The concept of human capital is today one of the main theoretical directions in economic sociology and management. For its development, two Nobel Prizes in Economics were awarded to the Americans Theodor Schultz in 1979 and Gary Becker in 1992.

According to this concept, human capital is a stock of knowledge, skills, abilities, motivations, abilities and health formed as a result of investments and accumulated by a person, which contributes to the growth of labor productivity and income of a given person. Investments in human capital mainly include expenditures on education (general and special, formal and informal), healthcare (disease prevention, medical care, dietary nutrition, improvement of living conditions) and the formation of the necessary value and ethical standards(for example, loyalty to your company). Since these expenses will be repeatedly compensated by income in the future, they should be recognized as productive, not consumer.

Description of the problem

During the period of radical economic reforms in Russia, the knowledge, experience and skills acquired by people in the system of Soviet education and in the process of production activities in the Soviet economic system were sharply depreciated. The labor market made new demands on the quality of the labor force, and the accumulation of human capital actually began anew then - if not from scratch, then from a rather low level.

Today, significant funds are invested directly or indirectly in the development of the human potential of Russians - both by the state, and by employers and workers themselves. The most common form of these investments is education: basic or additional higher education, advanced training courses, seminars, trainings.

How effective are these investments in modern Russian conditions? Do they increase the “value” of the employee and his demand in the labor market?

On April 21-22, 2007, VTsIOM conducted an all-Russian survey in 153 settlements in 46 subjects of the Russian Federation. Of the 1,260 respondents aged 18 to 60, 858 people (68.1%) worked permanently or temporarily. An analysis of the distribution of their responses to questions relating to employment provided the basis for this report.

Level of education and income

Formal education, above all higher education, is the main form of investment in human capital. Moreover, the real amount of this capital is determined not so much by the presence of an appropriate diploma, but by the acquired knowledge, skills, abilities and social ties.

Gary Becker was originally engaged in the study of the economic efficiency of higher education. According to his concept, the salary of an employee with a certain level of training can be represented as consisting of two main parts. The first is what he would get if he had a "zero" level of education. The second is the return on "educational investment", which is made up of direct costs of education and "lost earnings", i.e. income not received by students during their studies. For example, having defined the return on investment in education as the ratio of income to costs, Becker received an average figure for the United States of 12-14% of annual profit.

Thus, the real value of education for its immediate bearer and for society as a whole is manifested in the fact that a worker with a higher level of education has higher incomes.

According to many economists and sociologists, 15-20 years ago in our country, the presence of a university diploma had little effect on the financial situation of its owner. And how are things now?

Employed respondents were asked to indicate the amount of their earnings, income from the main job received in the previous month (i.e. in March 2007), including bonuses, vacation and other payments, after taxes, with an accuracy of (+ / -) 100 rubles.

In the group of working respondents aged 18 to 60, these incomes averaged 9,800 rubles. The income of people with higher education turned out to be approximately 1.3 times higher than the average for the group - an average of 13,500 rubles, with an incomplete higher education - 1.1 times - 10,900 rubles. The incomes of respondents with secondary and secondary specialized education amounted to 8,100 and 9,600 rubles, respectively.

Assessing the level of their material well-being, respondents with higher education significantly more often than on average considered themselves to be among the “prosperous” - 21.0% (12.0%), somewhat more often among the “average income” - 49.3% ( 46.2%), less often among the "poor" and "very poor" - respectively 23.5% and 3.7% (30.3% and 9.3%).

In addition, respondents with higher education more often than the average for the group noted that they were "generally satisfied" with the size of their salary of 54.8% (on average 38.7%) and less often - that they were "generally dissatisfied" 54.1% (59.6%).

Thus, it can be argued that in Russia, the possession of a university diploma provides a certain increase in earnings - according to our study, on average, by about 1/3. It is worth noting that in developed countries the “premium for higher education” usually ranges from 50 to 100%.

Employment outlook

“Possessing human capital” increases the chances not only of earning higher wages, but also of getting a job as such. Is it possible to speak of a similar effect in relation to the Russian labor market?

As follows from the results of the study, the level of education and employment of Russians are directly interconnected.

Of the 1,060 respondents at the age of greatest economic activity - from 22 to 55 years old, 791 people work permanently or temporarily, or an average of 74.6% for the sample. Among those with higher education, 82.9% work in this group, 76.0% - secondary specialized, 71.2% - secondary.

82.2% of the interviewed men and 67.6% of the interviewed women of the indicated age work permanently or temporarily; including those with higher education – 93.0% and 76.4%, respectively, secondary specialized education – 81.9% and 71.0%, secondary education – 81.3% and 59.4%, incomplete higher education – 67, 4% and 47.5%.

Thus, the direct relationship between education and employment is especially true for women. It is likely that many women who did not continue their education after leaving school are engaged in housework and children. It is difficult to say which is the cause and which is the effect.

Among respondents aged 18 to 60 with higher education, the least number of registered unemployed: they make up only 1.8% of their number, while the average for the sample is 2.7%, among those with secondary education - 3.8 %, secondary special - 2.7%.

This trend is typical for both large cities and regions. Our data show that the less locality the lower the employment rate. But unemployment among respondents with higher education is universally lower than the average for the sample.

In Moscow and St. Petersburg, 78.0% of respondents aged 18 to 60 have a job, including those with higher education - 79.2%; in cities with a population of 100 - 500 thousand inhabitants - 70.6% and 75.0%, respectively; in cities with up to 50 thousand inhabitants - 63.9% and 73.7%; in villages - 54.5% and 76.2%.

Thus, in Russian conditions, a higher level of his education really significantly enhances the competitive position of workers in the labor market.

Without a break from production

In addition to receiving formal education, the most important form of investment in human capital is the accumulation of practical production experience by an employee, i.e. professional training. According to some data, in developed countries, the total investment in on-the-job training is roughly comparable to the investment in formal education.

