A.Soroka N.I. Pirogov with his nanny Ekaterina Mikhailovna

An acquaintance of the family helped him get an education - a well-known Moscow doctor, professor of Moscow University E. Mukhin, who noticed the boy's abilities and began to work with him individually.
At the age of eleven, Nikolai entered the private boarding school of Kryazhev. The course of study there was paid and designed for six years. The students of the boarding school were prepared for bureaucratic service. Ivan Ivanovich expected that his son would receive a good education and will be able to achieve a “noble”, noble title. He did not think about his son's medical career, since at that time medicine was the occupation of commoners. Nikolai studied at a boarding school for two years, then the family ran out of money for education.

When Nikolai was fourteen years old, he entered Faculty of Medicine Moscow University. To do this, he had to add two years to himself, but he passed the exams no worse than his older comrades.
Pirogov studied easily. In addition, he had to constantly earn extra money to help his family. The father died, the house and almost all the property went to pay off debts - the family was immediately left without a breadwinner and without shelter. Nikolai sometimes had nothing to go to lectures: the boots were thin, and the jacket was such that it was embarrassing to take off his overcoat.
Finally, Nikolai managed to get a job as a dissector in the anatomical theater. This job gave him invaluable experience and convinced him that he should become a surgeon.

Having received a diploma, Pirogov went to prepare for a professorship at the University of Dorpat (now Tartu). At that time, Yuryev University was considered the best in Russia. In Derpt, Pirogov rolled up his sleeves and got into practice. He listened to lectures by professor of surgery Moyer, attended operations, assisted, sat up until dark in the anatomical room, dissected, and performed experiments. In his room, the candle did not go out even after midnight - he read, made notes, extracts, tried his literary powers. At the university, Nikolai met Vladimir Ivanovich Dal. He was older than Pirogov and had already managed to retire (they said that the caustic satire on the admiral helped the imminent resignation). At the clinic, they worked together a lot and became great friends.
Pirogov worked in the surgical clinic for five years, brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation, and at the age of twenty-six was elected professor of surgery at Dorpat University.

V.Pirogov Pirogov's defense of his doctoral dissertation

After defending his doctoral dissertation in 1832, Pirogov was sent to Berlin. The young professor came abroad, able to take what he needs, discard the excess, confident in his abilities. He found a teacher not in Berlin, but in Göttingen, in the person of Professor Langenbeck. He hated slowness and demanded fast, precise and rhythmic work.

A. Sidorov N. I. Pirogov and K. D. Ushinsky in Heidelberg

Returning home, Pirogov fell seriously ill and was left for treatment in Riga. Riga was lucky: if Pirogov had not fallen ill, she would not have become a platform for his rapid recognition. As soon as Pirogov got up from the hospital bed, he undertook to operate. The city had heard rumors before about the promising young surgeon. Now it was necessary to confirm the good reputation that ran far ahead. He began with rhinoplasty: he carved out a new nose for a noseless barber. Then he recalled that it was the best nose he had ever made in his life. Plastic surgery was followed by the inevitable lithotomies, amputations, removal of tumors.

From Riga he went to Derpt, where he learned that the Moscow chair promised to him had been given to another candidate. But he was lucky - Ivan Filippovich Moyer handed over his clinic in Dorpat to the student. Pirogov met the winter of 1836 in St. Petersburg. He waited until the minister would deign to approve him for a chair in Dorpat.
In 1838, Pirogov went to study in France for six months, where five years earlier, after a professorial institute, the authorities did not want to let him go. In the Parisian clinics, he grasps some amusing particulars and does not find anything unknown.

On January 18, 1841, Nicholas I approved the transfer of Pirogov from Dorpat to St. Petersburg to fulfill the duties of a professor at the Medical and Surgical Academy.
Here the scientist worked for more than ten years. No less than three hundred people crowd into the auditorium where he reads a course of surgery: not only doctors are crowded on the benches, students of other students come to listen to Pirogov educational institutions, writers, officials, military, artists, engineers, even ladies. Newspapers and magazines write about him, compare his lectures with the concerts of the famous Italian Angelica Catalani.
Nikolai Ivanovich is appointed director of the Tool Factory, and he agrees. Now he comes up with tools that any surgeon will use to perform the operation well and quickly. He is asked to accept a consultant position in one hospital, another, a third, and he again agrees.

K. Kuznetsov and V. Sidoruk Wonderful Doctor

At the same time, Pirogov was in charge of the hospital surgery clinic he organized. Since Pirogov's duties included the training of military surgeons, he began to study the surgical methods common in those days. Many of them were radically reworked by him; in addition, Pirogov developed a number of completely new techniques, thanks to which he managed more often than other surgeons to avoid amputation of limbs. One of these techniques is still called the “Pirogov operation”.

But not only well-wishers surrounded the scientist. He had a lot of envious people and enemies who were disgusted by the zeal and fanaticism of the doctor. In the second year of his life in St. Petersburg, Pirogov fell seriously ill, poisoned by hospital miasma and the bad air of the dead. I couldn't get up for a month and a half.
At the same time, he met Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina, a girl from a well-born, but collapsed and greatly impoverished family. A hurried modest wedding took place.
Having recovered, Pirogov again plunged into work, great things were waiting for him. He “locked” his wife within the four walls of a rented and, on the advice of acquaintances, furnished apartment. He didn’t take her to the theater, because he disappeared until late in the anatomical theater, he didn’t go to balls with her, because balls were idleness, he took away her novels and slipped her scientific journals in return. Pirogov jealously pushed his wife away from her friends, because she had to belong entirely to him, just as he belongs entirely to science. And for a woman, probably, there was too much and too little of one great Pirogov. Ekaterina Dmitrievna died in her fourth year of marriage, leaving Pirogov two sons: the second cost her her life.
But in the difficult days of grief and despair for Pirogov, a great event happened - his project of the world's first Anatomical Institute was approved by the highest.

L. Koshtelyanchuk After the operation

In 1847, Pirogov left for the Caucasus in active army, because he wanted to test in the field the operating methods he had developed. In the Caucasus, he first used dressing with bandages soaked in starch. Starch dressing turned out to be more convenient and stronger than previously used splints. Here, in the village of Salty, Pirogov for the first time in the history of medicine began to operate on the wounded with ether anesthesia in the field. Total great surgeon performed over 10,000 surgeries under ether anesthesia.

After the death of Ekaterina Dmitrievna Pirogov was left alone. "I have no friends," he admitted with his usual frankness. And at home, the boys, sons, Nikolai and Vladimir were waiting for him. Pirogov twice unsuccessfully tried to marry for convenience, which he did not consider it necessary to hide from himself, from acquaintances, it seems that from the girls planned to be the bride. In a small circle of acquaintances, where Pirogov sometimes spent evenings, he was told about the twenty-two-year-old Baroness Alexandra Antonovna Bistrom, who enthusiastically read and reread his article on the ideal of a woman. The girl feels like a lonely soul, thinks a lot and seriously about life, loves children. In conversation, she was called "a girl with convictions."

Pirogov proposed to Baroness Bistrom. She agreed. Gathering at the estate of the bride's parents, where it was supposed to play an inconspicuous wedding. Pirogov, confident in advance that the honeymoon, disrupting his usual activities, would make him quick-tempered and intolerant, asked Alexandra Antonovna to pick up crippled poor people in need of an operation for his arrival: work will delight the first time of love!

In 1855, during Crimean War, Pirogov was the chief surgeon of Sevastopol besieged by the Anglo-French troops. Operating on the wounded, for the first time in the history of world medicine, Pirogov used a plaster cast, giving rise to a savings tactic in the treatment of limb injuries and saving many soldiers and officers from amputation. During the siege of Sevastopol, to care for the wounded, Pirogov supervised the training and work of the sisters of the Exaltation of the Cross community of sisters of mercy.

L. Koshtelyanchuk N.I. Pirogov and sailor Pyotr Koshka.

The most important merit of Pirogov is the introduction in Sevastopol of a completely new method of caring for the wounded. The wounded were subject to careful selection already at the first dressing station: depending on the severity of the wounds, some of them were subject to immediate operation in the field, others, with lighter wounds, were evacuated inland for treatment in stationary military hospitals. Therefore, Pirogov is rightly considered the founder of a special area in surgery, known as military field surgery.

In October 1855, a meeting of two great scientists took place in Simferopol - N.I. Pirogov and D.I. Mendeleev. Famous chemist, author of the periodic law chemical elements, and then a modest teacher at the Simferopol gymnasium, turned to Nikolai Ivanovich for advice on the recommendation of the St. Petersburg life physician N.F. It was obvious: the huge overloads that the 19-year-old boy put on his shoulders, and the damp climate of St. Petersburg, where he studied, had a negative impact on his health. N.I. Pirogov did not confirm the diagnosis of his colleague, prescribed the necessary treatment and thus brought the patient back to life. Subsequently, D.I. Mendeleev spoke with enthusiasm about Nikolai Ivanovich: "That was a doctor! He saw through a person and immediately understood my nature."

I.Tikhiy N.I. Pirogov examines the patient D.I. Mendeleev

For merits in rendering assistance to the wounded and sick, N.I. Pirogov was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav, 1st degree.

Returning to St. Petersburg, Pirogov, at a reception at Alexander II, told the emperor about problems in the troops, as well as about the general backwardness of the Russian army and its weapons. The king did not want to listen to Pirogov. From that moment on, Nikolai Ivanovich fell into disfavor and in July 1858 was "exiled" to Odessa to the post of trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts. In the fall, Sunday schools open in the district. Pirogov tried to reform the existing system school education, his actions led to a conflict with the authorities, and the scientist had to leave his post in March 1861.
But society did not want to do without Pirogov. He is sent abroad as a leader of young Russian scientists. Behind short term Pirogov inspected 25 foreign universities, compiled a detailed report on the studies of each of the professorial candidates. Compiled the characteristics of the professors for whom they worked. Studied the state higher education V different countries presented his observations and conclusions.
In October 1862, Pirogov consulted Garibaldi. None of the most famous doctors in Europe could find the bullet lodged in his body. Only a Russian surgeon managed to remove the bullet and cure the famous Italian.

K. Kuznetsov N.I. Pirogov at Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Sergey Prisekin Pirogov and Garibaldi 1998

After the assassination attempt on Alexander II, the reaction intensified in Russia, Pirogov was generally dismissed from public service even without a pension.
In the prime of his creative powers, Pirogov retired to his small estate "Cherry" not far from Vinnitsa, where he organized a free hospital. He briefly traveled from there only abroad, and also at the invitation of St. Petersburg University to give lectures.

