The place of rhetoric in modern liberal arts education. History of rhetoric: the emergence, development and dawn of ancient and Russian rhetoric. Rhetoric in the modern world

At the same time, the public discussion of problems of public interest is of great importance for the formation of the mechanisms of democratic procedures, for everyday democratic practice. Without the skills and habit of public discussion of socially significant problems of both national and local importance by ordinary citizens of Russia, the formation and development of a democratic state is impossible.

There is no experience of public discussions in Russian political practice, and generally accepted rules for holding such events, uniform requirements for the rules of speeches and for answering questions, and the distribution of the roles of participants in the discussion. There is no tradition of equal observance of the rules by all participants in such discussions, regardless of their official position, there is no experience of respectfully asking questions and respectfully answering questions on the merits, there is no tradition of strict observance of ethical and rhetorical norms of discussion.

Discussions in newspapers arouse the interest of readers, but have a limited resonance, since people often do not believe in the effectiveness of the newspaper word, they believe that discussions and compromising evidence are made to order and do not reflect the truth. It must be recognized that in modern Russian society the tradition and technique of a comprehensive democratic public discussion of problems of public interest in labor collectives, discussion clubs, educational institutions and in general at the level of ordinary citizens.

At present, human rights are gradually becoming the most important aspect of the public life of developed countries. Under these conditions, it became necessary to convince people, moreover, people who are not equal to each other in terms of education and culture, but who require equal treatment. In democracies, persuading people has become essential in preparing for elections. A person is individually unique, not like others, and this makes communication difficult, necessitates learning to communicate.

History shows that during periods of fundamental social change, rhetoric has always been in demand by life - we can recall the role and place of rhetoric in life Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, in the era of the Great French Revolution, the period of the American Civil War, the role of revolutionary rhetoric after the overthrow of the autocracy and during October revolution And civil war in Russia. It is no coincidence that in ancient democracies public speech played such a prominent role and came to naught in the Middle Ages, when mainly theological and ecclesiastical rhetoric dominated.

The development of democracy, the spread of the ideas of individual freedom and the equality of people before the law determined the need of society for rhetoric, which would show how to convince an equal to an equal.

The role of rhetoric in public life

Rhetoric is the science of oratory and eloquence. The linguistic features of oral public speaking, bringing rhetoric closer to poetics, suggest the use of techniques in a rhetorical work designed to convince the listener, his expressive processing. Teaching public (oratory) speech involves the formation of various skills (linguistic, logical, psychological, etc.) aimed at developing the rhetorical competence of students, i.e. ability and willingness to communicate effectively.

Definition of modern rhetoric as a discipline. The relevance of rhetoric in modern Russian society.

Samples of student essays

Samples of students' essays on the discipline can be found at the Department of Philosophy, History and Sociology of the Belarusian State Technical University (room A23).

Rhetoric is the science of oratory and eloquence. The ability to speak a word is an integral part of the general culture of a person, his education. The role of language in the formation of a person's personality. Reflection of the state of morality in society through language.

Rhetoric - the classical science of the expedient and appropriate word - is in demand today as a tool for managing and improving the life of society, shaping the personality through the word.

Rhetoric teaches to think, cultivates a sense of the word, forms a taste, establishes the integrity of the worldview. Through advice and recommendations, thoughtful and expressive texts, rhetorical education dictates the style of thought and life. modern society giving a person confidence in today's and tomorrow's existence.

In Russia, as in any developed democratic country, public democratic discussion of various social problems is the most important condition for the very existence of a democratic state, the basis for its functioning, a guarantee of public approval of important decisions by the population. modern Russia are completely absent. But on vital issues, when it is necessary to make an important decision at the state or local level, such discussions are carried out mainly by the administrative or legislative elite, and more often behind the scenes.

Such discussions are practiced in elected political bodies: in the State Duma, in local self-government bodies. There are talk shows on television. These programs reflect the society's need for a public discussion of problems and interest in such discussions. At the same time, it should be noted that minor problems are often discussed, many of the programs quickly disappear, which shows the instability of the public's interest in such programs.

Social progress in the XX century. significantly expanded the possibilities of rhetoric. Millions of people in Russia were drawn into the processes of political transformation: three revolutions, two world wars, " cold war", the spread of democracy in the world, the collapse of the USSR affected the population of the country. Radio and television contributed to the influence of the word on the mindset of a huge audience.

The role and possibilities of oratory have greatly increased. The end of the XX - the beginning of the XXI century. marked by the democratization of public life in Russia and the countries of the former socialist camp. The former Soviet republics became independent states. Democratic elections of presidents, parliamentarians, and self-government bodies involved millions of people in political life. Oratory is in demand again.

It is necessary in every possible way to encourage the development of oral public discussion of socially significant problems in Russian society, as well as to teach rhetorical skills, starting from school. The rhetorical education of Russian citizens is very important task Today.

2. In the science of rhetoric, scientists distinguish two areas: general rhetoric and private. The subject of general rhetoric is the general patterns of speech behavior (in different situations) and the practical possibilities of using them in order to make speech effective.

The general rhetoric contains the following sections:

1. rhetorical canon;

2. public speaking (oratorio);

3. dispute management;

4. conducting a conversation;

5. rhetoric everyday communication;

6. ethno-rhetoric.

Let's take a brief look at each section.

Rhetorical canon- This is a system of special signs and rules that originate in ancient rhetoric. By following these rules, you can find answers to next questions: what to say? in what order? How(what words)? In other words, the rhetorical canon traces the path from thought to word, describing three stages: content invention, location invented in the right order and verbal V expressions e.

Oratorio, or the theory and practice of public speech - a special section of rhetoric, a very important section. After all, fluency in the word is mandatory for a person who wants to defend his point of view in public, to persuade the audience to his side. Recall that rhetoric is a "child of democracy." And the great attention that is being paid to it today shows that our society is oriented towards democratic positions.

Theory and Art of Arguing This is also the realm of rhetoric. In a democratic society, there are many opinions on issues that affect the life of an individual and society as a whole. Learning to behave with dignity in a dispute, to be able to direct it so that it becomes a work to achieve the truth, and not an empty bickering, is always important, and especially today.

Conversation also studies general rhetoric. For those who want to know the reasons why people do not understand each other, learn the factors of success, who want to learn how to correctly determine the strategy and tactics of a conversation (any conversation, both secular and business), rhetoric will give the necessary practical recommendations.

The rhetoric of everyday communication gives knowledge about the speech behavior of people in their everyday, everyday, "home" life. It will help you find answers to the following questions: how do friendships, friendships, family relationships arise and die? What role do the features of speech behavior play in their formation and development?

Concerning the rhetoric of everyday communication, it must be said that some experts attribute it to private rhetoric, while others consider it one of the areas of general rhetoric. The latter, in defense of their point of view, give the following arguments: this rhetoric "concerns such an area human life in which everyone participates and act very general laws speech interaction” (21, 37). One way or another, but the rhetoric of everyday communication exists and can practical help to any person.