Gary Becker introduced the distinction between specific and general vocational training. Special training gives employees knowledge and skills that will be useful only in the company where they were received. It is financed for the most part by the companies themselves, and they also receive the main income from it. In the course of general training, the employee acquires knowledge and skills that can be applied by other employers. General training is paid indirectly by the employees themselves - striving to improve their skills, they agree to lower wages during the training period. But in the future, they get "investment income" in the form of higher wages.

And what about professional training in our country?

To the question “Have you had to receive professional training in the last three years?” more than 2/3 (67.1%) of the total number of working respondents of working age from 18 to 60 answered negatively.

29.8% received such training, including: refresher courses in their profession - 14.2%; training in a related profession or specialty close to one's own - 6.7%; primary vocational training for those who did not have a profession, specialty - 5.0%; retraining in a new, different profession, specialty - 4.0%.

In Moscow, St. Petersburg and cities with a population of “millionaires”, about 40% of the respondents have completed vocational training over the past three years, and about 25% in the countryside; residents of small and medium-sized cities are somewhere in between. True, in major cities people more often change their profession or get a second, adjacent one, and in the countryside and in small towns they improve their qualifications according to the existing one.

Differences between representatives of different age groups were not significant. Among working respondents aged 18-24, there is an understandable surge in primary vocational training, which then disappears with age, and less number retrained. But in the age groups of 24-34, 34-44 and even 45-59 years old, the total percentage of those who received vocational training differs slightly from the average figures for the sample, which confirms the truth - it is never too late to learn.

There are significant differences in terms of the level of education: among working respondents with higher education, 43.1% received vocational training, 34.6% - with secondary specialized (technical school, college) and only 22.1% - secondary (school, vocational school). Specialists with university diplomas, for example, are much more likely to take advanced training courses in their profession - 24.1% than those who graduated from a technical school (14.1%) or school (6.7%). That is, the higher the education, the greater the desire to improve one's professional level.

It would seem that the competitive market environment should, to a greater extent than the "budget" one, stimulate employees to improve their professional level. However, the interviewed "state employees" (workers in science, culture, education, the apparatus of state administration; military personnel and law enforcement officers) received professional training much more often (54.1%) over the past three years than the average for the group (29.8%).

One can give the following explanation for this fact: many employees do not feel the need to increase their “capitalization” through training, and therefore expect such training to be carried out at the initiative and at the expense of the employer. To the question “Who, in your opinion, should take care of the professional growth of employees?” The most common answers among working respondents of working age were the following: “employers” (58.6%), “employees themselves” (24.3%), “the state” (12.3%). Private employers, for their part, are also probably not always in a hurry to invest in the development of employees. As a result, "sponsor" vocational training often it is the state that acts.

Possibilities professional development are not a priority for most Russians. Distribution of answers to the question “If you had to get a job now, what would be most important for you in the group of working-age workers?” (no more than 3 answers)" shows: in the first place by a wide margin is "the amount of wages" (74.5%), then - "the provision of social guarantees provided for by law: paid holidays, sick days, various payments and compensations ” (37.2%) and only in the third place - “the possibility of professional self-realization, the correspondence of the work to the existing qualifications, professional growth"(28.2%).

Perhaps the weak interest in advanced training is explained by the fact that it, the increase, is usually not associated with a significant increase in the income of workers - or, in the terminology of the authors of the concept of human capital, is more often "special", rather than "general" professional training?

However, a comparison of earnings, income from the main job received in March 2007, including bonuses, vacation and other payments, after taxes, shows: working respondents aged 18 to 60 who received any form of vocational training, on average had a higher level of earnings (8,600 rubles) than those who did not receive (6,900 rubles).

"Defrauded Investors"

The theory of human capital explains why the wages of workers rise with age. In youth, investments in education, professional experience and training are great, gradually these investments are reduced, and workers begin to receive income from them.

In developed countries average level wages peak at the age of 50-60, after which it begins to decline, as the factors of “depreciation of capital” affect - health problems, obsolescence of knowledge and skills, passivity, reduced ability to learn and perceive new things, etc.

An analysis of the distribution of respondents' answers to the question about the amount of their earnings, income from the main job received in the previous month showed interesting feature– the average maximum income of the surveyed Russians falls on the age of 31-35, after which it begins to decline. Thus, the average income in March 2007 in the group of workers aged 18-24 was 8,200 rubles, 25-34 years old - 11,000 rubles, 35-44 years old - 10,900 rubles and 45-60 years old - already 9,000 rubles.

This trend - the maximum income at the age of 31 - 35 years and then a sharp decline - is especially typical for people with higher education (see the diagram "Trends in the dynamics of the average salary of respondents depending on their age and education").

The distance between the upper and lower dotted lines is the “higher education premium”. Please note that at a young and middle age it fits into the mentioned 50-100% typical for developed countries, but closer to 60 years it practically disappears.

The explanation may be very simple. The labor force in Russia is divided into two groups - those who began to accumulate "their human capital" in the Soviet era, before the start of radical market reforms, and those who formed as a worker exclusively in the new, market era.

The Russians, who are now 30-35 years old, graduated from school and began working or studying just in the late 80s - early 90s. Among those who were formed as workers exclusively in the market era, they managed to accumulate the maximum amount of knowledge and professional experience and therefore are most highly valued by the modern economy.

The human capital invested during the Soviet era, on the contrary, has significantly depreciated. This is understandable at the everyday level as well - the greater the burden of "Soviet" education, experience, mentality, values ​​and habits a person carries with him through life, the more difficult it is for him to find a well-paid job in the labor market.

But it is highly paid, and not any job! As shown in the diagram "Trends in the dynamics of respondents' employment depending on their age and education", in the older age group the percentage of employees remains approximately the same as in other groups.

So, the laws of accumulation of human capital are also in force in Russia: more educated and qualified specialists in our country have a great chance of getting a prestigious and highly paid job.