A. Sidorov N.V. Sklifasovsky's arrival at the Vishnya estate

By this time, Pirogov was already a member of several foreign academies. For a relatively long time, Pirogov left the estate only twice: the first time in 1870 during the Prussian-French war, being invited to the front on behalf of the International Red Cross, and the second time, in 1877-1878. - already at a very old age - worked for several months at the front during Russian-Turkish war.

When Emperor Alexander II visited Bulgaria in August 1877, during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, he remembered Pirogov as an incomparable surgeon and the best organizer of the medical service at the front.
Despite his old age (then Pirogov was already 67 years old), Nikolai Ivanovich agreed to go to Bulgaria, provided that he was given complete freedom of action. His desire was granted, and on October 10, 1877, Pirogov arrived in Bulgaria, in the village of Gorna-Studena, not far from Plevna, where the main apartment of the Russian command was located.

Pirogov organized the treatment of soldiers, care for the wounded and sick in military hospitals in Svishtov, Zgalev, Bolgaren, Gorna-Studena, Veliko Tarnovo, Bokhot, Byala, Plevna.
From October 10 to December 17, 1877, Pirogov traveled over 700 km in a cart and sleigh, over an area of ​​12,000 square meters. km., occupied by the Russians between the rivers Vit and Yantra. Nikolai Ivanovich visited 11 Russian military temporary hospitals, 10 divisional infirmaries and 3 pharmacy warehouses stationed in 22 different settlements. During this time, he was engaged in treatment and operated on both Russian soldiers and many Bulgarians.

In 1881, N. I. Pirogov became the 5th honorary citizen of Moscow "in connection with fifty years of labor activity in the field of education, science and citizenship."

Ilya Repin Arrival of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov to Moscow for his 50th birthday scientific activity. Sketch. 1883-88

Until the end of his life, at least one day a week, he received free patients at home - in private practice, his surgical art reached its peak. He looked for benefactors for students and opened Sunday schools.

A. Sidorov Tchaikovsky at Pirogov

Paradoxically, the world famous surgeon died from complications caused by tooth extraction at the age of 71.
Nikolai Pirogov was placed in the coffin in the black uniform of the Privy Councilor of the Pedagogical Department.
Shortly before his death, Pirogov received a book by his student D. Vyvodtsev, who described how he had embalmed the suddenly deceased Chinese ambassador. Pirogov praised the book. When he died, the widow Alexandra Antonovna turned to Vyvodtsev with a request to repeat this experience.

His body, with the permission of the church, was embalmed and buried in a mausoleum in the village of Vishnya near Vinnitsa. During the Second World War, during the retreat Soviet troops, the sarcophagus with the body of Pirogov was hidden in the ground, while being damaged, which led to damage to the body, which was subsequently restored and re-embalmed. Officially, the tomb of Pirogov is called the "church-necropolis", consecrated in honor of St. Nicholas of Myra. The body is located below ground level in the mourning hall - the basement of the Orthodox church, in a glazed sarcophagus, which can be accessed by those who wish to pay tribute to the memory of the great scientist.

I. Krestovsky Monument to Pirogov 1947

The main significance of all Pirogov's activities lies in the fact that with his selfless and often disinterested work he turned surgery into a science, arming doctors with a scientifically based method of surgical intervention.

Materials from WIKIPEDIA, the site, as well as from these sources,, and.

Some of the paintings were taken from Pirogov's estate museum in Vinnitsa.

On November 13, 1810, in the family of the treasurer of the food depot of the city of Moscow, Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov, another, rather frequent celebration took place here - the thirteenth child, the boy Nikolai, was born.

The environment in which he spent his childhood was very favorable. Father, a wonderful family man, passionately loved his children. They had more than enough means of living - Ivan Ivanovich, in addition to a considerable salary, was engaged in private affairs. The Pirogovs lived in their own house in Syromyatniki. During the French offensive, their family fled Moscow, waiting out the occupation in Vladimir. Upon returning to the capital, Nikolai's father built a new house with a small but well-groomed garden in which children frolicked.

One of Nikolai's favorite pastimes was playing doctor. She owed her appearance to the illness of his older brother, to whom a well-known metropolitan doctor, Professor Efrem Mukhin, was invited. The atmosphere of visiting a celebrity, coupled with the amazing effect of the treatment, made a strong impression on the nimble and developed boy. After that, little Nikolai often asked someone from the family to lie down in bed, and he himself took important view and felt the pulse of an imaginary patient, looked at his tongue, and then sat down at the table and “wrote” prescriptions, at the same time explaining how to take medicines. This performance amused loved ones and caused frequent repetitions. As an adult, Pirogov wrote: “I don’t know if I would have received such a desire to play a doctor if, instead of a speedy recovery, my brother had died.”

At the age of six, Nikolai learned to read and write. Reading children's books was a real pleasure for him. The boy especially liked Krylov's fables and Karamzin's Children's Reading. Until the age of nine, his mother was involved in the development of Nikolai, and after that he was transferred into the hands of teachers. At the age of twelve, Pirogov was sent to the private pension of Vasily Kryazhev, which enjoyed a very good reputation. Pirogov kept bright memories of his stay in this place, especially about the director - Vasily Stepanovich. While staying at the boarding house, Nikolai Ivanovich thoroughly studied Russian and French.

In the first two years of the boy's education, many misfortunes befell the Pirogov family - his brother and sister died prematurely, another brother was accused of embezzling state money, and to top it all, the forced resignation of Ivan Ivanovich's father. The financial situation of the Pirogovs was greatly shaken, and Nikolai had to be taken away from the boarding school, where the tuition fee was quite high. Not wanting to spoil the future of the boy, who was very capable, according to teachers, his father turned to Professor Mukhin for advice. After talking with Nikolai, Efrem Osipovich advised his father to prepare the teenager for the entrance exam for the medical faculty of Moscow University.

To prepare for the exam, a certain Feoktistov was invited - a student of medicine, a good-natured and cheerful person. The student moved to the Pirogovs' house and taught Nikolai mainly Latin. Their studies were not burdensome and progressed successfully. Pirogov wrote: “Admission to the university was a colossal event for me. I, like a soldier going to a mortal battle, overcame excitement and stepped in cold blood. The test went well, the examiners were satisfied with the answers of the young man. By the way, Professor Mukhin himself was also present at the exam, which had an encouraging effect on Nikolai.

Moscow University in the twenties of the nineteenth century was a bleak sight. Teachers, with very rare exceptions, were distinguished by a lack of knowledge, mediocrity and bureaucratic attitude to the teaching process, introducing into it, in the words of Pirogov himself, a “comic element”. The teaching was absolutely non-demonstrative, and lectures were given according to the precepts of the 1750s, despite the fact that much newer textbooks were available. The greatest influence on Nikolai Ivanovich was made by Professor of Physiology Efrem Mukhin, who is also a specialist in internal diseases and has a huge practice in Moscow, and Professor of Anatomy Just Loder, an original personality and European celebrity. His science interested Pirogov, and he enthusiastically studied anatomy, but only theoretically, since there were no practical exercises on corpses at that time.

A much stronger influence on Nicholas was exerted by his older comrades. Due to the remoteness of the Pirogovs' home from the university, the young man spent lunch hours with his former mentor Feoktistov, who lived in the hostel room at number 10 along with five of his comrades. Pirogov said: “What have I not heard enough and seen enough in the tenth issue!” Students talked about medicine, argued about politics, read Ryleev's forbidden poems, and also carried out wild revels after receiving money. The influence of the "tenth number" on Nikolai Ivanovich was enormous, it broadened his horizons and determined the mental and moral turning point in the gifted nature of the future surgeon.

In May 1825, Pirogov's father died suddenly. A month after his death, the Pirogov family lost their house and all their property in order to pay off debts to private creditors and the treasury. Those thrown out onto the street were helped by a second cousin, Andrey Nazaryev, an assessor of the Moscow court, who ceded a mezzanine with three rooms in his house to an orphaned family. Mother and sisters got a job, and Pirogov continued his studies at the university. Fortunately, the cost of education at that time was small - there was no fee for attending lectures, and uniforms had not yet been introduced. Later, when they appeared, the sisters sewed a jacket with a red collar for Nikolai from an old tailcoat, and in order not to reveal non-compliance with the form, he sat in his overcoat during lectures, showing off only the red collar and bright buttons. So, only thanks to the dedication of the sisters and mother, the future luminary of domestic medicine managed to complete the university course.

At the end of 1822, the Imperial order was issued to organize a professorial institute on the basis of the Derpt University, consisting of "twenty natural Russians." This idea was caused by the need to update the composition of professors of four domestic universities by scientifically trained forces. The choice of candidates was left to the councils of these universities. However, before going abroad, all future professors had to visit St. Petersburg at public expense and pass a control test in their specialty at the Academy of Sciences. After Moscow University received a letter from the minister about the selection of candidates, Mukhin remembered his protégé and invited him to go to Dorpat. Pirogov, in view of the fact that the end of the course did not promise him any prospects due to the lack of connections and funds, he immediately agreed and chose surgery as his specialty. Nikolai Ivanovich wrote: “Why not anatomy? Some inner voice suggested that in addition to death, there is also life. In May 1828, Pirogov successfully passed the exams for the doctor of the first department, and two days later, together with the other six candidates from Moscow University, he went to St. Petersburg. Pirogov was examined by Professor Bush, invited from the Medico-Surgical Academy. The exam went well, and a couple of days before the start of the second semester in 1828, Nikolai Ivanovich and his comrades arrived in Dorpat.

In this city, Pirogov met Professor Johann Christian Moyer, who occupied the Department of Surgery at the local university and was, according to Nikolai Ivanovich himself, a highly talented and remarkable person. Moyer's lectures were distinguished by simplicity and clarity of presentation, he also had amazing surgical dexterity - not fussy, not funny, and not rude. The future surgeon lived in Dorpat for five years. He diligently studied surgery and anatomy, and rare free hours preferred to spend at the Moyers' house. By the way, often visiting the professor, Pirogov met the outstanding poet Vasily Zhukovsky there.