Ethno-rhetoric studies national and cultural differences in people's speech behavior. Rhetorical knowledge will help to avoid situations of misunderstanding between people of different nationalities both in the field of business communication and in areas related to spiritual values. Thus, a rhetorically educated person will understand why the Americans believe that when negotiating our business people do not state their position clearly and definitely, and why the Japanese see the Russians as excessively categorical in their judgments. Once again, it's all about difference. national cultures and understanding this will help avoid communication errors.

Private rhetoric study special areas, which are called areas of "increased speech responsibility", because in them the responsibility of a person for his speech behavior, for the ability or inability to master the word is extremely high. These are diplomacy, medicine, pedagogy, administrative and organizational activities, etc. This is what the author burns about this study guide"Rhetoric" N. A. Mikhailichenko:

“Probably, there are no such professions where a skillful command of the word would not come in handy. But in some areas of human activity, it becomes simply necessary, is a prerequisite effective work. Lawyer, teacher, social worker, manager, politician, preacher must master the art of speech if they want to reach the top in their profession. After all, they constantly have to communicate with people, talk, advise, instruct, speak publicly, in an official setting. And in order to make a public speech, it’s not enough to know what to say, you also need to know how to say it, you need to imagine the features of oratorical speech, take into account many factors that affect the speaker and listeners, and master the technique of speaking” (20, 6).

In our country, "Pedagogical Rhetoric" by A. K. Mikhalskaya, "Business Rhetoric" by L. A. Vvedenskaya and L. G. Pavlova have already been published, and other textbooks are being developed. In this manual, addressed primarily to future managers, we will also turn to private rhetoricians, although the main emphasis is on the laws of general rhetoric, which provide a key to any of its areas.

3 . The origin of rhetoric: socio-political prerequisites for its formation.

The objective basis for the emergence of oratory as a social phenomenon was the urgent need for public discussion and resolution of issues of social significance. History shows that the most important condition for the manifestation and development of oratory, the free exchange of views on vital issues, the driving force behind critical thought are democratic forms of government, the active participation of free citizens in the political life of the country.

Rhetoric as a systematic discipline developed in ancient Greece during the era of Athenian democracy. During this period, the ability to speak in public was considered a necessary quality of every full citizen. As a result, the Athenian democracy can be called the first rhetorical republic. Separate elements of rhetoric (for example, fragments of the doctrine of figures, forms of argumentation) arose even earlier in ancient India and in Ancient China, but they were not summarized in single system and did not play so important role in society.

So, eloquence became an art under the conditions of the slave system, which created certain opportunities for direct influence on the mind and will of fellow citizens with the help of the speaker's living word.

The flowering of rhetoric coincided with the flowering of ancient democracy, when three institutions began to play a leading role in the state: popular assembly, People's Court, Council of Five Hundred. Political issues were publicly decided, courts were held. In order to win over the people (demos), it was necessary to present their ideas in the most attractive way. Under these conditions, eloquence becomes necessary for every person.

Sophists. Their role in the development of rhetoric

A sophist is a person who knows how to hide the main thing behind subtleties and details, knows how to prove the truth of what corresponds to his goals. The course of such reasoning and the art of subtly proving what is necessary, but not necessarily true, are called sophistry. Sophism is understood as a logically or in detail correct, but in its essence not a true judgment. Rhetoric is scornfully called an empty verbal embellishment that leads away from the main thing. The appearance of a second meaning in these words, carrying a negative assessment, is associated with the peculiarities of the worldview of the sophists. For sophists, everything in the world is relative, everything is subjective, and life itself is colorful, changeable and infinitely diverse. What was beautiful for a person yesterday becomes ugly tomorrow. It all depends on his mood, age, etc. “So what is there to talk about? asks the sophist Protagoras. “I said that I would prove the identity of the ugly and the beautiful…”

The rhetorical ideal of the Sophists had the following features:

1) It was “manipulating” rhetoric, monologue. For the speaker, the addressee is more of a passive object of influence than an active subject. His mind can be manipulated.

2) The rhetoric of the sophists is agonal (from the Greek agon - struggle, competition), i.e. the rhetoric of a verbal dispute, competitions that are aimed at the victory of one and the defeat of the other.

3) The rhetoric of the Sophists was the rhetoric of relativity. Not the truth was the goal of their disputes, but victory, because, in their opinion, there is no truth, but there is only what they managed to prove.

Known in Ancient Rus' and diplomatic eloquence. One of the first serious diplomatic actions dates back to the 10th century, when, after the famous victory of Prince Oleg near Constantinople, the princely ambassadors concluded the “Treaty between the Russians and the Greeks”.

Military eloquence was presented in a worthy manner in Ancient Rus' - an appeal to the army to show stamina and courage. Another type of eloquence is solemn. Feasts, funeral feasts, meetings of the winners could not do without corresponding speeches. After the adoption of Christianity by Russia, homiletics develops - solemn and instructive eloquence. Formed as a literary genre in Byzantium, it was widely known in Rus' in the "words" and teachings of the Church Fathers, it synthesized the primordial traditions of oral folk art and the achievements of Eastern Christian preaching.

In the XII century. Kirill Turovsky, the greatest thinker of Ancient Rus', was widely known. Nor by the volume left literary heritage, neither in popularity and authority he had no equal among his contemporaries. He was called "Chrysostom, who more than all shone to us in Rus'." The most popular were the "words" of Turovsky, intended for reading in the church on religious holidays. In them, the author manifests himself as a real orator, who is fluent in oratory: he then addresses the audience. sometimes he describes a gospel plot or a complex theological concept with the help of colorful allegories, then he questions and answers himself, he argues with himself in front of the audience, he proves to himself. Turovsky's work testifies to the fact that ancient Russian orators were fluent in all the variety of techniques developed by ancient rhetoric. This influenced the dissemination of relevant knowledge in a secular environment.

There are examples of quite secular public eloquence in the Lay of Igor's Campaign. Suffice it to recall the appeal to the princes of Svyatoslav.

The term "rhetoric" in Russian first appears in the translation of the Greek manuscript "On Images" in 1073. And the earliest of the Russian manuals, The Rhetoric of Macarius, appeared at the beginning of the 17th century.

4. Rhetoric is one of the most ancient philological sciences. It took shape in the 4th century BC. in Greece. The word ρητορική means " oratory or the doctrine of oratory”, but the main content of rhetoric already at that time was the theory of argumentation in public speech. The great Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle (384-322 BC) defined this science as “the ability to find possible ways of persuading about any given subject”1.

The task of rhetoric, as conceived by Aristotle, was to make the moral principles on which social life should be based become more convincing than selfish and material-practical considerations: “Rhetoric is useful because truth and justice are by nature stronger than their opposites, and if decisions are not properly delivered, then truth and justice are necessarily overcome by their opposites, which is reprehensible.

Science was divided in antiquity into three areas: physics, knowledge about nature; ethics - knowledge of social institutions; logic - knowledge about the word as an instrument of thinking and activity.

Education is based precisely on the logical sciences, or organon, as they were called in antiquity and the Middle Ages, since, first of all, a method must be mastered, on the basis of which theoretical knowledge and practical activity are possible.