Since a significant part of human capital depreciated in the 1990s, this accumulation actually began anew. Therefore, if in developed countries the most "capitalized" in the labor market today are representatives of the older generation, in Russia - workers aged 30-35 years. It can be assumed that the "normal" picture will be restored in about a quarter of a century - when the current 35-year-olds themselves reach the pre-retirement age...

• Recruitment and selection, Labor market

Keywords:

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Course work

Human capital

Introduction. 3

1. Human capital: essence and types. Formation of human capital 6

1.1 The essence of human capital as an economic category. 6

1.2 Classification of types of human capital. 18

1.3 Formation and accumulation of human capital. 27

2. Analysis of human capital in modern Russia. 35

2.1 The state of Russia's human capital. 35

2.2 Main problems of human capital formation. 41

2.3 Investments in Russia's human capital. 48

Conclusion. 54

List of references.. 57

INTRODUCTION

Man, his creative abilities, intellect, strengths and possibilities, with the help of which he transforms the world around him and himself, have come to the fore in social production.

Human capital is currently main value modern society and a key factor in the development of the country's economy. The concept of human capital is the central foundation of modern economic analysis, which basically has deep theoretical and methodological prerequisites and accumulates research tools that interpret the essence, role, content, basic structures of types and methods of quantitative and qualitative assessment.

The concept of "human capital" is of great importance both for theoretical economists and for individual enterprises. Most enterprises have an increasing interest in the accumulation of human capital, as the most significant among all types of capital. The main factor in the accumulation of human capital is investing in a person, in his health and education. The study of the problems of increasing the efficiency of the use of the productive forces of people, which are realized in the form of human capital, is considered not only relevant, but also put forward in a number of priority tasks in the structure of social and economic research. This implies the implementation of deep scientific research on this problem.

The concept of human capital began to be intensively used in world science, evaluating the importance of mental activity, finding out the need and the highest efficiency of investment in human capital.

The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that the development of human capital and its effective use is undoubtedly a priority in many economically developed countries of the world. Investments in human capital, as most studies confirm, have a higher return on investment. The development of human capital at the macro level leads to an increase not only in living standards, but also in increasing the competitiveness and economic growth of the country.

This term paper is to consider the theoretical and practical foundations of human capital and its role in the development of the modern Russian economy.

In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were set in the work:

Define the essence and concept of human capital;

Consider the main provisions of the concept of human capital;

Consider the classification of types of human capital;

Track the development of human capital;

Determine the state of human capital in Russia;

Consider the main methods for improving the efficiency of the use of human capital.

The object of research is human capital.

The subject of the research is human capital and its role in the modern economy.

Research methods:

Processing, analysis of scientific sources;

Analysis of scientific literature, textbooks and manuals on the problem under study.

The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

1. Human capital: essence and types. Formation of human capital

1.1 The essence of human capital as an economic category

The foundations for the formation of the concept of human capital were laid in the works of the founders of classical economic theory: W. Petty, A. Smith, D. Ricardo, who introduced into economic science ideas about the importance of labor force, human abilities, and his education in the growth of the country's wealth.

For the first time introduced and studied the category of "live active forces man "W. Petty. He considered it in the context of national wealth as an important factor in increasing the country's wealth. A. Smith focused on the primary role of human abilities in relation to the material factor of production. He believed that the growth of labor productivity depends on the skills of workers, the improvement of machines and tools. D. Riccardo considered necessary the role of human education, the population in the economic growth of the country.

The ideas of the founders of economic thought about the "human factor" of the economic development of society were applied by K. Marx. Agreeing with the ideas of the founders of classical economic theory about the place of the labor force in the economy, he understood the labor force as “the totality of physical and spiritual abilities” of workers that are used in the production process. However, Marx developed these ideas. He substantiated the necessity and importance of using special production and significant investments in the creation of a workforce.

Currently, some prominent experts believe that many modern economists absolutely ignore the ideas of Marx, the labor theory of value in matters of disclosure of the essence and content of the category of "human capital". We find it difficult to accept this. Working in the era of industrial society, even then K. Marx called the person himself the main capital. In the era of post-industrial society, the category of "human capital" is filled with new qualitative content.

The formation of the theory of human capital dates back to the middle of the twentieth century, in that historical period of economic development, when the differences in economic growth rates between individual industrialized and backward states sharply increased.

At the end of the 18th and at the beginning of the 20th centuries, a great contribution to the theory of human capital was made by L. Walras, J. M. Clark, F. List, J. McCulloch, G.D. McLeod, A. Marshall, I.F. Thunen, T. Winstein, J. S. Walsh, I. Fisher.

The German economist Friedrich List considered the main source of the nation's wealth to be "intellectual capital" - inventions, achievements in the sciences, art, etc. List believed that the well-being of a nation does not depend on the amount of wealth, but on the productive forces that form this wealth.

The English economist Henry Dunning MacLeod considered exchange relations to be the main source of social value. He assigned credit and banking operations to be of particular importance in the country's economic growth. The main factor in the prosperity of the population considered the knowledge, experience, mental abilities of the worker.

L. Walras, J. McCulloch, I.F. Tyunen, T. Winstein, W. Farr, I. Fisher were of the opinion that human capital is directly a person, and not his qualities - education, abilities, etc. Later this position was supported by A. Marshall. He introduced the concept of "personal capital", which has physical strength, abilities, skills that contribute to increasing labor productivity.