In Dorpat, Pirogov, who had never dealt with practical anatomy before, had to take up operations on corpses. And after some time, trying to solve a number of issues of clinical surgery, he began to experiment with animals. Subsequently, Nikolai Ivanovich always said that before subjecting a living person to surgical intervention, he must find out how the animal's body would endure a similar intervention. The results of his self-study were not long in coming. A competition was announced at the Faculty of Medicine for the best surgical article on arterial ligation. Deciding to write on this topic, Pirogov threw himself into work - for days on end he dissected and tied up the arteries of calves and dogs. The voluminous work presented by him, written entirely in Latin and including drawings from life, was awarded a gold medal, and students and professors started talking about the author.

Independent research in the clinic, the anatomical institute and at home discouraged Nikolai Ivanovich from attending lectures, at which he constantly lost the essence of the story and fell asleep. The young scientist considered attending theoretical classes a waste of time, "stolen from classes with a special subject." Despite the fact that Pirogov practically did not engage in medical sciences that were not related to surgery, in 1831 he successfully passed his doctoral exam, after which he went to Moscow to see his sisters and his old mother. It is curious that for the trip he needed a rather significant amount of money, which Nikolai Ivanovich, living on a small salary and barely making ends meet, did not have. He had to sell his old samovar, his watch, and a few unnecessary books. The proceeds were enough to hire a cart driver who happened to be heading to Moscow.

Upon returning from the capital, Pirogov began writing his doctoral dissertation on the topic of ligation of the abdominal aorta, and on November 30, 1832, the young scientist successfully defended it and was awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Shortly thereafter, he was sent to Germany for two years. In Berlin, Nikolai Ivanovich listened to the lectures of the famous surgeon Rust, worked with Professor Schlemm, led patients in the clinic with Grefe, and also practiced surgery with Dieffenbach, known for his unique plastic surgeries. According to Pirogov, Dieffenbach's ingenuity was limitless - each of his plastic surgeries was an improvisation and was distinguished by something completely new in this area. About another surgeon, Karl Grefe, Pirogov wrote that he went to him "in order to see a virtuoso operator, a true maestro." Grefe's operations amazed everyone with their cleanliness, accuracy, dexterity and fantastic speed. Grefe's assistants knew by heart all his requirements, habits and surgical habits, doing their job without words or conversations. Interns at the Grefe clinic were also allowed to perform surgical interventions, but only by methods developed by Grefe himself, and only by tools invented by him. Pirogov had to do three operations with him, and the German doctor was satisfied with his technique. Pirogov wrote: “However, he did not know that I would have performed all the operations ten times better if I had been allowed to leave his clumsy and inconvenient tools for me.”

Shortly before leaving Berlin, Nikolai Ivanovich received a request from the ministry in which university he would like to take a chair. Without hesitation, Pirogov replied that, of course, in Moscow. He then informed his mother to find him an apartment in advance. With such hopes, in May 1835, Pirogov returned to Russia, but on the way he suddenly fell ill and stopped completely sick in Riga. The trustee of Dorpat University, who at the same time was the Governor-General of the Baltic States, who lived there, with all possible conveniences, placed Pirogov in a huge military hospital, where he recovered throughout the summer. In September, the young surgeon left Riga, but before returning to his homeland, he decided to stop by Dorpat for a few days in order to see Moyer and other acquaintances. Here he learned that he was struck by the appointment of another talented domestic doctor, Fyodor Inozemtsev, to the Moscow department. Pirogov wrote: “How much happiness brought my poor mother, sisters and me to dream of the day when I finally appear in order to thank them for all their care for me in the difficult time of begging and orphanhood! And suddenly all happy hopes went to dust ... ".

Completely unaware of his further fate Nikolai Ivanovich stayed in Dorpat, starting to visit the local surgical clinic. In it, Pirogov brilliantly spent whole line extremely difficult operations, many of which were attended by spectators from among the students of the institute. This is how he described the removal of a stone from one patient: “... a lot of people gathered to see how I would do a lithotomy on a living one. Imitating Graefe, I instructed the assistant to hold each instrument at the ready between the fingers. Many spectators took out their watches. One, two, three - in two minutes the stone was removed. “This is amazing,” they told me from all sides.

Sketch by I. E. Repin for the painting "The arrival of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov to Moscow for the anniversary on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of his scientific activity" (1881). Military Medical Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia

Some time later, Johann Moyer invited Pirogov to become his successor and take the chair of surgery at Dorpat University. Nikolai Ivanovich gladly accepted the offer, the matter was transferred to the Council of the educational institution, and Pirogov left for St. Petersburg in order to introduce himself to the minister and find out the final decision. In the northern capital, a doctor who does not like to sit idle visited all hospitals and city hospitals, got acquainted with many St. Petersburg doctors and professors of the Medico-Surgical Academy, and performed a number of operations at the Mary Magdalene Hospital and the Obukhov Hospital.

In the end, in March 1836, Pirogov received a chair and was elected to the extraordinary professorship. The motto of the 26-year-old teacher-surgeon was the words: “Let only those who want to learn learn, this is his business. However, whoever wants to learn from me, he is obliged to learn something - this is my business. In addition to extensive theoretical information on any issue, Pirogov tried to give his listeners a visual representation of the material being studied. In particular, at his lectures, Nikolai Ivanovich began to conduct vivisections and experiments on animals, which no one had ever done in Dorpat before.

A characteristic feature that makes Pirogov the greatest honor as a clinical educator is his frank confession to the audience of his own mistakes. In 1838, the scientist published the book "Annals of the Surgical Clinic", containing collections of his lectures, as well as descriptions of interesting cases observed in the clinic during the first years of his professorship. In this confession, Nikolai Ivanovich frankly admitted his mistakes in the treatment of patients. Very soon, Pirogov became a favorite professor among young doctors, and students from completely non-medical faculties came to listen to his witty and informative lectures.

Apart from teaching activities Pirogov undertook a scientific trip to Paris, every vacation he made surgical excursions to Revel, Riga and some other Baltic cities. The idea of ​​such surgical raids was born by the scientist in 1837, when requests began to come to him from neighboring provinces to receive patients. In his, as Pirogov himself said, "Genghis Khan's invasions", he took several assistants, and local pastors and doctors publicly announced in advance the arrival of the Dorpat doctor.

Pirogov worked in Dorpat for five years (from 1836 to 1841), during this period he published two volumes of clinical annals and the unique Surgical Anatomy of the Arterial Trunks and Fascia, which made him famous in the medical community. However, the modest position of a professor in a small clinic of a provincial university could not fully satisfy the thirst for vigorous activity that the surgeon felt. And soon Nikolai Ivanovich had the opportunity to change the current state of affairs.

In 1839, the famous professor of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy Ivan Bush retired. The department of surgery turned out to be vacant at the academy, and they began to call Pirogov. However, Nikolai Ivanovich considered the surgical professorship without a clinic to be nonsense and for a long time did not agree to take the chair. In the end, he proposed an original combination, which consisted in the creation of a new department of hospital surgery at the academy, as well as the organization, in addition to ordinary, special hospital clinics.

This project was accepted by Kleinmichel, and in 1841 Pirogov moved to the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy as a professor of applied anatomy and hospital surgery. In addition, he was appointed head of the surgical department of the Second Military Land Hospital, located in the same area and belonging to the same department as the academy.

Having examined his new possessions, Nikolai Ivanovich was horrified. Huge poorly ventilated wards with 70-100 beds were overcrowded with patients. There were no separate rooms for operations. Rags for compresses and poultices paramedics without a twinge of conscience transferred from the wounds of one patient to another. And the products sold were generally below any criticism. Theft reached unprecedented proportions, in front of everyone the meat contractor delivered meat to the apartments of the employees of the hospital office, and the pharmacist sold stocks of medicines to the side.

After the arrival of Pirogov, the administrative "military-scientific swamp" became agitated. The reptiles that lived in it were alarmed and with their combined efforts attacked the violator of their serene life, based on the violation of civil laws and human rights. However, many of them soon became convinced in their own skin that before them was a man of the strongest convictions, a man who could neither be bent nor broken.

On January 28, 1846, a decision was approved to establish a special anatomical institute at the academy, of which Pirogov was also appointed director. In February of the same year, he received a seven-month leave and, having visited Italy, France and Germany, he brought from there all kinds of tools and instruments for the newly founded institute, including microscopes, which had not been in the academy before. Subsequently, this anatomical institute gained great fame in scientific circles and gave Russia a whole galaxy of brilliant surgeons and anatomists.

Pirogov's professorship at the Medico-Surgical Academy lasted 14 years. It was the time of the heyday of his talent, the time of fruitful and versatile practical and scientific activity. Nikolai Ivanovich lectured and supervised the classes of doctors and students, enthusiastically developed the colossal anatomical material at his disposal, continued to practice experimental surgery, experimenting on animals, worked as a consultant to large city hospitals - Mary Magdalene, Obukhov, Maximilian and Petropavlovsk. The surgical clinic headed by him turned into the highest school of Russian surgical education. This was facilitated by both the extraordinary gift of teaching Nikolai Ivanovich, and his high authority and incomparable technique in performing surgical operations. The famous doctor Vasily Florinsky wrote: “He set the surgical department of the Pirogov Academy to such a height that it had not reached either before or after him.”
At the Anatomical Institute, Nikolai Ivanovich began research on anesthesia with the help of newly discovered chloroform and ether anesthesia.

The surgeon studied the effect of ether on animals, and then on humans. Having successfully introduced ether anesthesia into hospital and private practice, Pirogov thought about the use of etherization in the provision of surgical care on the battlefields. At that time, the invariable theater of military operations was the Caucasus, where the doctor went on July 8, 1847. Upon arrival at the place, the famous surgeon examined military medical institutions and hospitals, introduced doctors to etherization measures, and also performed a number of public operations under anesthesia. It is curious that Pirogov deliberately operated right in the middle of the camp tents, so that the wounded soldiers could be visually convinced of the analgesic effect of ether vapor. Such measures had a very beneficial effect on the fighters, they willingly allowed themselves to be subjected to anesthesia.

In the end, Nikolai Ivanovich arrived at the Samur detachment, which besieged the fortified village of Salta. The siege of this object lasted more than two months, and it was in this place that Pirogov first showed himself as an outstanding military field surgeon. The doctors of the active detachments often had to work under the rifle fire of the highlanders, the wounded were given only the most urgent care, and for operations they were transported to stationary hospitals. Pirogov, at the main apartment of the detachment, organized a primitive field infirmary, in which, together with his assistants, he carried out all dressings and operations. Due to the simplicity of construction, and the infirmary was an ordinary hut made of branches covered with straw, doctors had to work in a bent body position or kneeling. On the days of the assaults, their work shift lasted 12 hours, or even more.