The organon included the trivium and quadrivium, the seven liberal arts. The trivium included grammar, dialectics, rhetoric. Grammar is the science of the general rules for constructing meaningful speech. Poetics was adjacent to grammar as the science of the artistic word - a kind of "laboratory of language". Dialectics - the science of the methods of discussing and solving problems and technology scientific evidence. Rhetoric is the science of argumentation in public speech, which is necessary when discussing practical issues. The quadrivium, which completed general education, included mathematical sciences: arithmetic and music, geometry and astronomy.

The founders of rhetoric were the classical sophists of the 5th century. BC. highly appreciating the word and the power of his conviction.

It is customary to trace the beginning of rhetoric to the 460s BC. and associate with the activities of the senior sophists Corax, Tisias, Protagoras and Gorgias.

Corax allegedly wrote the textbook The Art of Persuasion, which has not come down to us, and Tisias opened one of the first schools for teaching eloquence. It should be noted that the attitude towards sophistry and sophists was ambivalent and contradictory, which was reflected even in the understanding of the word "sophist": at first it meant a sage, a talented, capable, experienced person in any art; then, gradually, the unscrupulousness of the sophists, their virtuosity in defending directly opposite points of view led to the fact that the word "sophist" acquired a negative connotation and began to be understood as a false sage, charlatan, cunning.

The theory of rhetoric was actively developed by the sophist philosopher Protagoras (481-411 BC) from Abdera in Thrace. He was one of the first to use the dialogical form of presentation, in which two interlocutors express opposite views. Paid teachers appear - sophists, who not only taught practical eloquence, but also composed speeches for the needs of citizens. Sophists constantly emphasized the power of the word, carried out verbal battles between exponents of different views, competed in virtuosity in mastering the living word.

Gorgias (480-380 BC) was a student of Corax and Thissia. He is considered the founder or at least the discoverer of figures as one of the main objects of rhetoric. He himself actively used figures of speech (parallelism, homeoteleuton, i.e. uniform endings, etc.), tropes (metaphors and comparisons), as well as rhythmically constructed phrases. Gorgias narrowed down the subject of rhetoric, which was too vague for him: unlike other sophists, he claimed that he did not teach virtue and wisdom, but only oratory. Gorgias was the first to teach rhetoric in Athens. Undertaking to teach everyone to speak beautifully and being, by the way, a virtuoso of brevity, Gorgias taught everyone who wanted to speak rhetoric so that they could conquer people, “make them their slaves of their own free will, and not under duress.” By the strength of his conviction, he forced the sick to drink such bitter medicines and undergo such operations that even doctors could not force them to do. Gorgias defined rhetoric as the art of speaking.

Lysias (415-380 BC) is considered the creator of judicial speech as a special type of eloquence. His presentation was distinguished by brevity, simplicity, logic and expressiveness, symmetrical construction of phrases.

Isocrates (436-388 BC) is considered the founder of "literary" rhetoric - the first rhetorician who paid predominant attention to writing. He was one of the first to introduce the concept of the composition of an oratorical work. The features of his style are complex periods, which, however, have a clear and precise construction and therefore are easily accessible for understanding, rhythmic articulation of speech and an abundance of decorative elements. The rich embellishment made Isocrates' speeches somewhat ponderous for listening to.

Classical Greek rhetoric was crowned with the truly tragic figure of the political and judicial orator Demosthenes (384-322 BC). Nature did not endow him with any of the qualities necessary for an orator. A sickly child, cared for by a widowed mother, he received a poor education. Demosthenes had an indistinct, lisping accent, rapid breathing, and a nervous tic; a lot of shortcomings that prevent him from becoming a speaker. At the cost of enormous efforts, constant and hard work, he achieved the recognition of his contemporaries. Circumstances forced him to become an orator: he was ruined by unscrupulous guardians. Actively taking up the defense of his own rights through the courts, he began to take lessons from the well-known specialist Isei, work on getting rid of his shortcomings and eventually won the process. But when he first appeared in public, he was ridiculed and booed. From this moment, overcoming begins - the most characteristic in the fate and personality of Demosthenes.

To make the diction clear, he took pebbles in his mouth and so read passages from the works of poets from memory; he also practiced pronouncing phrases while running or climbing a steep mountain; I tried to learn to say several verses in a row or some long phrase without taking a breath. He studied acting "game", which gives harmony and beauty to speech; to get rid of twitching his shoulder while speaking, he hung a sharp sword in such a way that he pricked his shoulder and so got rid of this habit. He turned any meeting, conversation into a pretext and a subject for hard work: left alone, he set out all the circumstances of the case along with the arguments related to each of them; memorizing speeches, then he restored the course of reasoning, repeated the words spoken by others, came up with all sorts of corrections and ways to express the same thought differently. He sculpted himself, bringing to perfection what nature so casually fulfilled.

The main means of Demosthenes the orator is his ability to captivate the audience with the emotional excitement that he himself experienced when speaking about the position of his native policy in the Hellenic world. Using a question-answer technique, he skillfully dramatized his speech. Demosthenes sometimes supplemented the dialogical form of his speeches with stories, in the pathetic places of his speeches he recited poems by Sophocles, Euripides and other famous poets of the ancient world. In general, Demosthenes's thinking is characterized by irony, sparkling and interrupting at the most pathetic moments of his speeches; actively used antithesis (opposition), rhetorical questions; its syllable is characterized by euphony, the predominance of long syllables, which evoked a feeling of smoothness. Demosthenes preferred logical stress to all methods of emphasizing meaning, so he put the keyword in the first or last place in the period; the use of several, most often a pair, synonyms denoting an action also serves as a means of semantic highlighting: let him speak and advise; rejoice and have fun; cry and shed tears. He often used hyperbole, metaphors, mythological images and historical parallels. Speeches are reasoned, clear in presentation. The main opponent of Demosthenes was the Macedonian king Philip - Demosthenes wrote eight "Philippics", in which he explained to the Athenians the meaning of the aggressive policy of the Macedonian. When Philip received one of the texts of Demosthenes' speech, he said that if he had heard this speech, he would have voted for war against himself. The result of the convincing performances of Demosthenes was the creation of an anti-Macedonian coalition of Greek policies. Having lost the war with the heirs of Alexander the Great, the Athenians were forced to sign very difficult peace conditions and pronounced death sentences on orators who urged them to war against Macedonia. Demosthenes took refuge in the temple of Poseidon, but he was overtaken there too. Then he asked to give him some time to leave a written order at home and drank poison from a reed stick, which the ancient Greeks used to write. Thus ended the days of the greatest master of ancient Greek eloquence, whom the Greeks called simply "orator", as Homer was called simply "poet". However, the glory of Demosthenes did not die with him. The ancients carefully preserved more than 60 of his speeches; Plutarch compiled his extensive biography, comparing his biography with the life of the outstanding orator of Rome, Mark Tullius Cicero. The best epitaph for Demosthenes could be his own words: “It is not the word and the sound of the voice that are valuable in an orator, but the fact that he strives for the same thing that the people strive for and that he hates or loves those whom the homeland hates or loves.”