F. List, J. S. Walsh, J. S. Mill understood human capital not as a person himself, but as his ability to work, which are both natural abilities and abilities acquired by a person in the course of his life. This position was developed in the economic views of R. Dornbusch, S. Fischer, K. Schmanlesi, who attributed to human capital not only the physical and labor abilities of the individual, but also his spiritual and worldview features - cultural, psychological, moral and moral. They assigned a large role to the personal characteristics of the individual in the context of the social environment, the process of acceptance management decisions, readiness to take responsibility, self-discipline and determination in the most difficult and extraordinary situations. Today this is the basic idea of ​​many specialists in the field of management in the formation of the image of a modern manager in an organization, including at the level of top management of an economic entity.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, economists working within the framework of the concept of human capital began to make the first attempts to quantify the effectiveness of human capital in the economy. They began to widely use economic, mathematical and statistical tools in such matters as: the cost of a person; the impact of the national education system on the economic growth of the country; family costs associated with increasing the economic value of a person; formation and use of public expenditures necessary for the upbringing and education of the population. A great contribution to the study of these issues was made by L. Dublin, F. Cram, I. Fischer, S.Kh. Forsyth. Separate provisions of the economic views of these major scientists-economists were used later in the formation modern theory human capital.

The formation of the theory of human capital as an independent scientific direction is associated with foreign studies of the 60s. second half of the 20th century. This was facilitated by the special socio-economic conditions that had developed by the second half of the last century.

1. Transition to innovative production as a result of high achievements in scientific and technological progress. This led to an increase in the role of complex labor and the special qualifications of workers, as a result of which the role and place of the labor force in the production process began to be rethought.
2. As a result of profound changes in the content of production processes in many areas of social life, the share of intellectual, highly professional labor costs of workers has increasingly become occupied in the cost structure of the final product.
3. Acceleration of the processes of humanization of socio-economic relations in the most developed countries of the world, stability and credibility of the "idea of ​​human value" at all levels of economic management - in socio-economic systems of various types and kinds.
4. The accumulated theoretical and methodological potential of the concepts of human capital in world economic thought. It made it possible to critically assess the state of scientific thought in the field of human capital concepts and create on the basis of them, taking into account the new socio-economic conditions in society, a new independent scientific direction - the theory of human capital.

The term "human capital" first appeared in the works of the American economist Theodore Schulz, who believed that the well-being of poor people does not depend on land, technology and effort, but on knowledge, that is, on human capital.

Schultz viewed human capital as "something like an asset" and noted that human productive potential far exceeds all other forms of wealth combined. According to Schultz, human capital is formed from valuable qualities acquired throughout a person's life, which can be strengthened through appropriate investments. The increase in human capital due to an individual's investment in himself affects the change in the structure of income. This explains the fact that human capital is not limited to innate abilities, but also includes skills and knowledge accumulated over a lifetime.

Schultz identified several types of human capital depending on the type of investment made in this capital: school education, on-the-job training, health promotion and protection, a growing body of knowledge about the changes taking place in the economy. Formed through the above activities, human abilities can be capitalized.

The American economist Harry Becker summarized the studies of the theory of human capital in the course of explaining socio-economic phenomena. He considered the concept of "human capital" as a set of valuable qualities and believed that the approach of the theory of human capital is based on the assumption of the rational behavior of an individual, market equilibrium and stability of preferences.

G. Becker, a colleague of Schultz at the University of Chicago, expanded the scope of the theory of human capital in the course of explaining various social phenomena.

Under human capital, Becker understood the totality of skills, knowledge and motivations of a person, and the approach to its study is based on the assumption of maximizing behavior, market equilibrium and stability of preferences.

The scientist considered the following strategy of rational families. Since the return on investment in the human capital of children is much higher than the return on investment in other assets, the family first invests in the human capital of children. After the return on the human capital of children equals the rate of return on other assets, the family begins to invest in them with the aim of passing them on as a gift or inheritance to their children in the future.

Human capital, according to Becker, is a type of capital that is separate from physical capital, but has similar properties, namely:

Human capital is a durable good;

Human capital requires "repair and maintenance" expenses;

Human capital can become obsolete even before it physically wears out.

Becker saw the main differences between human capital and physical capital, firstly, in the inseparability of human capital from the personality of its carrier, and secondly, in the ability of human capital to increase the efficiency of activities both in the market and non-market sectors, along with this, income from it can take both monetary and non-monetary forms. According to Becker, people cannot be separated from their knowledge, skills, health, values ​​in the same way that they can be separated from their financial and physical assets.

Within the framework of the theory of human capital, Becker pays special attention to the concept of internal rates of return, which can be individual and social. The first type of rates of return is considered from the point of view of an individual investor, and the second type - from the standpoint of the whole society.

In the course of research, Becker came to the conclusion that, on average, the return on investments in human capital is higher compared to investments in physical capital, while it decreases with an increase in the volume of investments in human capital, while in other cases (compared to other assets) decreases little or does not change.

It is worth noting that Schultz and Becker, in the course of their research, sought to equate the role of human capital in creating the total social product with material resources.

Lester Thurow, an American economist, professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, for the first time summarized research on the theory of human capital, paid attention to great attention importance to work. According to Thurow, people's human capital is their ability to produce goods and services. He singled out several abilities of people, among them he focuses on the basic economic ability, which is formed at the genetic level. “Economic capacity,” he writes, is not just another productive investment that an individual has. Economic ability affects the productivity of all other investments.”

Dutch economist Mark Blaug points out that human capital is the present value of previous investments in the skills of individuals. The expenditure of past years on the upbringing, education and health of the individual can be beneficial. But this benefit is formed in the case when the productive qualities of a person will be used exclusively to perform certain tasks in the process of production of material goods that bring income to the owner.

Thanks to many years of research by foreign scientists, the theory of human capital has become a universally recognized scientific direction in the world, which has been actively studied in educational institutions. On the basis of this direction, the foundations of other areas of knowledge were laid: the economics of education, the economics of knowledge, the economics of intellectual property. Human capital began to be interpreted in an expanded interpretation. Somewhat later, this was used first by Soviet and then by Russian scientists.