Soon after returning to St. Petersburg, the famous surgeon took on a more peaceful, but no less difficult task - the study of Asiatic cholera that broke out in St. Petersburg in 1848. In order to better understand this at that time little-studied disease, Nikolai Ivanovich organized a special cholera department in his clinic. During the epidemic, he made over 800 autopsies of corpses that died from cholera, and the results of the research were presented in the solid work “Pathological Anatomy of Asiatic Cholera”, which was published in 1850. For this work, provided with an atlas with colored drawings, the Academy of Sciences awarded the surgeon the full Demidov Prize.

And soon the Eastern War began. The Allied troops entered Russia, and the British and French guns fired at Sevastopol. Pirogov, like a true patriot, announced that he was "ready to use all his knowledge and strength on the battlefield for the benefit of the army." His request went through various instances for a long time, but in the end, thanks to the help Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, the first surgeon of Russia in October 1854 went to the theater of operations. Together with him, a whole detachment of doctors, recruited by him mainly in St. Petersburg, set off, and after them the sisters of mercy, consisting of twenty-eight people, left.

In early November, Pirogov reached Sevastopol. He wrote: “I will never forget the first entry into the city. All the way from Bakhchisaray for thirty miles was cluttered with transports with fodder, guns and the wounded. It was raining, the amputees and the sick lay on the carts, shivering from the dampness and moaning; people and animals could hardly move knee-deep in mud; there was carrion at every step.” The bulk of the wounded were transported to Simferopol. There were not enough hospital facilities in the city, and the sick were placed in empty private houses and government buildings, where the wounded had almost no care. In order to at least slightly alleviate their situation, Nikolai Ivanovich left the entire first group of sisters in Simferopol, and he himself went to Sevastopol. There, for the first time, in order to preserve damaged limbs, he began to use a plaster cast. Pirogov also owns the development of a system for sorting the wounded, hundreds arriving at the dressing station. Thanks to the introduction of a reasonable and simple sorting, the meager labor force was not scattered, and the work of helping the victims of the battle went sensibly and quickly. By the way, all the time he was in Sevastopol, Pirogov had to work and live under cannon shots, but this had no effect on his mood. On the contrary, eyewitnesses noted that the more tiring and bloody the day was, the more he was disposed to jokes and conversations.

This is how Nikolai Ivanovich himself described the main dressing station during the second bombardment of the city: “Rows of porters were constantly stretching to the entrance, a bloody trail showed them the way. Those brought in whole rows were stacked together with the stretcher on the parquet floor, half an inch soaked in gore; the cries and groans of the sufferers were loudly heard in the hall, the orders of those in charge, the last breaths of the dying .... Blood was shed on three tables during operations; amputated members lay in piles in tubs. Some idea of ​​the scope of the activity that Pirogov showed in Sevastopol is given by the fact that there were about five thousand amputations alone, carried out under his supervision or by him personally, and without his participation - only about four hundred.

On June 1, 1855, Pirogov, morally and physically exhausted, left Sevastopol and returned to St. Petersburg. After spending the summer in Oranienbaum, in September Nikolai Ivanovich again returned to the ruined city, where he found a lot of wounded after the attack on the Malakhov Kurgan. The surgeon transferred his main activity from Sevastopol, occupied by the enemies, to Simferopol, trying with all his might to arrange hospital care, as well as further transportation of crippled people. Considering the unfavorable accumulation of a huge number of wounded in the locations of active troops, Pirogov proposed a unique system for dispersing the sick and placing them in nearby towns and villages. Subsequently, this system was brilliantly applied by the Prussians in the Franco-Prussian war. It is also very curious that a year before the Geneva Convention, an eminent surgeon proposed to make medicine neutral during wars.

Finally, the Eastern War ended. Sevastopol - "Russian Troy" - lay in ruins, and Pirogov, in deep thought, stopped before the completed historical drama. The surgeon and doctor, who literally created the school of surgery in Russia, gave way to a thinker and patriot, whose mind was no longer occupied by methods of treating physical injuries, but by methods of treating moral injuries. Returning from the Crimea in December 1856, Pirogov left the Department of Surgery and resigned from the professorship of the academy.

Soon, the first works of Nikolai Ivanovich devoted to one of the most important life issues - the upbringing of children - appeared on the pages of the Marine Collection. His articles caught the eye of the Minister of Public Education, who in the summer of 1856 offered him the post of trustee of the Odessa educational district. The famous surgeon accepted this offer, stating: "A trustee in my eyes is not so much a leader as a missionary." IN new job Nikolai Ivanovich relied only on his own impressions, not wanting to have intermediaries in the person of the directors. On lessons , Latin, physics and Russian literature - those subjects that Pirogov loved and knew - he sat to the end, often asking questions to students. An eyewitness wrote: “As now, I see a short figure with large gray sideburns, with thick eyebrows, from under which two penetrating eyes peeped through a person, as if giving him a spiritual diagnosis ...”. Pirogov did not stay in Odessa for long, but during this time he managed to organize literary conversations in gymnasiums, which later became very popular. In addition, he did not leave medicine - poor students who did not have money for doctors often turned to him as patients.

N. I. Pirogov on the day of death/center]

In July 1858, Nikolai Ivanovich was transferred to the Kiev district. Shortly after arriving in Kyiv, the new trustee decided to introduce a sense of legitimacy into the pedagogical system. Thanks to his efforts, a committee was convened to organize the "Rules" on the punishments and misdemeanors of gymnasium students. The developed tables of punishments and misdemeanors hung "for general information" in each class of all educational institutions of the district, limiting the arbitrariness and excesses committed by students. In addition, in Kyiv, Pirogov also arranged literary conversations, with his arrival in filling the vacancies of teachers, the role of patronage, which was replaced by competitions, ceased to play. The new trustee significantly expanded the gymnasium libraries and provided many teachers with the opportunity to go abroad for further education.

Unfortunately, soon the "too humane" administrator was left out of work - on March 13, 1861, Pirogov was fired from his post. However, already in 1862, Nikolai Ivanovich was sent abroad to look after young scientists from Russia. This activity was quite to his liking, and he fulfilled his new duties with all vigor, being, in the words of Nikolai Kovalevsky, "for the domestic youth, not a formal boss, but a living example, an embodied ideal." Among the scientists sent abroad were naturalists, physicians, lawyers, and philologists. And they all considered it necessary to seek advice from a renowned surgeon.

In the summer of 1866, Nikolai Ivanovich was released from service and moved to his estate in the village of Vishnya, located near the city of Vinnitsa. Here he was engaged in agricultural work, and also returned to medical practice, organizing in the village a small hospital for thirty patients and several huts to accommodate the operated ones. From different places, even very remote ones, patients came to Pirogov in order to ask the great Russian surgeon for advice or prompt assistance. In addition, Nikolai Ivanovich was constantly invited for consultations.
At the end of the summer of 1870, Pirogov suddenly received a letter from the Red Cross Society with a request to inspect military sanitary institutions in the theater of the Franco-Prussian war. Already in mid-September, Nikolai Ivanovich went abroad, where he inspected over 70 military hospitals with several thousand wounded. By the way, both in the medical and official fields, the outstanding surgeon everywhere met the most cordial and honorable reception - almost all German professors knew him personally. At the end of his trip, Nikolai Ivanovich handed over to the Red Cross Society a “Report on visiting military sanitary institutions”, after which he again went to his village.

Monument in Moscow

They remembered him again seven years later. Russia led eastern war, and Emperor Alexander II entrusted Pirogov with the task of investigating all sanitary facilities in the rear of the army and in the theater of war, as well as ways to transport the wounded and sick by rail and dirt roads. The surgeon had to inspect the places for feeding and dressing the transported, to get acquainted in detail with the organization of sanitary trains and their effect on the wounded under different conditions. When inspecting the warehouses, Nikolai Ivanovich found out the amount of stocks of necessary aids, medicines, dressings, linen, warm clothes, as well as the timeliness and speed of supplying these items. In total, from September 1877 to March 1878, the 67-year-old surgeon rode over 700 kilometers on a sledge and a cart. The collected material, together with his conclusions, Nikolai Ivanovich outlined in the work “Military Medical Care and Private Assistance in the Theater of War in Bulgaria”, published in 1879.
At the beginning of 1881, non-healing sores appeared in Pirogov's mouth. Professor Sklifosovsky, who was the first to examine them, offered to perform the operation. However, already in Vienna, the famous surgeon Billroth, after a scrupulous examination, declared the ulcers to be benign. Pirogov revived, but his calm did not last long. He spent the summer of 1881 in Odessa, feeling extremely ill. 26 days before his death, in a special letter, an outstanding surgeon made his own diagnosis: "Crawling cancerous ulcer of the oral mucosa." On November 23, Nikolai Ivanovich died.

Based on the materials of the book by Yu.G. Malisa "Nikolai Pirogov. His life, scientific and social activities

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Future great doctor was born on November 27, 1810 in Moscow. His father Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov served as treasurer. He had fourteen children, most of whom died in infancy. Of the six survivors, Nikolai was the youngest.

An acquaintance of the family helped him get an education - a well-known Moscow doctor, professor of Moscow University E. Mukhin, who noticed the boy's abilities and began to work with him individually. And already at the age of fourteen, Nikolai entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, for which he had to add two years to himself, but he passed the exams no worse than his older comrades. Pirogov studied easily. In addition, he had to constantly earn extra money to help his family. Finally, Pirogov managed to get a job as a dissector in the anatomical theater. This job gave him invaluable experience and convinced him that he should become a surgeon.

After graduating from the university one of the first in terms of academic performance, Pirogov went to prepare for a professorship at one of the best at that time in Russia, Yuriev University in the city of Tartu. Here, in the surgical clinic, Pirogov worked for five years, brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation, and at the age of twenty-six became a professor of surgery. In his dissertation, he was the first to study and describe the location of the human abdominal aorta, circulatory disorders during its ligation, the circulatory pathways in case of its obstruction, and explained the causes of postoperative complications. After five years in Derpt, Pirogov went to Berlin to study, the illustrious surgeons, to whom he went with a respectfully bowed head, read his dissertation, hastily translated into German. He found a teacher who, more than others, combined everything that he was looking for in the surgeon Pirogov, not in Berlin, but in Göttingen, in the person of Professor Langenbeck. The Göttingen professor taught him the purity of surgical techniques.