On the basis of the developing oratory, attempts were made to theoretically comprehend the principles and methods of oratory. Thus was born the theory of eloquence - rhetoric. The greatest contribution to the theory of eloquence was made by Socrates (470-399 BC), Plato (428-348 BC) and Aristotle (384-322 BC).

Plato (427-347 BC) rejected the value relativism of the sophists and noted that the main thing for a rhetor is not copying other people's thoughts, but his own comprehension of the truth, finding his own path in oratory. Plato noted that the main task of oratory is persuasion, meaning, above all, emotional persuasion. He emphasized the importance of a harmonious composition of speech, the speaker's ability to separate the paramount from the unimportant and take this into account in speech.

Aristotle (384-322 BC) completed the transformation of rhetoric into a scientific discipline. He established an inextricable link between rhetoric, logic and dialectics, and among the most important features of rhetoric he singled out its "special dynamic expressiveness and approach to the reality of the possible and probabilistic." In the main works devoted to rhetoric (“Rhetoric”, “Topeka” and “On Sophistic Refutations”), Aristotle indicated the place of rhetoric in the system of sciences of antiquity and described in detail everything that constituted the core of rhetorical teaching over the following centuries (types of arguments, categories listeners, types of rhetorical speeches and their communication goals, ethos, logos and pathos, style requirements, tropes, synonyms and homonyms, compositional blocks of speech, methods of proof and refutation, rules of dispute, etc.). Some of these questions after Aristotle were either perceived dogmatically, or were generally removed from rhetorical teaching. Their development was continued only by representatives of the new rhetoric starting from the middle of the 20th century.

The rhetorical ideal of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle can be defined as:

1) dialogic: not manipulating people, but inciting their thoughts is the goal speech communication and activities of the speaker;

2) harmonizing: the main goal of the conversation is not victory at any cost, but the unification of the forces of the participants in communication to reach agreement;

3) semantic: the purpose of a conversation between people, as well as the purpose of speech, is the search and discovery of truth.

rhetoric art eloquence

Rhetoric is the science of oratory and eloquence. The linguistic features of oral public speaking, bringing rhetoric closer to poetics, suggest the use of techniques in a rhetorical work designed to convince the listener, his expressive processing. Teaching public (oratory) speech involves the formation of various skills aimed at developing the rhetorical competence of students, i.e. ability and willingness to communicate effectively.

The work contains 1 file

Introduction

Rhetoric- the classical science of the expedient and appropriate word - is in demand today as a tool for managing and improving the life of society, shaping the personality through the word.

Rhetoric teaches to think, cultivates a sense of the word, forms a taste, establishes the integrity of the worldview.

Rhetoric- the science of oratory and eloquence. The linguistic features of oral public speaking, bringing rhetoric closer to poetics, suggest the use of techniques in a rhetorical work designed to convince the listener, his expressive processing. Teaching public (oratory) speech involves the formation of various skills aimed at developing the rhetorical competence of students, i.e. ability and willingness to communicate effectively.

The gift of the word is one of the greatest abilities of a person, elevating him above the world of all living things and making him a proper person. Word is a means of communication between people, a way of exchanging information, a tool for influencing the consciousness and actions of another person.

Ownership of the word is valued very highly, but not everyone owns the word. Moreover, the overwhelming majority are hardly able to correctly express their thoughts on paper, and even more so they do not own rhetoric in its true sense. The ability to speak a word is an integral part of the general culture of a person, his education.

Since ancient times, people have sought to understand what is the secret of the impact of the living word, is it an innate gift or the result of long, painstaking learning and self-education? Rhetoric provides answers to these and other questions.

Rhetoric is theory, craftsmanship and the art of eloquence. By eloquence, the ancients understood the art of the orator, and by rhetoric, the rules that serve to form orators.

The role of language in the formation of a person's personality

Today, everything related to the concept is extremely relevant. "Culture" is a very ambiguous and capacious concept.

culture is a set of material and spiritual values created by human society and characterizing a certain level of development of society.

In modern conditions, the goal of education is the communicative culture of the individual, which includes emotional and speech, informational and logical culture as components.

The culture of speech and the culture of communication, being the conditions and means for the development of students, the formation of their individual culture, should be considered as the goal, the result of the humanization and humanitarization of the education system.

At present, the closest relationship between the economy, education, attitude to work and human culture is beginning to be realized. The hottest issue today- moral character, culture of the individual, since in solving economic, general social and cultural issues, the efforts of not only the team, but also each person are important.

The increased interest in moral issues in recent times is also caused by the awareness of a rather low culture in the field of communication.

Communication- a complex process that involves the pursuit of truth, assuming the ability to hear and listen to another person, assuming respect for the personality of the interlocutor with whom the dialogue is being conducted. Truly human communication is built on respect for the dignity of the other person.

In a broad sense, the concept of a culture of behavior includes all aspects of the internal and external culture of a person: etiquette, culture of life, organization of personal time, hygiene, work culture.

Particular attention should be paid to the culture of speech: the ability to speak and listen, to conduct a conversation is an important condition for mutual understanding, checking the truth or falsity of one's opinions and ideas.

Speech- the most meaningful, capacious and expressive means of communication. High speech culture involves high culture thinking, because immature thoughts cannot be expressed in a clear accessible form.

A culture of speech- this is an integral part of the general culture of a person, the ability to accurately, expressively convey one's thoughts.

Language reflects the state of morality in society. Colloquial and jargon emphasize laziness of thinking, although, at first glance, they help communication, simplifying this process. Incorrect, interspersed with jargon, speech indicates a person’s poor upbringing.

Our language is an essential part of our overall behavior and life. And by the way a person speaks, we can immediately and easily judge who we are dealing with, we can determine the degree of intelligence of a person, the degree of his psychological balance, the degree of his possible complexes.

Our speech is the most important part not only of our behavior, but also of our soul, mind, our ability not to succumb to the influences of the environment.

The role of rhetoric in public life

In Russia, as well as in any developed democratic country, a public democratic discussion of various social problems is the most important condition for the very existence of a democratic state, the basis of its functioning, a guarantee of public approval of important decisions by the population.

Public discussion of issues of public interest is of great importance for the formation of the mechanisms of democratic procedures, for everyday democratic practice. Without the skills and habit of public discussion of socially significant problems of both national and local importance by ordinary citizens of Russia, the formation and development of a democratic state is impossible.

Democratic elections of presidents, parliamentarians, and self-government bodies involved millions of people in political life. Oratory became in demand.

The role of rhetoric in professional activity

Society includes various professions and various forms organization of professional activities, various areas of law and management styles. Abstract thinking is determined by the difference between the sciences and the fields of technology. The difference in talents determines the difference in people's professional activities. Here speech plays a leading role.

When we talk about the professional competence of a specialist, we mean, first of all, his knowledge of his specialty, but at the same time, we assume that professional knowledge is supported by the general humanitarian culture of a person, his ability to understand the world around him, and his ability to communicate. After all, the ability to communicate for a number of professions, and economics in the first place, is an integral part of professional competence, a necessary condition for true professionalism. Professional speech competence should be taught, given the necessary knowledge, and basic skills should be formed.