In the so-called "era of stagnation" in the USSR, a number of unskilled works of Soviet scientists are coming out, critically evaluating the achievements of foreign specialists in the field of the theory of human capital from the angle of the political economy of socialism: V.I. Basova, V.S. Goylo, A.V. Dainovsky, R.I. Kapelyushnikov, V.P. Korchagin, V.V. Klochkov, V.I. Martsinkevich. So, for example, R.I. Kapelyushnikov believes that human capital is a certain stock of knowledge, abilities and motivations that are inherent in a certain person. On the one hand, they require the diversion of funds to the detriment of current consumption, and on the other hand, they are reliable sources of earnings and income in the future.

In domestic science, the theory of human capital began to be fundamentally dealt with only from the beginning of the nineties of the last century, from the moment radical economic reforms began in Russia. During this period, the first fundamental works in this area appeared by S.A. Dyatlova, A.I. Dobrynina, I.V. Ilyinsky, R.I. Kapelyushnikova, M.M. Kritsky, V.T. Martsinkevich.

The theoretical positions of domestic researchers are distinguished by a clearer distinction between the essence, content, forms and types, conditions for the development, reproduction and accumulation of human capital. Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor of St. Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics, Mikhail Mikhailovich Kritsky among Russian scientists for the first time carried out a positive study of the theory of human capital. In his works, the scientist noted that human capital is not just sold and bought, but also advanced, reimbursed as fixed capital, and, accordingly, requires significant investments and is a long-term capital resource.

Kritsky, in the process of functioning and depreciation of human capital, singled out three components that interact with each other: the consumption fund, the consumer services fund and the fund of dematerialized productive abilities of the population.

In a large economic dictionary under the general editorship of A.N. Azrilyana human capital is “education, qualifications acquired in the production process; knowledge and skills embodied in the workforce”. It is the concept of human capital that has become the most popular and the basis for the development of the theory and methodology of human capital by Russian specialists, including scientists from the St. state university economics and finance. For example, B.V. Korneichuk writes that human capital is “a set of individual qualities that serve as a source of cash income. Measured by the amount of investment in education, health, etc.”

Anatoly Stepanovich Dyatlov defined human capital as “a certain stock of health, knowledge, skills, abilities, motivations formed as a result of investments and accumulated by a person, which are expediently used in a particular area of ​​social reproduction, contribute to the growth of labor productivity and production efficiency and thereby affect growth of earnings (income) of this person "

The views of Kritsky are developed in her works by Simkina Lyudmila Georgievna. Human capital is defined as the concept of life activity, which is carried out within the boundaries of saving time. Simkina considers certain forms of enrichment of life activity, which are manifested in consumption and production. The basis of this form of enrichment is mental activity. Since mental activity is a source of increased consumption, since its expanded reproduction is considered the basis for the production of economic relations of human capital. Identification of relative and absolute forms of enrichment of life by increasing the needs and abilities, makes it possible for Simkina to determine the historically specific form of human capital. “The productive form of human capital,” she writes, “is presented as a basic integrity of two constituent elements - direct labor and mental activity. These elements can act either as functions of one and the same subject, or as organizational and economic forms of various subjects entering into an exchange of activity with each other.

A group of researchers led by Leonid Ivanovich Abalkin, who are considering the problem of Russia's strategic development in the new century, are exploring human capital as a combination of innate abilities, education, acquired professional skills, moral, emotional and physical health that provide an opportunity to make a profit. Socio-economic progress is determined, first of all, by new knowledge acquired by research workers and mastered in the future in the process of education and training of workers. The main areas of activity that form human capital are the scientific and educational complex, healthcare and areas that form the conditions of life and life.

Yuri Grigoryevich Bychenko notes that human capital is:

a) the object of social relations in the socio-labor, information, professional, social, political spheres;

b) the process of interactions, considered as an investment in the formation of the individual;

c) a set of knowledge, skills, abilities accumulated by a person, which have a quantitative and qualitative characteristic;

d) the abilities, knowledge, skills and abilities of the individual, acting as the goal of the activities of the state, individual companies, families, enterprises;

e) abilities, knowledge, abilities and skills that individuals use to achieve certain goals and status in the areas of social reproduction;

f) the main indicator that demonstrates the degree of social welfare and determines the country's position in the international arena.

Vladimir Nikolaevich Kostyuk, studying socio-economic processes and developing his own concept of development theory, defines human capital as an individual ability of a person that allows him to function safely in conditions of uncertainty. It includes rational and intuitive components in the structure of human capital. Their connection can provide the owner of human capital with success where highly qualified and professionalism. He noted that talent is needed, which requires a separate reward.

Among modern definitions of human capital, there are mainly extended interpretations. A comprehensive definition of human capital in accordance with its broad interpretation is contained in L.Sh. Suleymanova In accordance with the definition of L.Sh. Suleymanova "is an innate, formed as a result of investments and savings, a certain level of health, education, skills, abilities, motivations, energy, cultural development, both of a particular individual, a group of people, and society as a whole, which are expediently used in a particular area of ​​public reproduction, contribute to economic growth and affect the amount of income of their owner.

CM. Klimov believes that human capital is an integral category of the modern intellectualized economy. As structural elements of human capital, he calls biophysical capital, social and intellectual resources of the individual. CM. Klimov notes that “The effectiveness of the use of human capital in production largely depends on factors public environment". Agreeing with the understanding of human capital S.M. Klimov, from our point of view, it is worth emphasizing the relevance of using human capital not only in production, but also beyond. From this position, human capital is used “not only in production activities, but also in everyday life, in life that goes beyond the boundaries of working time. Therefore, investments in the formation of intellectual resources, as well as human capital in general, are inseparable from consumption expenditures.

The socio-economic form of human capital and its qualitative certainty are described by Anatoly Fedorovich Dobrynin and Anatoly Stepanovich Dyatlov. “Human capital,” they write, “is a form of manifestation of the productive power of a person in a market economy, the corresponding form of an enterprise of human productive capacities introduced into the system of a socially oriented market economy as the main, creative factor of social reproduction.”