Returning home, Pirogov fell seriously ill and was forced to stay in Riga. As soon as Pirogov got up from the hospital bed, he undertook to operate. He began with rhinoplasty: he carved out a new nose for a noseless barber. Plastic surgery was followed by the inevitable lithotomies, amputations, removal of tumors. Having set off from Riga to Dorpat, he learned that the Moscow chair promised to him had been given to another candidate. Pirogov received a clinic in Dorpat, where he created one of his most significant works - "The Surgical Anatomy of Arterial Trunks and Fascia".

Pirogov supplied the description of operations with drawings. Nothing like the anatomical atlases and tables that were used before him. Finally, he goes to France, where five years earlier, after a professorial institute, the authorities did not want to let him go. In Parisian clinics, Nikolai Ivanovich does not find anything unknown. It is curious: as soon as he was in Paris, he hurried to the well-known professor of surgery and anatomy Velpo and found him reading "Surgical Anatomy of the Arterial Trunks and Fascia".

In 1841, Pirogov was invited to the Department of Surgery at the Medical and Surgical Academy of St. Petersburg. Here the scientist worked for more than ten years and created the first surgical clinic in Russia. In it, he founded another branch of medicine - hospital surgery. Nikolai Ivanovich is appointed director of the Tool Factory, and he agrees. Now he comes up with tools that any surgeon will use to perform the operation well and quickly. He is asked to accept a consultant position in one hospital, another, a third, and he again agrees. In the second year of his life in St. Petersburg, Pirogov fell seriously ill, poisoned by hospital miasma and the bad air of the dead. I couldn't get up for a month and a half. He felt sorry for himself, poisoned his soul with sorrowful thoughts about years lived without love and lonely old age. He went over in his memory all those who could bring him family love and happiness. The most suitable of them seemed to him Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina, a girl from a well-born, but collapsed and greatly impoverished family. A hurried modest wedding took place.

Pirogov had no time - great things were waiting for him. He simply locked his wife within the four walls of a rented and, on the advice of acquaintances, furnished apartment. Ekaterina Dmitrievna died in her fourth year of marriage, leaving Pirogov two sons: the second cost her her life. But in the difficult days of grief and despair for Pirogov, a great event happened - his project of the world's first Anatomical Institute was approved by the highest.

On October 16, 1846, the first test of ether anesthesia took place. In Russia, the first operation under anesthesia was performed on February 7, 1847 by Pirogov's comrade at the professorial institute, Fedor Ivanovich Inozemtsev.

Soon, Nikolai Ivanovich took part in hostilities in the Caucasus. Here the great surgeon performed about 10,000 operations under ether anesthesia.

After the death of Ekaterina Dmitrievna Pirogov was left alone. "I have no friends," he admitted with his usual frankness. And at home, the boys, sons, Nikolai and Vladimir were waiting for him. Pirogov twice unsuccessfully tried to marry for convenience, which he did not consider it necessary to hide from himself, from acquaintances, it seems that from the girls planned to be the bride.

In a small circle of acquaintances, where Pirogov sometimes spent evenings, he was told about the twenty-two-year-old Baroness Alexandra Antonovna Bistrom. Pirogov proposed to Baroness Bistrom. She agreed.

When the Crimean War began in 1853, Nikolai Ivanovich considered it his civic duty to go to Sevastopol. He was appointed to the active army. While operating on the wounded, Pirogov for the first time in the history of medicine used a plaster cast, which made it possible to speed up the healing process of fractures and saved many soldiers and officers from ugly curvature of the limbs. On his initiative, the Russian army introduced new form medical care- there were sisters of mercy. Thus, it was Pirogov who laid the foundations of military field medicine, and his developments formed the basis for the activities of military field surgeons in the 19th-20th centuries; they were used by Soviet surgeons during the Great Patriotic War.

After the fall of Sevastopol, Pirogov returned to St. Petersburg, where, at a reception at Alexander II, he reported on the mediocre leadership of the army by Prince Menshikov. The tsar did not want to heed the advice of Pirogov, and from that moment Nikolai Ivanovich fell out of favor. He was forced to leave the Medico-Surgical Academy. Appointed as a trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts, Pirogov is trying to change the school system that existed in them. Naturally, his actions led to a conflict with the authorities, and the scientist again had to leave his post. In 1862-1866. supervised young Russian scientists sent to Germany. At the same time, Giusepe Garibaldi successfully operated. From 1866 he lived on his estate in the village. Cherry, where he opened a hospital, a pharmacy and donated land to the peasants. He traveled from there only abroad, and also at the invitation of St. Petersburg University to give lectures. By this time, Pirogov was already a member of several foreign academies. As a consultant on military medicine and surgery, he went to the front during the Franco-Prussian (1870-1871) and Russian-Turkish (1877-1878) wars.

In 1879-1881. worked on The Diary of an Old Doctor, completing the manuscript shortly before his death. In May 1881, the fiftieth anniversary of Pirogov's scientific work was solemnly celebrated in Moscow and St. Petersburg. However, at that time the scientist was already terminally ill, and in the summer of 1881 he died on his estate. But own death he managed to kill himself. Shortly before his death, the scientist made another discovery - he proposed completely new way embalming the dead. Pirogov's body was embalmed, placed in a crypt and is now preserved in Vinnitsa, which included an estate turned into a museum. I.E. Repin painted a portrait of Pirogov, located in the Tretyakov Gallery. After the death of Pirogov, the Society of Russian Doctors was founded in his memory, which regularly convened the Pirogov Congresses. The memory of the great surgeon is preserved to this day. Every year on his birthday, a prize and a medal named after him are awarded for achievements in the field of anatomy and surgery. The name of Pirogov is the 2nd Moscow, Odessa and Vinnitsa medical institutes.

Date of Birth:
Place of Birth:	Moscow, Russian empire
Date of death:
A place of death:	Cherry village (now within the boundaries of Vinnitsa), Podolsk province, Russian Empire
Citizenship:	Russian empire
Occupation:	Prose writer, poet, playwright, translator
Scientific area:	Medicine
Alma mater:	Moscow University, Dorpat University
Known as:	Surgeon, creator of the atlas of topographic human anatomy, military field surgery, founder of anesthesia, outstanding teacher.
Awards and prizes:

Crimean War

After the Crimean War

Last confession

Last days

Meaning

In Ukraine

In Belarus

In Bulgaria

In Estonia

In Moldavia

In philately

The image of Pirogov in art

Interesting Facts

(November 13 (25), 1810, Moscow - November 23 (December 5), 1881, Cherry village (now within the boundaries of Vinnitsa), Podolsk province, Russian Empire) - Russian surgeon and anatomist, naturalist and teacher, creator of the first atlas of topographic anatomy, founder of Russian military field surgery, founder of the Russian school of anesthesia. Corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Biography

Nikolai Ivanovich was born in Moscow in 1810, in the family of a military treasurer, Major Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov (1772-1826). Mother Elizaveta Ivanovna Novikova belonged to an old Moscow merchant family. At the age of fourteen, he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University. After receiving a diploma, he studied abroad for several more years. Pirogov prepared for professorship at the Professorial Institute at the University of Derpt (now the University of Tartu). Here, in the surgical clinic, Pirogov worked for five years, brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation, and at the age of only twenty-six was elected professor at Dorpat University. A few years later, Pirogov was invited to St. Petersburg, where he headed the Department of Surgery at the Medical and Surgical Academy. At the same time, Pirogov led the Clinic of Hospital Surgery organized by him. Since Pirogov's duties included the training of military surgeons, he began to study the surgical methods common in those days. Many of them were radically reworked by him; in addition, Pirogov developed a number of completely new techniques, thanks to which he managed more often than other surgeons to avoid amputation of limbs. One of these techniques is still called the “Pirogov operation”.

Looking for effective method training, Pirogov decided to apply anatomical research on frozen corpses. Pirogov himself called this "ice anatomy". Thus was born a new medical discipline - topographic anatomy. After several years of such study of anatomy, Pirogov published the first anatomical atlas entitled "Topographic anatomy, illustrated by cuts made through the frozen human body in three directions", which became an indispensable guide for surgeons. From that moment on, surgeons were able to operate with minimal trauma to the patient. This atlas and the technique proposed by Pirogov became the basis for the entire subsequent development of operative surgery.

In 1847, Pirogov went to the Caucasus to join the army, as he wanted to test the operating methods he had developed in the field. In the Caucasus, he first used dressing with bandages soaked in starch. Starch dressing turned out to be more convenient and stronger than previously used splints. Here, in the village of Salta, Pirogov for the first time in the history of medicine began to operate on the wounded with ether anesthesia in the field. In total, the great surgeon performed about 10 thousand operations under ether anesthesia.

Crimean War

In 1855, during the Crimean War, Pirogov was the chief surgeon of Sevastopol, besieged by the Anglo-French troops. Operating on the wounded, Pirogov for the first time in the history of Russian medicine used a plaster cast, giving rise to a savings tactic for treating limb injuries and saving many soldiers and officers from amputation. During the siege of Sevastopol, to care for the wounded, Pirogov supervised the training and work of the sisters of the Exaltation of the Cross community of sisters of mercy. This was also an innovation at the time.

The most important merit of Pirogov is the introduction in Sevastopol of a completely new method of caring for the wounded. This method lies in the fact that the wounded were subject to careful selection already at the first dressing station; depending on the severity of the wounds, some of them were subject to immediate operation in the field, while others, with lighter wounds, were evacuated inland for treatment in stationary military hospitals. Therefore, Pirogov is rightly considered the founder of a special area in surgery, known as military field surgery.

For merits in helping the wounded and sick, Pirogov was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav, 1st degree, which gave the right to hereditary nobility.

After the Crimean War

Despite heroic defense, Sevastopol was taken by the besiegers, and the Crimean War was lost by Russia. Returning to St. Petersburg, Pirogov, at a reception at Alexander II, told the emperor about problems in the troops, as well as about the general backwardness of the Russian army and its weapons. The emperor did not want to listen to Pirogov. From that moment on, Nikolai Ivanovich fell out of favor, he was sent to Odessa to the post of trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts. Pirogov tried to reform the existing system of school education, his actions led to a conflict with the authorities, and the scientist had to leave his post.

