Image of D. I. Mendeleev on stamps. Source:

Answer from Catherine[guru]
Dumas' novels... Since 1880, he began to take an interest in art, especially Russian art, collects art collections, and in 1894 he was elected a full member of the Imperial Academy of Arts. Repin draws his portrait. Since 1891, Mendeleev became the editor of the Chemical-Technical and Factory Department of the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron and wrote many of the articles himself. As a hobby, Dmitry Ivanovich made suitcases and sewed clothes for himself. Mendeleev also participated in the design of the first Russian icebreaker "Ermak".

Answer from Artyom Stakhanov[guru]
Vodas composed, well, he drank himself along the way ...

Answer from Elena[guru]
Made suitcases.

Answer from Anele[guru]
made suitcases

Answer from Natalie[newbie]
Slept

Answer from Natalia Romodina[guru]
In his free time, the great chemist D. I. Mendeleev, as we all know, invented a recipe for the Russian national drink - forty-degree vodka. And look: in no other country, except ours, they make such high-quality and tasty vodka! I consider this achievement of Mendeleev the main result of his non-theoretical (but still based on knowledge of chemistry) activity.