Conclusion

Rhetoric and culture of speech pervades all spheres of society. Language is a form of thought and a means of communication. A professional career is very dependent on the culture of communication and the use of professional language. The ability to build relationships with colleagues is absolutely essential for a productive professional activity. Rhetoric is necessary for the formation of the cultural level of a person, his ability to establish relationships with society.

Moscow State University MESI

Tver branch of MESI

Department of Humanities and Socio-Economic Disciplines

Test

On the subject "General rhetoric"

Topic: "The role of rhetoric in modern society"

Work completed: student of group 38-MO-11

Mistrov A.S.

Checked by the teacher: Zharov V.A.

Tver, 2009

Introduction

1. What is rhetoric, or why are people given language, speech, and words?

2. The role of language in the formation of a person's personality

3. The role of rhetoric in public life

4. The role of rhetoric in professional activity

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

Rhetoric - the classical science of the expedient and appropriate word - is in demand today as a tool for managing and improving the life of society, shaping the personality through the word.

Rhetoric teaches to think, cultivates a sense of the word, forms a taste, establishes the integrity of the worldview. Through advice and recommendations, thoughtful and expressive texts, rhetorical education dictates the style of thought and life in modern society, giving a person confidence in today's and tomorrow's existence.

1. What is rhetoric, or why are people given language, speech, and words?

The pathos of studies of the traditional domestic science of language is determined by the desire of scientists to describe the language from the point of view of its internal structure. The task of describing the language structure is noble and urgent. However, with such an approach, a person, a person who perceives and generates speech, is left out.

The gift of the word is one of the greatest abilities of a person, elevating him above the world of all living things and making him a proper person. The word is a means of communication between people, a way of exchanging information, a tool for influencing the consciousness and actions of another person. 1

Gold rusts and steel rots.

The marble crumbles. Everything is ready for death.

The strongest on earth is sadness -

And more durable is the royal Word.

(A. Akhmatova)

Ownership of the word is valued very highly, but not everyone owns the word.

Moreover, the vast majority are hardly able to competently express their thoughts on paper, all the more they do not own rhetoric in its true understanding.

The ability to speak a word is an integral part of the general culture of a person, his education. For an intelligent person, noted A.P. Chekhov, "speaking badly should be considered as indecent as not being able to read and write ... All the best statesmen in the era of prosperity of states, the best philosophers, poets, reformers were at the same time the best speakers. "Flowers of eloquence" was the path to every career is strewn.

For most of our compatriots, the word rhetoric sounds mysterious, for others it means nothing, for still others it means pompous, outwardly beautiful, and even "meaningless speech." This word is often accompanied by such epithets as "manipulating" or "empty".

The most common definition is as follows: rhetoric is the theory, skill and art of eloquence. By eloquence, the ancients understood the art of the orator, and by rhetoric, the rules that serve to form orators.

Words can kill

Words can save

Word can shelves

In modern manuals and books on rhetoric, this science is often called the "science of persuasion." Aristotle would have been dissatisfied with such a formulation, would have considered it an obvious mistake. You say: what an insignificant difference! Is it really as important as saying: "the science of persuading" or "the science of finding ways to persuade." You need to immediately get used not only to the accuracy of the word, reflecting all the nuances, shades of thought, but also to the accuracy that conveys a clear semantic structure of speech.

In antiquity, rhetoric was called "the queen of all arts."

Currently, rhetoric is the theory of persuasive communication.

With free will and reason, we are responsible for our own actions. The science of rhetoric provides us with invaluable assistance in this: it allows us to evaluate the argumentation of any speech and make an independent decision. 2

Since we live in a society, we need to take into account the opinions of other people, consult with them. To convince another means to substantiate your ideas in such a way that those who participate in the discussion agree with them and join them, become your allies.

It is possible and necessary to learn convincingly, to speak, if necessary, to argue, to convincingly defend one's point of view.

2. The role of language in the formation of a person's personality

Words burn like fire

Or freeze like stones

It depends

What did you give them?

What to them in their hour

touched by hands

And how much did he give them

Heartfelt warmth.

N. Rylenkov

Today, everything related to the concept is extremely relevant. "Culture" is a very ambiguous and capacious concept.

Culture is a set of material and spiritual values created by human society and characterizing a certain level of development of society.

Today, humanization and democratization are declared as the main principles of the education system. Education itself is seen as a means of a safe and comfortable existence of the individual in the modern world, as a way of self-development of the individual. Under these conditions, there is a change of priorities in education, it becomes possible to strengthen its culture-forming role, a new ideal of a person educated in the form of a "man of culture", "a person of an ennobled image", possessing mental, ethical, aesthetic, socio-spiritual culture appears.

The means and condition for achieving this ideal, the very goal of education, is the communicative culture of the individual, which includes emotional and speech, informational and logical culture as components.

The Secondary School Reform Documents (1984) stated:

"Fluent knowledge of the Russian language should become the norm for young people graduating from secondary schools."

These attitudes are preserved in the latest documents on the restructuring of public education.

Why is the prestige of education falling so irresistibly? Why are the spiritual needs and demands of our yesterday's and today's students so frighteningly flawed? What will help stop the disastrously fading interest in knowledge and books? How to stop the devaluation of the national treasure - the native language, to revive the traditions of respect for the word, purity, richness of speech? All the above questions are connected with the problem of the spiritual state of society, with the speech culture of its members, the culture of their communication. It so happened that living in words and words, and not reality, accustomed to semantic unambiguity, people lost the ability to understand the different meanings of words, to see the degree of their correspondence to reality. It is curious that the ability to correlate the word with reality Academician I.P. Pavlov considered as the most important property of the mind.

Observing what Russia was going through, in 1918 he said in his public lecture: "Russian thought ... does not go behind the scenes of the word, does not like to look at the true reality. We are engaged in collecting words, not studying life." 3,

The destructible tradition of an evaluative attitude to speech, the emerging (on the favorable soil of low culture) fetishization of the word led to an inability to foresee the consequences of the introduction of militarized vocabulary (arm, fight, form, forge) into educational problems.

Entering the pedagogical consciousness, this vocabulary predetermined the subordination of educational activities to the barracks laws, determined the command-directive forms of interaction, rigidly regulated models of relations.

All this dehumanized the education system, leaving no room for the implementation of its most important function - culture-forming, aimed at developing and improving the culture of the individual and society as a whole.

According to the results of the survey of students of different age groups, there is reason to believe that the developing potential of the school in terms of the formation of a culture of speech and a culture of communication is implemented weakly, inconsistently and purposefully. The culture of speech and the culture of communication, being the conditions and means for the development of students, the formation of their individual culture, should be considered as the goal, the result of the humanization and humanitarization of the education system. 4

At present, the closest relationship between the economy, education, attitude to work and human culture is beginning to be realized. The most urgent problem today is moral character, cultural values, since in solving economic, general social and cultural issues, the efforts of not only the team, but also each person are important.

The increased interest in moral issues in recent times is also caused by the awareness of a rather low culture in the field of communication.

Communication is a complex process that involves the pursuit of truth.

Communication is a complex process that involves the ability to hear and listen to another person.

Communication is a complex process that involves respect for the personality of the interlocutor with whom the dialogue is being conducted.