Not only was he not appointed minister of public education, but they even refused to make him a comrade (deputy) minister, instead he was "exiled" to supervise Russian candidates for professorships studying abroad. He chose Heidelberg as his residence, where he arrived in May 1862. The candidates were very grateful to him, for example, he warmly recalled this Nobel Laureate I. I. Mechnikov. There he not only fulfilled his duties, often traveling to other cities where the candidates studied, but also provided them and their families and friends with any, including medical assistance, and one of the candidates, the head of the Russian community of Heidelberg, held a fundraiser for the treatment of Garibaldi and persuaded Pirogov to examine the wounded Garibaldi. Pirogov refused money, but went to Garibaldi and found a bullet not noticed by other world-famous doctors, insisted that Garibaldi leave the climate harmful to his wound, as a result of which the Italian government released Garibaldi from captivity. According to the general opinion, it was N.I. Pirogov who then saved the leg, and, most likely, the life of Garibaldi, who was convicted by other doctors. In his Memoirs, Garibaldi recalls: “The outstanding professors Petridge, Nelaton and Pirogov, who showed generous attention to me when I was in a dangerous state, proved that there are no boundaries for good deeds, for true science in the family of mankind ... "After that Petersburg, there was an attempt on the life of Alexander II by nihilists who admired Garibaldi, and, most importantly, Garibaldi's participation in the war of Prussia and Italy against Austria, which displeased the Austrian government, and the "red" Pirogov was generally dismissed from public service even without pension rights.

In the prime of his creative powers, Pirogov retired to his small estate "Cherry" not far from Vinnitsa, where he organized a free hospital. He briefly traveled from there only abroad, and also at the invitation of St. Petersburg University to give lectures. By this time, Pirogov was already a member of several foreign academies. For a relatively long time, Pirogov left the estate only twice: the first time in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian war, being invited to the front on behalf of the International Red Cross, and the second time, in 1877-1878 - already at a very old age - he worked for several months on front during the Russian-Turkish war.

Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878

When Emperor Alexander II visited Bulgaria in August 1877, during the Russian-Turkish war, he remembered Pirogov as an incomparable surgeon and the best organizer of the medical service at the front. Despite his old age (then Pirogov was already 67 years old), Nikolai Ivanovich agreed to go to Bulgaria, provided that he was given complete freedom of action. His desire was granted, and on October 10, 1877, Pirogov arrived in Bulgaria, in the village of Gorna-Studena, not far from Plevna, where the main apartment of the Russian command was located.

Pirogov organized the treatment of soldiers, care for the wounded and sick in military hospitals in Svishtov, Zgalev, Bolgaren, Gorna-Studena, Veliko Tarnovo, Bokhot, Byala, Plevna. From October 10 to December 17, 1877, Pirogov traveled over 700 km in a cart and sleigh, over an area of ​​12,000 square meters. km., occupied by the Russians between the rivers Vit and Yantra. Nikolai Ivanovich visited 11 Russian military temporary hospitals, 10 divisional infirmaries and 3 pharmacy warehouses located in 22 different settlements. During this time, he was engaged in treatment and operated on both Russian soldiers and many Bulgarians.

Last confession

In 1881, N. I. Pirogov became the fifth honorary citizen of Moscow "in connection with fifty years of labor activity in the field of education, science and citizenship."

Last days

At the beginning of 1881, Pirogov drew attention to pain and irritation on the mucous membrane of the hard palate, on May 24, 1881, N.V. Sklifosovsky established the presence of cancer of the upper jaw. N. I. Pirogov died at 20:25 on November 23, 1881. in with. Cherry, now part of Vinnitsa.

Pirogov's body was embalmed by his attending physician D. I. Vyvodtsev using the method he had just developed, and buried in a mausoleum in the village of Vyshnia near Vinnitsa. In the late 1920s, robbers visited the crypt, damaged the lid of the sarcophagus, stole Pirogov's sword (a gift from Franz Joseph) and a pectoral cross. During the Second World War, during the retreat of the Soviet troops, the sarcophagus with the body of Pirogov was hidden in the ground, while being damaged, which led to damage to the body, which was subsequently restored and re-embalmed.

Officially, Pirogov's tomb is called the "necropolis church", the body is located slightly below ground level in the crypt - the basement of the Orthodox church, in a glazed sarcophagus, which can be accessed by those wishing to pay tribute to the memory of the great scientist.

Meaning

The main significance of the activity of N. I. Pirogov is that with his selfless and often disinterested work he turned surgery into a science, arming doctors with scientifically based methods of surgical intervention.

A rich collection of documents related to the life and work of N. I. Pirogov, his personal belongings, medical instruments, lifetime editions of his works are stored in the funds of the Military Medical Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia. Of particular interest are the 2-volume manuscript of the scientist “Questions of life. Diary of an old doctor” and a suicide note left by him indicating the diagnosis of his illness.

Contribution to the development of national pedagogy

In the classic article “Questions of Life”, Pirogov considered the fundamental problems of Russian education. He showed the absurdity of class education, the discord between school and life, put forward the formation of a highly moral personality, ready to renounce selfish aspirations for the good of society, as the main goal of education. Pirogov believed that for this it was necessary to rebuild the entire education system based on the principles of humanism and democracy. The education system that ensures the development of the individual should be based on scientific basis, from primary to higher education, and to ensure the continuity of all education systems.

Pedagogical views: Pirogov considered the main idea of ​​universal education, the education of a citizen useful to the country; noted the need for social preparation for life of a highly moral person with a broad moral outlook: “ Being human is what education should lead to»; upbringing and education should be in their native language. " contempt for mother tongue disgrace the national feeling". He pointed out that the basis of the subsequent vocational education should be wide general education; proposed to involve in teaching in high school prominent scientists, recommended to strengthen the conversations of professors with students; fought for general secular education; urged to respect the personality of the child; fought for the autonomy of higher education.

Criticism of class vocational education: Pirogov opposed the class school and early utilitarian-professional training, against the early premature specialization of children; believed that it hinders the moral education of children, narrows their horizons; condemned arbitrariness, the barracks regime in schools, thoughtless attitude towards children.

Didactic ideas: teachers should discard old dogmatic ways of teaching and apply new methods; it is necessary to awaken the thought of students, to instill skills independent work; the teacher must draw the attention and interest of the student to the reported material; transfer from class to class should be based on the results of annual performance; in transfer exams there is an element of chance and formalism.

Physical punishment. In this regard, he was a follower of J. Locke, considering corporal punishment as a means of humiliating a child, causing irreparable damage to his morals, accustoming him to slavish obedience, based only on fear, and not on understanding and evaluating his actions. Slave obedience forms a vicious nature, seeking retribution for its humiliation. N. I. Pirogov believed that the result of training and moral education, the effectiveness of the methods of maintaining discipline are determined by the objective, if possible, assessment by the teacher of all the circumstances that caused the misconduct, and the imposition of a punishment that does not frighten and humiliate the child, but educates him. Condemning the use of the rod as a means of disciplinary action, he allowed in exceptional cases the use of physical punishment, but only by order pedagogical council. Despite such an ambiguity in the position of N.I. Pirogov, it should be noted that the question he raised and the discussion that followed on the pages of the press had positive consequences: “The Charter of Gymnasiums and Progymnasiums” of 1864 corporal punishment was abolished.

The system of public education according to N. I. Pirogov:

• Elementary (primary) school (2 years), studying arithmetic, grammar;
• Incomplete secondary school of two types: classical gymnasium (4 years, general education); real progymnasium (4 years);
• high school two types: classical gymnasium (5 years of general education: Latin, Greek, Russian, literature, mathematics); real gymnasium (3 years, applied nature: professional subjects);
• Higher school: universities higher educational institutions.

Family

• First wife - Ekaterina Berezina. She died of complications after childbirth at the age of 24. Sons - Nikolai, Vladimir.
• The second wife is Baroness Alexandra von Bystrom.

Memory

In Russia

In Ukraine

In Belarus

• Pirogova street in the city of Minsk.

In Bulgaria

The grateful Bulgarian people erected 26 obelisks, 3 rotundas and a monument to N. I. Pirogov in Skobelevsky Park in Plevna. In the village of Bokhot, on the spot where the Russian 69th military-temporary hospital stood, a park-museum “N. I. Pirogov.

When the first emergency hospital in Bulgaria was established in Sofia in 1951, it was named after N.I. Pirogov. Later, the hospital changed its name many times, first to the Institute of Emergency Medicine, then to the Republican Scientific and Practical Institute of Emergency Medicine, the Scientific Institute of Emergency Medicine, the Multidisciplinary Hospital for Active Treatment and Ambulance, and finally - University MBALSP. And the bas-relief of Pirogov has never changed at the entrance. Now in MBALSM "N. I. Pirogov” employs 361 medical residents, 150 researchers, 1025 medical professionals and 882 support staff. All of them proudly call themselves "pirogovtsy". The hospital is considered one of the best in Bulgaria and treats over 40,000 inpatients and 300,000 outpatients a year.

On October 14, 1977, a postage stamp "100 years since the arrival of Academician Nikolai Pirogov in Bulgaria" was printed in Bulgaria.

The image of Pirogov in art

• Pirogov - the main thing actor in Kuprin's story "The Wonderful Doctor".
• The main character in the story "The Beginning" and in the story "Bucephalus" by Yuri German.
• The 1947 film "Pirogov" - in the role of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov - People's Artist of the USSR Konstantin Skorobogatov.
• Pirogov is the main character in the novel "Privy Councilor" by Boris Zolotarev and Yuri Tyurin. (Moscow: Sovremennik, 1986. - 686 p.)

• In 1855, when he was the head teacher of the Simferopol gymnasium, D. I. Mendeleev, who had experienced health problems from his youth (it was even suspected that he had consumption), at the request of the St. Petersburg doctor N. F. Zdekauer, was accepted and examined by N. And Pirogov, who, stating the patient's satisfactory condition, declared: "You will outlive us both" - this predestination not only instilled in the future great scientist confidence in the favor of fate, but also came true.
• For a long time, N. I. Pirogov was credited with the authorship of the article “The Ideal of a Woman”. A recent study proves that the article is a selection from the correspondence of N. I. Pirogov with his second wife A. A. Bistrom.