In the Russian economic literature there is no holistic concept of "human capital". Some scientists distinguish between the physical and creative abilities of a person, in addition to his knowledge, skills, which, as a rule, are sources of income for a household and an enterprise. Other researchers under human capital consider a set of certain qualities that a person accumulates during his lifetime or realizes as a result of investments.

1.2 Classification of types of human capital

The classification of types of human capital is possible for various reasons and for various purposes, which is presented in the literature on this issue. Almost all scientists accept the reality and leading role human capital.

1) According to the level of limited use of human capital, it is divided into:

a) Specific human capital - the knowledge and skills that people use while in a particular position or in a particular company.

There are two types of specific human capital:

Positive - capital that guarantees the expected return on investment in the training of a specialist;

Negative - capital that does not provide the expected return on investment.

The development of specific capital is associated with numerous costs for the training of specialists to perform specific job duties at a particular workplace.

The company can recover expenses after training by paying a reduced salary, however, in this case, the employee may leave the company for a similar position, as his human capital will grow. As a rule, specific human capital does not involve the application of unique information and skills in another company. In this case, the cost of training is divided proportionally between the employee and the company.

b) General human capital - knowledge and skills that, regardless of where they were obtained, can be applied in other jobs and companies.

2) According to the main forms of formation and accumulation:

a) Health capital is an important component of human capital, the investment in which is manifested in the preservation of working capacity by reducing morbidity and increasing the productive period of life. Physical strength, working capacity, immunity, increasing the period of intensive labor activity are necessary for all people in every field of professional activity.

b) Labor capital is the capital that an individual acquires or accumulates through experience, practical skills, abilities and education during his life period in a particular field of activity.

c) Intellectual capital - mental, creative activity, which is a unique attribute of the human mind, ingenuity.

d) Organizational and entrepreneurial capital - the ability to develop constructive business ideas, entrepreneurial spirit, innovation, high responsibility, confidence, organizational skills, possession of trade secrets. The level of entrepreneurial abilities is realized in the amount of equity, which makes it possible to single out small, medium and large businesses. The quality of entrepreneurial ability is measured by effective application capital and stability of business development.

e) Cultural capital - intellectual abilities, skills, labor and domestic morality, law-abidingness, which an individual uses in the process of social activity.

f) Social capital is knowledge that can be transferred and developed through relationships between employees, partners.

g) Organizational capital - the systematized competence of the company, enhancing its creative and organizational potential, aimed at creating a product.

3) According to the forms of implementation:

a) Living capital - capital, which includes a set of knowledge, skills, abilities and health, embodied in each person.

b) Non-living capital is capital in which knowledge is embodied in material and physical form.

c) Institutional capital - institutions that contribute to the effective use of all types of human capital.

4) By levels and features:

a) Individual human capital;

Individual human capital is an economic type of talent that includes the necessary individual qualities of a person, which he manifests through personal free will, for example:

Physical and mental health;

Knowledge, skills, abilities;

Natural possibilities, ability to morality;

Education;

Creativity, inventions;

Courage, prudence, compassion;

Leadership, inexpressible personal trust;

labor mobility.

The cost of individual human capital in the narrow sense is determined by the formula:

where Z - knowledge of the individual;

Y - skills of the individual;

O - experience of the individual;

I - individual initiatives.

The mental, emotional, motivational abilities that individuals possess determine their capabilities and significance in society or in an enterprise.

The skills that an individual acquires are considered a form of capital - individual human capital. Skills are acquired through deliberate investment in education. The theory of human capital considers education as a commodity that must be applied in order to extract economic benefits. Individual human capital contains the costs and investments for education and health, which ultimately leads to an increase in the productivity of the carrier of this human capital.

In a broad sense, the value of individual human capital can be expressed through the formula:

where PS is the initial cost of individual human capital;

KMS - the cost of obsolete knowledge of individual human capital;

SDR - the value of the acquired knowledge, skills of individual human capital;

SI - the cost of investments of individual human capital;

y - coefficient of cost of individual human capital

SZN - the cost of implicit knowledge, the possibilities of individual human capital.

Through the transfer of knowledge, human capital can be increased. The transfer of knowledge contains such elements as the source of knowledge, the addressee of knowledge, their relationship, the transmission channel and a single connection.

b) Human capital of the organization(enterprises, firms);

Knowledge that is inside the organization and is used to ensure innovation, productivity, quality is a characterizing component of winning the competition in the search for buyers, technologies, special knowledge, financing, which forms an intangible advantage. The dynamics of the formation of organizations and local systems is based on the exploitation of intangible resources.

The concept of human capital of an organization can be interpreted in different ways. These can be ideas, technologies, equipment, scientific research, job descriptions that belong to a particular organization. On the other hand, human capital is seen as the wealth of the organization in relation to the qualifications of the staff. The human capital of an organization is formed with the help of employees, their innate and acquired knowledge, skills, capabilities and talents. As a result, the human capital of the organization is considered as the total value, which is formed by the employees of the company in accordance with their skills, abilities, using the resources of the company.

The development of the human capital of the organization is carried out in the following ways:

Acquisition;

Attraction and retention;

Development and training;

Mergers and acquisitions.

The value of the human capital of an organization depends on the category of employee. The cost of human capital of an organization is greatly influenced by: high professional competence, intellectual and creative potential, the ability to assimilate innovations and be a participant in innovations, adaptability to rapidly changing production conditions, possession of several specialties, responsibility. The value of the human capital of an organization is based on a probabilistic nature.

The human capital of an organization considers value, which is meaningful only in economic terms. The value of this type does not include the value of the individual to the family, society, or other nuances of one's own social network. The main emphasis of the value of the human capital of an organization is placed solely on the skills, knowledge and experience that a person possesses.

V) Regional human capital;

Currently, human capital is considered the main factor in the socio-economic development of the region. The economic success of a region depends on the population living in a given territory, the possibilities of regional human capital, and the level of unemployment. In regions with a significant level of unemployment, there is an outflow of labor, and as a result of a decrease in regional human capital. In the same period, actively developing regions feel a shortage of labor resources.