Truly human communication is built on respect for the dignity of another person, observance of the norms of morality developed by mankind.

Speech is the most meaningful, capacious and expressive means of communication.

A high speech culture implies a high culture of thinking, because immature thoughts cannot be expressed in a clear, accessible form.

The culture of speech is an integral part of the general culture of a person, the ability to accurately, expressively convey one's thoughts.

In this regard, the thoughts of K. Paustovsky that in relation to each person to his language, one can absolutely accurately judge not only his cultural level, but also his civic value, seem relevant. True love for one's country is unthinkable without love for one's language. A person who is indifferent to his native language is a savage. He is inherently harmful, because his indifference to the language is explained by the uttermost indifference to the past, present and future of his people.

Language is not only a sensitive indicator of the intellectual, moral development of a person, his general culture, but also the best educator.

A clear expression of one's thoughts, the exact choice of words, the richness of speech form a person's thinking and his professional skills in all areas of human activity.

Academician D.S. Likhachev rightly notes that “sloppiness in clothes is disrespect for the people around you and for yourself. The point is not to be smartly dressed. is on the verge of ridiculous. You must be dressed cleanly and neatly, in the style that best suits you, and depending on age. To an even greater extent than clothing, language testifies to a person’s taste, his attitude to the world around him, to yourself."

Our language is an essential part of our overall behavior and life. And by the way a person speaks, we can immediately and easily judge who we are dealing with: we can determine the degree of intelligence of a person, the degree of his psychological balance, the degree of his possible complexes.

Our speech is the most important part not only of our behavior, but also of our soul, mind, our ability not to succumb to the influences of the environment.

Everything, no matter what we talk about, everything and always depends on the state of morality. The tongue senses it. In this saddle.

N.M. Karamzin said: "... Language and literature are ... the main ways of public education; the richness of language is the richness of thoughts, ... it serves as the first school for a young soul, imperceptibly, but all the more strongly impressing in it the concepts on which the most deep sciences...

3. The role of rhetoric in public life

History shows that during periods of fundamental social change, rhetoric has always been in demand by life - one can recall the role and place of rhetoric in the life of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, in the era of the Great French Revolution, the period of the Civil War in the United States, the role of revolutionary rhetoric after the overthrow of the autocracy and in the period October Revolution and Civil War in Russia. It is no coincidence that public speech played such a prominent role in ancient democracies and disappeared in the Middle Ages, when mainly theological and church rhetoric dominated.

In Russia, as in any developed democratic country, a public democratic discussion of various social problems is the most important condition for the very existence of a democratic state, the basis for its functioning, a guarantee of public approval of important decisions by the population. It cannot be argued that public discussions in modern Russia are completely absent. But on vital issues, when it is necessary to make an important decision at the state or local level, such discussions are carried out mainly by the administrative or legislative elite, and more often behind the scenes.

Discussions in newspapers arouse the interest of readers, but have a limited resonance, since people often do not believe in the effectiveness of the newspaper word, they believe that discussions and compromising evidence are made to order and do not reflect the truth. It must be admitted that modern Russian society almost completely lacks the tradition and technique of a comprehensive democratic public discussion of problems of public interest in labor collectives, discussion clubs, educational institutions and, in general, at the level of ordinary citizens.

Social progress in the XX century. significantly expanded the possibilities of rhetoric. Millions of people in Russia were involved in the processes of political transformation: three revolutions, two world wars, the Cold War, the spread of democracy in the world, the collapse of the USSR affected the population of the country. Radio and television contributed to the influence of the word on the mindset of a huge audience.

4. The role of rhetoric in professional activity

Society is divided by differences in confessional rites. Society includes various professions and various forms of organization of professional activities, various areas of law and management styles, physical culture requires targeting of ages and the nature of the physiology of individuals. Abstract thinking is determined by the difference between the sciences and the fields of technology. The difference in talents determines the difference in people's professional activities.

In this process speech activity plays a leading role. The fact is that any form of education requires speech actions in order for it to be established one way or another.

So, for teaching the arts, for introducing works of art into society (ordering, displaying, criticizing, interpreting a work by an artist, educating an artist), society uses speech actions. With the help of speech actions, the selection of the best (classical) works, their systematization, classification, codification and storage, and presentation of art to consumers are organized.

Any forecasting system requires interpretation of the current and predicted situation. Management only resorts to formalisms in order to present linguistic information in a convenient form. At the center of the rite are language actions. The rules of the game are explained in language. Hence, the problem of the diversity and unity of society in vivid forms is concentrated in language actions and, in fact, is controlled by language actions.

When we talk about the professional competence of a specialist, we mean, first of all, his knowledge of his specialty, but at the same time, we assume that professional knowledge is supported by the general humanitarian culture of a person, his ability to understand the world around him, and his ability to communicate. As we have already said, the ability to communicate for a number of professions, and economics in the first place, is an integral part of professional competence, a necessary condition for true professionalism. Professional speech competence should be taught, given the necessary knowledge, and basic skills should be formed. So what should be taught and taught? What does the concept of “professional communicative competence” include?

In fact, the dissertation research of T.V. Mazur “Professionally oriented rhetorical training of law students at the university” [Mazur: 2001]. She writes: “Currently, the problem of speech competence of a lawyer is more acute than in previous years… there is a clear need to organize high-quality, professionally significant speech training for future specialists at a university…” [Mazur 2001: 3-4]. To form the speech competence of lawyers, it offers a whole block of disciplines, each of which provides a certain aspect of training (for example, “introduction to legal rhetoric”, “legal oratorio”, etc.) At the same time, the system of skills that provide professional speech training includes such as determining the strategy and tactics of speech behavior in professional activities, achieving the best fulfillment of communication goals, effectively delivering oral monologues and speaking with them in typical speech situations of professional activity, effectively building speech behavior in dialogical communication [ibid: 16, 17] , that is, we are talking about fluency in the repertoire of professional speech genres

O.Ya. Goykhman in the monograph “Scientific and practical problems of teaching non-philological students speech communication ...”, notes that in order to “achieve communicative competence in the social sphere, certain groups of skills are needed, including the skills to: communicate verbally and non-verbally, negotiate, act together” [ Goykhman 2000: 21-22]. The components of teaching professional communicative competence, according to the scientist, should be the culture of speech and elementary literacy of students, which leaves much to be desired among modern school graduates. One cannot but agree with these provisions.

At the same time, one should agree with N.K. Garbovsky and supplement the definition of professional speech as a system of speech genres regularly used in the process of professional-role interaction of communicants. Professional speech, in our opinion and in the opinion of such researchers of professional speech communication as T.A. Milekhina, N.I. Shevchenko, can act in different ways depending on the composition of the communicators (specialist / non-specialist) and the situation of communication (official / informal), and depending on this, oral professional speech will be closer or further from the “ideal” professional speech, which we can observe only when communication of specialists in a formal setting. With whom you have to communicate, in what conditions the communication takes place, it will largely depend on which version of the “professional language” a professional economist should turn to in order to be correctly understood and ultimately complete the intended communicative task and achieve success.