(1810-1881) - a great Russian doctor and scientist, an outstanding teacher and public figure; one of the founders of surgical anatomy and anatomical and experimental direction in surgery, military field surgery, organization and tactics of medical support for troops; corresponding member Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1847), honorary member and honorary doctor of many domestic and foreign universities and medical societies.

In 1824 (at the age of 14) N. I. Pirogov entered the medical department. Faculty of Moscow un-that, where among his teachers were the anatomist X. I. Loder, clinicians M. Ya. Wise, E. O. Mukhin. In 1828 he graduated from the un-t and entered among the first "professorial students" in the Derpt Professorial Institute, created to train professors from "natural Russians" who successfully graduated from the high fur boots and passed the entrance exams at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Initially, he intended to specialize in physiology, but due to the lack of this profile of special training, he chose surgery. In 1829 received gold medal Derpt (now Tartu) University for the work performed in the surgical clinic of prof. I.F. Moyer competitive research on the topic: “What should be borne in mind when ligating large arteries during operations?”, In 1832 he defended a doctorate, a dissertation on the topic: “Is ligation of the abdominal aorta with inguinal aneurysm easy and safe intervention. In 1833-1835, completing his training for a professorship, N. I. Pirogov was on a business trip in Germany, improved in anatomy and surgery, in particular in the clinic of B. Langenbeck. Upon his return to Russia in 1835, he worked in Dorpat at the clinic of prof. I. F. Moyer; since 1836 - extraordinary, and since 1837 ordinary professor of theoretical and practical surgery at Dorpat University. In 1841, N. I. Pirogov created and until 1856 headed the hospital surgical clinic of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy; at the same time was Ch. doctor of the surgical department of the 2nd military land hospital, director of the technical part of the St. Petersburg Instrumental Plant, and since 1846 director of the Institute of Practical Anatomy created at the Medico-Surgical Academy. In 1846, N. I. Pirogov was approved as an academician of the Medical and Surgical Academy.

In 1856, N. I. Pirogov left the service at the academy (“due to illness and domestic circumstances”) and accepted the offer to take the post of trustee of the Odessa educational district; from that time began the 10-year period of his activity in the field of education. In 1858, N. I. Pirogov was appointed trustee of the Kyiv educational district (in 1861 he resigned for health reasons). Since 1862, N. I. Pirogov was the leader of young Russian scientists sent to Germany to prepare for professorial and teaching activities. N. I. Pirogov spent the last years of his life (since 1866) on his estate in the village of Vishnya near Vinnitsa, from where he traveled as a consultant on military medicine to the theater of operations during the Franco-Prussian (1870-1871) and Russian-Turkish (1877 -1878) wars.

The scientific, practical and social activities of N. I. Pirogov brought him world medical fame, undeniable leadership in domestic surgery and put him forward among the largest representatives of European medicine in the mid-19th century. Scientific legacy N. I. Pirogova refers to various areas medicine. He made a significant contribution to each of them, which has not lost its significance until now. Despite more than a century ago, the works of N. I. Pirogov continue to amaze the reader with their originality and depth of thought.

The classic works of N. I. Pirogov “Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia” (1837), “A complete course of applied anatomy of the human body, with drawings (descriptive-physiological and surgical anatomy)” (1843-1848) and “Illustrated topographic anatomy of cuts, carried out in three directions through the frozen human body"(1852-1859); each of them was awarded the Demidov Prize of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and became the foundation of topographic anatomy and operative surgery. They set out the principles of layer-by-layer preparation in the study of anatomical regions and formations and provide original methods for preparing anatomical preparations - sawing frozen corpses (“ice anatomy”, which was initiated by I. V. Buyalsky in 1836), carving individual organs from frozen corpses (“sculptural anatomy”), which together made it possible to determine the relative position of organs and tissues with an accuracy inaccessible with previous research methods.

Studying materials a large number autopsies (about 800) carried out by him during an outbreak of cholera in St. Petersburg in 1848, N. I. Pirogov established that with cholera, zhel.-kish is primarily affected. path, and made a correct guess about the ways of spreading this disease, indicating that the causative agent of the disease (according to the terminology of that time, miasm) enters the body with food and drink. N. I. Pirogov outlined the results of his research in the monograph “Pathological Anatomy of Asiatic Cholera”, published in 1849 in French. language, and in 1850 in Russian and awarded the Demidov Prize of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

In the doctoral dissertation of N. I. Pirogov, devoted to the technique of ligation of the abdominal aorta and elucidation of the reactions of the vascular system and the whole organism to this surgical intervention, the results of an experimental study of the characteristics of collateral circulation after surgery and ways to reduce surgical risk were presented. The monograph by N. I. Pirogov “On the cutting of the Achilles tendon as an operative-orthopedic tool” (1840) also belongs to the Dorpat period, in which effective method treatment of a clubfoot, biol, properties of a blood clot are characterized and it is defined to lay down. role in wound healing processes.

N. I. Pirogov was the first among domestic scientists to come up with the idea of ​​plastic surgery (a trial lecture at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1835 “On plastic surgery in general and about rhinoplasty in particular”), for the first time in the world put forward the idea of ​​bone grafting, publishing in 1854 . work "Osteoplastic elongation of the bones of the lower leg during exfoliation of the foot." His method of connecting the supporting stump during amputation of the lower leg due to the calcaneus is known as the Pirogov operation (see Pirogov amputation); he served as an impetus for the development of other osteoplastic operations. Proposed by N. I. Pirogov, Extraperitoneal access to the external iliac artery (1833) and the lower third of the ureter was widely practical use and was named after him.

The role of N. I. Pirogov in the development of the problem of anesthesia is exceptional. Anesthesia (see) was proposed in 1846, and the very next year N. I. Pirogov conducted a wide experimental and wedge test of the analgesic properties of ether vapors. He studied their effect in experiments on animals (with various methods of administration - inhalation, rectal, intravascular, intratracheal, subarachnoid), as well as on volunteers, including himself. One of the first in Russia (February 14, 1847), he performed an operation under ether anesthesia (removal of the mammary gland for cancer), which lasted only 2.5 minutes; in the same month (for the first time in the world) he performed an operation under rectal ether anesthesia, for which a special apparatus was designed. He summarized the results of 50 surgical interventions carried out by him in the hospitals of St. Petersburg, Moscow and Kiev in reports, oral and written communications (including in the Society of Doctors of St. Petersburg and the Medical Council of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in the St. Petersburg and the Paris Academies of Sciences) and the monographic work “Observations on the action of ether vapors as an analgesic in surgical operations” (1847), which were of great importance in promoting the new method in Russia and introducing anesthesia into wedge practice. In July-August 1847, N. I. Pirogov, seconded to the Caucasian theater of operations, first used ether anesthesia in the conditions of active troops (during the siege of the fortified village of Salty). The result was unprecedented in the history of wars: operations took place without the groans and cries of the wounded. In his “Report on a Journey through the Caucasus” (1849), N.I. Pirogov wrote: “The possibility of broadcasting on the battlefield has been undeniably proven ... The most comforting result of broadcasting was that the operations we performed in the presence of other wounded did not frighten but, on the contrary, they reassured them in their own fate.

The activity of N. I. Pirogov played a significant role in the history of asepsis and antiseptics, which, along with anesthesia, determined the success of surgery in the last quarter of the 19th century. Even before the publication of the works of L. Pasteur and J. Lister, in his wedge, lectures on surgery, N. I. Pirogov made a brilliant guess that suppuration of wounds depends on living pathogens (“hospital miasm”): “Miasma, infecting, itself and reproduced by an infected organism. Miasma is not, like poison, a passive aggregate of chemically active particles; it is organic, capable of development and renewal. From this theoretical position, he drew practical conclusions: he allocated special departments in his clinic for those infected with "hospital miasms"; demanded "to completely separate the entire staff of the gangrenous department - doctors, nurses, paramedics and attendants, to give them dressings (lint, bandages, rags) and special surgical instruments special from other departments"; recommended that the physician "of the miasmic and gangrenous department pay special attention to his dress and hands." Regarding the dressing of wounds with lint, he wrote: “You can imagine what this lint must be like under a microscope! How many eggs, fungi and various spores are in it? How easily it becomes itself a means of transmitting contagions! N. I. Pirogov consistently carried out antiseptic treatment of wounds, using iodine tincture, solutions of silver nitrate, etc., emphasized the importance of gigabytes. measures in the treatment of the wounded and sick.

N. I. Pirogov was a champion of the preventive trend in medicine. He owns the famous words that have become the motto of domestic medicine: “I believe in hygiene. This is where the true progress of our science lies. The future belongs to preventive medicine.”

In 1870, in a review of the "Proceedings of the Constant medical commission Poltava provincial zemstvo ”N. I. Pirogov advised the zemstvo to pay special attention to honey. organizations for hygiene and sanitation. sections of her work, as well as not to be overlooked in practical activities food issue.

The reputation of N. I. Pirogov as a practical surgeon was as high as his reputation as a scientist. Even in the Dorpat period, his operations were striking in their boldness of conception and mastery of execution. Operations were carried out at that time without anesthesia, so they were sought to be performed as quickly as possible. Removal of the mammary gland or stone from the bladder, for example, N. I. Pirogov carried out in 1.5-3 minutes. During the Crimean War, at the main dressing station in Sevastopol on March 4, 1855, he performed 10 amputations in less than 2 hours. The international medical authority of N. I. Pirogov is evidenced, in particular, by his invitation for a consultative examination to the German Chancellor O. Bismarck (1859) and national hero Italy G. Garibaldi (1862).

Of great importance not only for military field surgery, but also for a wedge, medicine as a whole were the works of N. I. Pirogov on the problems of immobilization and shock. In 1847, at the Caucasian theater of military operations, for the first time in military field practice, he used a fixed starch dressing for complex fractures of the limbs. During the Crimean War, he also for the first time (1854) applied a plaster bandage in the field (see Plaster technique). N. I. Pirogov owns a detailed description of the pathogenesis, a presentation of methods for the prevention and treatment of shock; the wedge described by him, the picture of shock is classical and continues to appear in manuals and textbooks on surgery. He also described a concussion, gaseous swelling of the tissues, singled out "wound consumption" as a special form of pathology, now known as "wound exhaustion".