The property of human capital mobility is used in regional labor markets for the purpose of intra-regional movement of human capital. The mobility of the population of the regions is determined by economic and social factors.

The human capital of the region is based on public consciousness, socio-political development. Regional human capital is estimated by the proportion of the population with a specific degree of education to the total economic activity or income. The knowledge and skills of the region's population are considered a major contributor to the region's business competitiveness.

The development of human capital at the regional level depends on economic indicators:

Influence on the efficiency of the region of the sphere of employment of the population;

Expanding employment opportunities for individuals.

The deficit in regional human capital is considered to be a factor in reducing investment in the regional economy. Support for professional and highly qualified personnel is one of the problems of retaining regional human capital. Globalization, actively emerging regions have a great influence on the outflow of talent from less developed regions.

G) National human capital;

National human capital is an integral part of its national wealth. The formation of human capital and the increase in the quality of life relies heavily on the implementation of national projects. Human capital is considered as the ability of the population, which ensures economic growth.

National human capital contains:

social capital;

political capital;

National intellectual priorities;

National competitive advantages;

The natural potential of the nation.

National human capital is measured as a value, which is calculated in various ways - by investment, by discounting methods. The size of the national human capital is calculated as the totality of the human capital of all people. National human capital makes up more than fifty percent of the national wealth of each of the developing countries and over 70-80% of the developed countries of the world.

The characteristic features of national human capital determined the historical development of world civilizations and countries of the world. National human capital in the XX and XXI centuries is considered the main intensive condition for the development of the economy and society.

5) Supranational (global) human capital.

Globalization is the free, natural movement of all resources. The globalization of the economy creates a supranational, global level of human capital development. The global mobility of human capital within global corporations and firms increases their economic returns.

Global human capital is the totality of education, skills and personal qualities that are represented in the workforce. The concept of workers as important assets, leads to the policy of the formation of international organizations in less developed countries.

The concept of global human capital compares and considers indicators of the quantitative values ​​of the labor force in different countries Oh. The globalization of human capital activates the enterprise to innovate. The development of human capital in any country can be realized through investments in education, healthcare, maintaining the conditions of family life, and the rights of citizens.

This classification of types of human capital makes it possible to analyze human capital at the level of an individual and the state as a whole.

1.3 Formation and accumulation of human capital.

The wealth of the country is man. The economic growth of the country is feasible by increasing the funding of human capital, culture, healthcare, etc. The development of the mental and spiritual abilities of people, the accumulation of human capital today remains an important task for any country. The main priority of budgetary expenditures is investment in human capital.

With each member of society possessing a huge potential, there is a significant increase in the intellectual resource, leading to economic growth and significant opportunities for society. The development of human potential involves:

Improving the living conditions of citizens;

Significant growth in the competitiveness of human capital;

Providing favorable conditions for all members of society to develop their abilities.

Today, the economic growth of countries depends on the level of human capital formation, which expands the knowledge, skills and abilities of the people of the country.

The formation of human capital represents various types, forms and stages of the life cycle of individuals. Experts identify factors that unite each other into the following groups: social, institutional, integration, economic, production, demographic, socio-economic.

Conceptually, the model of human capital formation in the socio-economic system includes different levels: society, region, firm, and contains a control subsystem. The subjects of the control subsystem are the state, higher educational institutions, enterprises and organizations, the family and society, and the person himself. The object of management is human capital and its types.

Fig.1. The concept of the human capital formation model

The formation of human capital is a long process of increasing the productive qualities of the workforce. The formation of human capital plays an important role for the long-term economic growth of the country, provides the same benefits of new innovative technologies and efficient industrial equipment.

Professionalism, education and advanced training occupy a significant place in the formation of human capital. Education is a key element of human capital. It performs two functions: individual development and economic, namely the reproduction of skilled labor. It makes it possible not only to master the previous, already accumulated knowledge, but also contributes to the acquisition of new knowledge in the process. practical activities of a person, creates favorable conditions for the purpose of their production in the future. With the help of education, a significant increase in the potential of human capital is supported, its place in the social economic development society. It is not in vain that people believe that there is only one way for people to progress - knowledge and a means of overcoming all obstacles on this path - mental abilities.

The degree of qualification of workers, their professionalism is an important component of the quality of the workforce. This problem is solved with the help of a system of primary, secondary and higher professional education.

Currently, Russian universities are implementing multi-level training of specialists, which has provided an opportunity to make the higher education system more flexible, providing students with the opportunity to choose a direction.

Professionalism is a special quality of people to regularly and effectively perform difficult labor functions with established quality indicators. IN this concept includes a level of performance that meets the world's standards and objective requirements. A person is able to obtain this quality as a result of special training and accumulation of work experience.

The activity of a professional is a multi-level system that has not only external, but also complex and diverse internal functions. Professionalism is not only a high level of knowledge, skills and results of human activity in a certain area, but also certain system organization of his consciousness, psyche.

Public institutions are contained in absolutely all spheres of people's lives, and in addition, absolutely all of them have an impact on the formation of human capital. To highlight significant institutions, we can apply the concept of "funds" of human capital.

By creating funds of one's own human capital, a person will be introduced not only into the system of social institutions that stabilize a certain area of ​​activity, but also into the system of informal institutions. Informal - those institutions that are not fixed in a formal form, however, nevertheless, are an established way of acting in one or another area of ​​the formation and development of human capital. Formal institutions will begin to show their effect, defining the principles, restrictions and directions in the behavior of people.

Moreover, human actions will also be targeted by the influence of informal institutions that reflect norms, values, traditions and habits. They can affect human behavior in any field of activity. That is, to exercise their influence both within certain organizations or associations of individuals, and in the sphere of general institutional influence.

The accumulation of human capital precedes economic growth and serves as the basis for economic growth. The process of accumulating human capital requires significant investment costs.