Conclusion

Rhetoric and culture of speech pervades all spheres of society. Language is a form of thought and a means of communication. Rhetoric is necessary for the formation of the cultural level of a person, his ability to establish relationships with society. A professional career is very dependent on the culture of communication and the use of professional language. The ability to build relationships with colleagues is essential for a productive professional activity.

It is necessary to promote in every possible way the idea of oral public debate of socially significant problems, as well as promote rhetorical norms and teach debating, starting from school. It seems that this is the most important social task of today, the solution of which will allow creating a truly democratic climate in society, will lead to the formation of civil responsibility of citizens for their country, for their own decision in elections or a referendum, will contribute to the formation of attention and interest in other people's opinion, the formation political and interpersonal tolerance, so necessary for our society.

Literature

N. Voichenko. “Code of honor of the speaker or On the art of public speaking. " // Journalist. - No. 12. - 2008 - 38 p.

O.Ya. Goykhman “Scientific and practical problems of teaching speech communication of non-philologist students…”. – 2000

Tatiana Zharinova. “Does Modern Society Need Rhetoric? » // Magazine «Samizdat». – 2005

NOT. Kamenskaya Problems of rhetoric in contemporary Russia. // Yazak as a means of communication: theory, practice, teaching methods. – 2008 – p. 195

T.V. Mazur, “Professionally oriented rhetorical training of law students at the university”. – 2001

I.P. Pavlov, "On the Russian mind" // "Literary newspaper". 1981 N30

The role of language in the formation of a person's personality. – 2009

1 Tatyana Zharinova Does Modern Society Need Rhetoric? // Magazine "Samizdat". – 2005

2 N. Voichenko. Orator's code of honor or On the art of public speaking. // Journalist. - No. 12. - 2008 - 38 p.

3 I.P. Pavlov "On the Russian mind" // "Literary newspaper". 1981, N 30.

4 The role of language in the formation of a person's personality. – 2009

5 N.E. Kamenskaya Problems of rhetoric in modern Russia. // Language as a means of communication: theory, practice, teaching methods. – 2008 – p. 195.

Rhetoric as a theory and mastery of expedient, influencing, harmonizing speech. Stages of development of rhetoric as a science. Ordinary rhetoric as a private rhetorical discipline. Analysis of the concept of speech genres by M.M. Bakhtin and in the works of K.F. Sedov.

The importance of intercultural communication in all areas practical activities. Peculiarities of ethnocentrism for different cultures. The specifics of verbal communication at work in different cultures. Cultural specificity of speech behavior in a conflict situation.

Forms of language existence. Basic requirements for oral and written speech. Short story Russian literary language. The pronunciation side of speech. Requirements of literary correctness, euphony. Influence of class jargons.

Oratory as one of the specific types of human activity, its stages and main types. Intellectual, communicative and special abilities of the speaker. Preparation (choice of topic, purpose), beginning, completion and deployment of speech.

The concept and essence of oratory. Definition of oratory, its history. "Secrets" of public speaking. Features, genera and types of oratory. Analysis of the functional styles of the literary language in the speaker's speech.

Essence of oratory and speech. Definition, subject and content of modern rhetoric as a scientific discipline and subject. Features of Old Russian eloquence. The history of the development of rhetoric in the works of Russian scientists on oratory.

Speech, both oral and written, is the essence social interaction, and conversations, are the subject of the theory of speech communication. Language is a multifunctional system dealing with the creation, storage and transmission of information.

Characteristics of the main functions of the Russian language, their connection with its essence, nature, purpose in society and the relationship between them. The importance of the formation of the communicative function of the language at school. Fundamentals and manifestations of cognitive and cumulative functions.

The culture of speech as the main constituent aspect of the high general culture of a person. The concept of linguistic (literary) norms in philology. Communication as a socio-psychological mechanism of human interaction. Etiquette and culture of modern speech communication.

Work experience of a teacher of Russian language and literature secondary school on the formation of speech culture of schoolchildren. The program "School of Dobroslov" is a selection practical materials helping students to improve the culture of verbal communication.

Voice and speech as tools by which the speaker conveys his message to the audience, powerful means of influencing the public. The importance of a good voice for achieving professional success in business, everyday everyday communication.

Rhetoric is the science of oratory and eloquence. Linguistic features of oral public speaking. Oratory techniques to persuade the listener. Structure and functions of rhetoric. Formation of various skills (linguistic, logical, psychological).

The concept of rhetoric, the history of development as a systematic discipline. The rhetorical ideal of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle. Rhetoric in ancient rome. Oratory in the Middle Ages, the Renaissance. Its development in the period from the 17th to the 19th centuries, the Renaissance.

The need for rhetoric for successful self-realization of a person. The history of the emergence and development of rhetoric, its task as a subject. Consideration of modern public speech based on the achievements of modern humanities, canons of rhetoric.

The task of the culture of speech. Types of speech culture, oral and written varieties of the Russian language. Normative, communicative, ethical aspects of oral and written speech, oral public speech. Improving literate writing and speaking skills.

Democratization of society as a reason for the emergence of applied linguistics. The emergence and basic principles of legal linguistics, research topics and trends in the discipline. Spheres of contact between language and law. Translations of legal texts and lexicography.

The development of rhetorical theory in modern conditions. Essence of speech event, discourse. Analysis of the basic concepts of rhetoric and linguo-pragmatics used in the speech behavior of a person in the process of communication, set out in the chapters of the book by A.K. Michalskaya.

The word is a means of communication between people, a way of exchanging information, a tool for influencing the consciousness and actions of another person. Word mastery. Variety of genres of oratory. Proficiency in speaking skills. Types of speeches. Speaker preparation.

Harmony in rhetoric. Laws of modern general rhetoric. The first law of rhetoric and the principles of dialogization of speech behavior. Attention to the addressee as a principle of speech behavior. The second law is the law of advancement and orientation. Ways to create movement in speech.

Skvortsov's article "Language of communication and culture (ecology and language)" is devoted to the problem of the state of the modern literary language and Russian speech, questions of the ecology of culture and subjects of linguistic ecology, factors in the development of the modern Russian language.

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Who shoots a lot is not yet a shooter, who talks a lot is not yet a speaker
Confucius

With the help of speech, a person expresses thoughts, feelings and desires, referring to the feelings and minds of his listeners. Modern rhetoric is not just about mastering skills correct speech, but also the ability to achieve a certain result through the use of speech means.

Thus, a rhetorical text must meet one important goal: to express thoughts and use facts in such a way as to bring listeners to the proper conclusion, for which the speech was actually delivered.

The manager, as, indeed, any speaker, must own the material of the speech. This is the key to oratory. It is known that communication between people can be fruitful and effective only when the words reach the heart of a person and get inside him.

Looking at the main stages in the formation of rhetoric, we can confidently say that this statement applies one hundred percent to public speech. It will be successful when it has its due effect in the mind and heart of the listener. But this requires hard work, speech must be worked out.

Having studied the basic laws of rhetoric, one can understand what shortcomings this or that speech is “gifted with”. These include:

monotone;
dryness;
unconvincing;
boring story.