A characteristic feature of N. I. Pirogov - a doctor and teacher - was extreme self-criticism. Even at the beginning of his professorship, he published the two-volume work "Annals of the Derpt Surgical Clinic" (1837-1839), in which a critical approach to his own work and an analysis of his mistakes are considered as the most important condition successful development honey. science and practice. In the preface to the 1st volume of the Annals, he wrote: "I consider it the sacred duty of a conscientious teacher to immediately publish his mistakes and their consequences in order to warn and edify others, even less experienced, from such errors." I. Pavlov called the publication of the Annals his first professorial feat: “... in a certain respect an unprecedented publication. Such ruthless, frank criticism of oneself and one's activities is hardly found anywhere in the medical literature. And this is a huge merit! In 1854, the "Military Medical Journal" published an article by N. I. Pirogov "On the difficulties of recognizing surgical diseases and on happiness in surgery", based on the analysis of Ch. arr. own medical errors. This approach to self-criticism effective weapon in the struggle for genuine science is characteristic of N. I. Pirogov in all periods of his versatile activity.

N. I. Pirogov, a teacher, was distinguished by a constant desire for greater clarity of the material presented (for example, widespread demonstrations at lectures), the search for new methods of teaching anatomy and surgery, conducting a wedge, detours. His important merit in the field of honey. education is an initiative to open hospital clinics for 5th year students. He was the first to substantiate the need to create such clinics and formulated the tasks facing them. In the draft on the establishment of hospital clinics in Russia (1840), he wrote: “Nothing can contribute to the dissemination of medical and especially surgical information among students as an applied direction in teaching ... Clinical teaching ... has a completely different goal from practical teaching in big hospitals and one is not enough for complete education practical doctor ..., professor of practical medicine, hospital, directs the attention of listeners during his visits to a whole mass of identical painful cases, showing at the same time their individual shades; ... his lectures consist of a review of the main cases, comparing them, etc.; he has in his hands the means of advancing science.” In 1841, a hospital surgical clinic began to function at the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy, and in 1842, the first hospital therapeutic clinic. In 1846 hospital clinics were opened in Moscow un-those, and then in Kazan, Derpt and Kiev high fur boots with the simultaneous introduction of the 5th year of study for medical students. f-comrade. So an important reform of higher medical education was carried out. education, which contributed to the improvement of the training of domestic doctors.

N. I. Pirogov's speeches on upbringing and education had a great public resonance; his article “Questions of Life”, published in 1856 in the “Sea Collection”, was positively evaluated by N. G. Chernyshevsky and N. A. Dobrolyubov. From the same year, the activities of N.N. Pirogov in the field of education, which was marked by a constant struggle against ignorance and stagnation in science and education, with patronage and bribery. N. I. Pirogov sought to disseminate knowledge among the people, demanded the so-called. autonomy of high fur boots, was a supporter of competitions that provide a place for more capable and knowledgeable applicants. He defended equal rights to education for all nationalities, large and small, and all estates, strove for the implementation of universal primary education and was the organizer of Sunday public schools in Kyiv. On the issue of the relationship between “scientific” and “educational” in higher education, he was a resolute opponent of the opinion that high fur boots should teach, and the Academy of Sciences should “move science forward”, and argued: “It is impossible to separate educational from scientific at the university. But scientific and without educational still shines and warms. And educational without scientific, - no matter how ... its appearance is alluring, - it only shines. In assessing the merits of the head of the department, he gave preference to scientific rather than pedagogical abilities and was deeply convinced that science is driven by the method. “Be a professor, at least a dumb one,” wrote N. I. Pirogov, “and teach by example, in fact, the real method of studying the subject - for science and for those who want to do science, it is more expensive than the most eloquent speaker ...” A. I. Herzen called N. I. Pirogov one of the most prominent figures in Russia, who, in his opinion, brought great benefits to the Motherland not only as its “first operator”, but also as a trustee of educational districts.

N. I. Pirogov is rightly called the “father of Russian surgery” - his activities led to the entry of domestic surgery to the forefront of world medical science. sciences (see Medicine). His works on topographic anatomy, on the problems of anesthesia, immobilization, bone grafting, shock, wounds and wound complications, on the organization of military field surgery and the military medical service as a whole are classical and fundamental. His scientific school is not limited to direct students: in essence, all the leading domestic surgeons of the 2nd half of the 19th century. developed the anatomical and physiological direction in surgery based on the provisions and methods developed by N. I. Pirogov. His initiative to involve women in caring for the wounded, i.e., in the organization of the institute of sisters of mercy, played important role in attracting women to medicine and contributed, according to A. Dunant, to the creation of the international Red Cross.

In May 1881, the 50th anniversary of the versatile activity of N. I. Pirogov was solemnly celebrated in Moscow; he was awarded the title of honorary citizen of Moscow. After his death, the Ob-in of Russian doctors was founded in memory of N. I. Pirogov, who regularly convened the Pirogov congresses (see). In 1897, in Moscow, in front of the building of the surgical clinic on Tsaritsynskaya Street (since 1919, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya), a monument to N. I. Pirogov was erected with funds raised by subscription (sculptor V. O. Sherwood); in the State Tretyakov Gallery there is his portrait by I. E. Repin (1881). By decision of the Soviet government in 1947, in the village of Pirogovo (former Cherry), where the crypt with the embalmed body of the great figure of Russian science was preserved, a memorial estate museum was opened. Since 1954, the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and the board of the All-Union Society of Surgeons have been holding annual Pirogov readings. N. I. Pirogov are dedicated to St. 3 thousand books and articles in domestic and foreign press. The name of N. I. Pirogov is carried by the Leningrad (former Russian) surgical society, the 2nd Moscow and Odessa medical in-you. His works on general and military medicine, upbringing and education continue to attract the attention of scientists, doctors and educators.

The museum is located in the Vishnya estate (at present, within the city of Vinnitsa), where N. I. Pirogov settled in 1861 and lived, intermittently, for the last 20 years of his life. In addition to the estate with a residential building and a pharmacy, the museum complex includes a tomb, in which the embalmed body of N. I. Pirogov rests.

The proposal to create a museum in the Vishnya estate was first put forward in the early 1920s. Vinnitsa Scientific Society of Physicians. This proposal found support and development at the solemn meeting of the Pirogov Surgical Society (December 6, 1926), as well as at the I (1926) and II (1928) All-Ukrainian Congresses of Surgeons in the speeches of H. M. Volkovich, I. I. Grekov , N. K. Lysenkova. In 1939-1940. in connection with the approaching 135th anniversary of the birth of N. I. Pirogov People's Commissar-zdrav of the Ukrainian SSR and medical. the public again raised the issue of creating memorial complex in the Pirogovo estate. It was supposed to carry out the main work in the summer of 1941. However, the war prevented the implementation of the developed plan.

The organization of the museum began shortly after the liberation of Ukraine from the Nazi invaders (October 1944) in accordance with the decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR to establish a museum in the estate of N. I. Pirogov and to take measures to preserve his remains. A huge merit in the organization of the museum belongs to Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences E. I. Smirnov, at that time the head of the Main Military Sanitary Directorate of the Red Army.

The invaders caused great damage to the estate and the tomb. The coffin with the body of the scientist was on the verge of destruction. The commission appointed in May 1945, consisting of professors A. N. Maksimenkov, R. D. Sinelnikov, M. K. Dahl, M. S. Spirova, G. L. Derman and others, managed to slow down the process of tissue breakdown and restore the appearance of N. I. Pirogov. At the same time, repair and restoration work was carried out in the estate. The development of expositions was undertaken by the Leningrad Military Medical Museum (see). On September 9, 1947, the grand opening of the museum took place.

The collection of museum exhibits reflects the medical, scientific, pedagogical, social activities N. I. Pirogov. The museum presents the works of the scientist, memorial items, handwritten documents, anatomical preparations, surgical instruments, pharmacy equipment, recipes, photographs, paintings and sculptures. The number of exhibits exceeds 15,000. The museum's library contains several thousand books and magazines. In the garden and park of the estate, trees planted by N.I. Pirogov have been preserved.

IN last years a team of scientists and practitioners consisting of S. S. Debov, V. V. Kupriyanov, A. P. Avtsyn, M. R. Sapin, K. I. Kulchitsky, Yu. I. Denisov-Nikolsky, L. D. Zherebtsov , V. D. Bilyk, S. A. Markovsky, G. S. Sobchuk carried out restoration and restoration work in the tomb and reembalmed the body of N. I. Pirogov. For the restoration of the museum-estate of N. I. Pirogov and its use for the wide promotion of the achievements of domestic medical science and the practice of Soviet health care, a group of scientists and museum workers was awarded the State Prize of the Ukrainian SSR (1983).

The museum is scientific and training base Vinnitsa Medical Institute. N. I. Pirogov. More than 300 thousand people get acquainted with the expositions of the museum every year.

Compositions: Num vinctura aortae abdominalis in aneurysmate inguinali adbibita facile ac tutum sit remedium? Dorpati, 1832; Practical and physiological observations on the effect of ether vapor on the animal organism, SPb., 1847; Report on a journey through the Caucasus, St. Petersburg, 1849; Military medical business, St. Petersburg, 1879; Works, vol. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1887; Collected works, vols. 1-8, M., 1957-1962.

Bibliography: Georgievsky A. S. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov and "Military Medical Business", JT., 1979; G e with e l e-in and h A. M. Chronicle of the life of N. I. Pirogov (1810-1881), M., 1976; Gesele-in and h A. M. and Smirnov E. I. Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov, M., 1960; Maximenkov A. N. Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov. L., 1961; Smirnov E. I. Modern meaning of the main provisions of N. I. Pirogov in military field surgery, Vestn, hir., t. 83, No. 8, p. 3, 1959.

Museum-estate of N. I. Pirogov- Bolyarsky H. N. N. I. Pirogov in the estate "Cherry" of the Vinnitsa district of the Podolsk province, Nov. hir. arch., v. 15, book. I, p. 3, 1928; Kulchitsky K. I., Klantsa P. A. and Sobchuk G. S. N. I. Pirogov in the estate of Cherry, Kyiv, 1981; Sobchuk G. S. and Klanz P. A. Museum-estate of N. I. Pirogov, Odessa, 1986; Sobchuk G.S., Kirilenko A.V. and Klantsa P.A. Monument of national gratitude, Ortop. and traumat., No. 10, p. 60, 1985; Sobchuk G. S., Markovsky S. A. and Klanza P. A. To the history of the museum-estate of N. I. Pirogov, Owls. health care, Jsft 3, p. 57, 1986.

E. I. Smirnov, G. S. Sobchuk (museum), P. A. Klantz (museum).