Rhetoric as the art of eloquence is designed to serve people

This means that the methods of rhetorical influence should be legal and convince listeners, not coerce. Some people have a negative attitude towards rhetoric for the very reason that they consider it a servant of evil.After all, speech is a weapon, and it can be abused. But can the knowledge that it can be abused be a reason for neglecting speech? Of course not.

Harsh rhetoric is dangerous and unacceptable. The manager must adhere to rigor or strict observance of moral principles, each time rethinking how decent his views and attitude are. Rhetoric and ethics go hand in hand.

The manager is obliged to monitor his performance, in which lies and half-truths do not take place. The speech should not mislead listeners, the manager has no right to exaggerate information or give it unreliably. The purpose of rhetoric: everything that is said must be supported by convincing evidence.

The manager needs to understand for himself why rhetoric is needed, and, taking on the role of a speaker, enter the role of an intermediary between the listener and the subject of speech. There must be complete equality and respect for both sides, and no one of them can be neglected.

Therefore, it is important to approach the subject of a conversation, conversation, speech with a head, wisely. Rhetoric in modern world, as, indeed, in ancient times, and at all times it necessarily borders on decency, it has no right to neglect the framework of morality and ethics. No deliberate misinformation of the listener and misleading him.

The stages of development of rhetoric led the science of eloquence to a certain division of rhetorical speeches. Depending on the purpose and purpose, they are divided into:

scientific reports, messages, stories about a business trip, etc.
political speech;
festive, thanksgiving speech;
welcome address.

So the speaker manager can talk about any personal experiences, perhaps the purpose of the speech is to emphasize something, strengthen feelings, with the help of speech you can clarify the state of affairs, indicate any advantages in their understanding, the purpose of the speech may be to express an opinion, there is widespread debate and discussion in this regard. Here, non-verbal activity of the speaker can also serve well.

The gift of eloquence and the talent of brilliant speech is enhanced by the ability of the manager as a speaker to use memory during a speech. Therefore, the rhetoric workshop includes mandatory training and daily memory development exercises.

Actually, such training consists in the usual memorization of a poem or a newspaper article every day. But rhetoric as a science involves not just mechanical cramming, but the development and use of directed and functioning memory. It is not necessary to memorize large passages of texts or the entire book.

Developed directed memory acts by allowing the manager to know where, in what place to find the necessary information, in what literature, what source must be turned up in order to find the necessary data, facts, information. The information itself can be easily recorded so as not to overload memory with it.

A functioning memory is a great helper in discussions and negotiations. Memorization of certain events, their assessment, the relationship of details very often put the manager in a winning position in front of the audience, listeners and opponents.

Of course, it is impossible to remember everything, since a person’s memory still has a certain amount, which in turn is also limited. But that's the rhetoric that these are not ordinary trainings with a simple cramming of the material.

In rote learning, as a rule, thinking is not involved. While it is precisely thoughtful, thoughtful mastering when memorizing the material that allows the latter to firmly settle in memory. Thus, three elements contribute to the strengthening and training of the speaker's memory:

concentration.
associations.
repetition.

Concentration allows you to increase the ability to perceive the material. It depends on several components. One of them is the manifestation of interest in the subject of memorization. The subject that is most interesting will be remembered more easily and quickly, it will be easier to focus on it and the level of concentration will be higher in this case.

The second factor is the ability to be distracted, to disconnect from the outside world. The more the manager will have this ability, the higher his concentration will be, and hence the ability to remember the necessary things will increase.

The development of speech is not possible without the development of memory

As a manager, as a person who seeks to own the audience and the attention of listeners, it is important to know how to develop the rhetoric of speech. And for this, it is necessary to develop a short, or operational, memory, that is, the manager must be able to store information in memory for a short period of time.

Such a memory is necessary in order to quickly, when reading, grasp and memorize important key words and then develop formulations based on them throughout the subsequent speech. Memory should be developed taking into account personal characteristics. The manager may tend to have a good motor memory. Then, for memorization, it is better for him to use such a tool as writing down.

If acoustic memory is more developed, then when memorizing information will be better perceived by ear. When a manager has excellent visual memory, for better memorization, he should use the designation of key words in the text, for example, color them in different colors or underline.

It is very good in this case to use diagrams and drawings in order to strengthen memory. The manager's task is to learn not more, but better, that is, so that even small material is thoroughly imprinted in memory.

When training memory, the manager needs to use the associative mechanism of the human body. This is done by creating "memory bridges" or associative series. That is, keywords are remembered associatively, and sentences with the help of figurative links.

For example, the manager connects each keyword with an association. It is known that the material being learned is attached to something deeply fixed in the memory. So, for example, facts are combined with some personal feelings and thus contribute to the development of sensations, and sensations remain in memory.

Repetition is repeated repetition of what has been read or heard. It creates a good environment for memorization. In essence, being a means that can provide memorization. For this you should:

read aloud - at the same time, vision is connected to hearing and, therefore, the material is absorbed faster and easier. It is not necessary to repeat large passages, you can reread any of the main points highlighted in the text;
breaks - it is better to memorize for a short period of time than to load memory over a long time period (for example, one hour a day than two hours a day). It is known that during breaks the subconscious memory continues to process and fix the material in memory. And the sooner you start repeating, the faster the consolidation will occur. It is important to load the memory at the right time, when it is fresh and free, not when it is tired;
the use of combined repetition - memorization is faster when the subject areas have contact connections.

To memorize, it is enough for a manager to remember the beginning, end of the text and its basis of keywords in order to reproduce everything else on this frame with the help of causal relationships.

The art of rhetoric is properly developed breathing when speaking.

Breathing is an important part of human life. In the end, with the help of the air that enters during inhalation, sounds, speeches are made, songs are sung. Breathing occurs due to the movement of the respiratory muscles.

Proper breathing is ensured when the breath is taken through the nose. Otherwise, when inhaling through the mouth, the larynx dries up, the voice sits down. Therefore, the main tasks of rhetoric include mastering the technique of breathing. The manager, as a speaker, needs to watch his breath and constantly practice using diaphragmatic abdominal and lateral breathing.

Exercises

Thus, breathing will be deep, in which the entire volume of the lungs is involved. When using only upper breathing, spasms can occur, especially if the shoulders are raised.Breathing is considered correct when the abdominal wall is rounded, the sides are stretched.

To practice deep breathing, you should breathe fresh air more often, taking about 20 deep breaths. good exercise- inhale and hold a little, leave the air in a free state for a few seconds.

The next exercise is to pronounce the sounds “s”, “sh”, “f”, slowly or in jerks, gaining air. Each sound and word is pronounced slowly and very slowly.Another training is to keep the normal pace of speech as long as possible in one breath.

The science of rhetoric, the culture of speech implies the use of the basic rule when pronouncing speech: you should inhale air only in the place where you can pause in meaning. Proper breathing ensures rich and beautiful speech, so the manager should constantly monitor the breath. You can hone your breathing technique with the help of breathing exercises, for example, using materials from public universities.

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Rhetoric as the art of eloquence is designed to serve people

The development of speech is not possible without the development of memory

The art of rhetoric is properly developed breathing when speaking.

Exercises

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