Investments in human capital are classified according to the criterion of their functional orientation. In the structure of investment in human capital, the main place is occupied by investments in health and education, which are the most important in its formation and accumulation (Fig. 2).

The formation, accumulation of human capital assets is carried out in the process of investment, where investors are the private and public sectors of the economy. The reproduction of human capital takes place on an investment basis, the formation of primary assets into human capital is presented in Table 1.

Table 1

Forms of human capital: features of formation and accumulation

Forms of human capital	Sources of accumulation	The main characteristic of the accumulation process
Health Capital	1. Investments of the society in the creation and development of the public health system, physical culture and sports; 2. Investments of enterprises in the development of a collective healthcare system, physical culture, sports.	The basis of accumulation is the ownership of labor power.
Labor capital	1. Investments of the society in the development of the public system of science and education, training and retraining, retraining; 2. Investments of enterprises in the development of a collective education system, in training and retraining, advanced training.	Accumulation occurs in the process of consuming knowledge, as well as acquiring skills and experience in the process of labor activity.
intellectual capital	1. Investments of the society in the creation and development of the public system of education and science; 2. Investments of enterprises in the development of the collective system of science and education, financing of R&D.	The accumulation is carried out in the process of intellectual appropriation.
Organizational and entrepreneurial capital	1. Investments of the society in the development of the public system of science and education, state support for entrepreneurship; 2. Investments of enterprises in the development of the collective system of education, in the training, retraining, advanced training of managers.	Accumulation occurs in the process of consuming knowledge, acquiring skills and experience in the process of labor and entrepreneurial activity.
Cultural and moral capital	1. Investments of the society in the development of the public system of upbringing and education; financing of cultural, leisure and recreation institutions; 2. Investments of enterprises in the development of a collective education system, in collective leisure and recreation programs, in the formation of traditions and organizational culture, leisure and recreation.	Accumulation occurs in the process of education, consumption of knowledge, services of institutions of the socio-cultural sphere.

There are three main stages in the accumulation of human capital. In the first stage, the conditions for the accumulation of human capital are formed as a result of the system of investments of society, organizations, families, a structure is created that ensures the expanded reproduction of the potential of human capital. At the second stage, the potential of human capital is formed, that is, a set of human properties that are used in the process of social production. At the third stage, potential human capital is involved in production and commercial activities, that is, it is transformed from a potential form into a form of real human capital. With this understanding of the stages of accumulation of human capital, investments in a person are not only the initial stage of formation and accumulation, but also sources designed to ensure the possibility of implementing these processes.

Rice. 3 Stages of accumulation of human capital.

Having considered all stages of the accumulation of human capital, we can conclude that investment in a person is not only the initial stage of formation and accumulation, but also the sources that make it possible to carry out these processes.

1. Analysis of human capital in modern Russia

2.1 The state of human capital in Russia

Human capital is a certain stock of health, knowledge, habits, and opportunities formed as a result of investment investments and accumulated by individuals, which are purposefully applied in one or another sphere of social production. To analyze the quality of human capital, the standard of living, literacy, education, the state of medicine and the production of GDP per capita of the country are measured. These indicators are taken into account when calculating the human capital development index.

The Human Development Index is a ratio based on three dimensions of human capital:

Longevity and health status, determined by life expectancy;

Ability to acquire knowledge as measured by average and expected years of study;

The ability to achieve a decent standard of living, as determined by gross national income per capita.

The highest value of individual human development is 1.0. In order to measure human development as a whole, there are three composite indexes: Gender Inequality Index, Gender Development Index, Multidimensional Poverty Index.

Countries with the highest degree of individual human development;

Countries with an average degree of individual human development;

Countries with no a high degree individual human development.

table 2

Countries of the world by level of human development in 2017

Key indicators of Russia:

Average life expectancy - 70.3 years;

The average duration of education is 14.7 years;

Gross national income per capita - $ 22,352 per year.

In addition to the above, the study conducted by the World Economic Forum (WEF) together with the international consulting firm for human resource management Mercer - "Human Capital Report-2016" is of great interest.

In this report, the WEF points out that in the 21st century, the main condition for the development of the country and economic growth is human capital. By comparing human development opportunities across 46 country indicators, a human capital index can be determined. The report depicts a ranking that measures opportunities for human capital development in different age groups, including accessibility and quality of education; opportunities for professional development; employment in the country's economy.

The top ten countries with the highest human capital index are: Finland - 85.78; Norway - 83.84; Switzerland - 82.59; Canada - 83.87; Japan - 82.74; Sweden - 81.77; Denmark - 83.45; Netherlands - 85.36; New Zealand - 82.88 and Belgium - 82.11, which were included in the group of fourteen countries exceeding the 80% limit.

The index is used to assess human capital through indicators of the level of education, qualifications and employment of people from 15 years old to over 65 years old. The challenge is to evaluate the results of previous and current investments in human capital and provide an opportunity to predict the situation in the future.

Table 3

The name of indicators	Meaning
Total population, million people
Working-age population (from 15 to 64 years), million people
of them with higher education, million people
Retirement load ratio (%)
Potential replacement rate (%)
Average age of the population, years
GDP per capita (PPP, USD)
Labor force participation rate (%)
Employment (%)
Unemployment rate(%)

Source: Federal State Statistics Service.

To the index, the report includes information on the number of current and recent graduates in the main areas of study in each country and data on the activity of the labor force, as well as the level of education.

Experts note that Russia is on high position in the ranking on the level of education and qualifications of the labor force. In terms of the level of primary, secondary, secondary specialized and higher education, Russia is included in the group of leaders in all age groups.

There is a noticeable trend in the distribution of the population by type of economic activity, which is distinctive for countries with an agricultural way of production.

Table 4

Distribution of employment by types of economic activity and professions in 2016, %

	Percentage of the population employed in
	agriculture	industry
Managers, specialists and technicians
Clerks, trade and service workers
Skilled agricultural and labor professions
Plant and machine operators, assemblers
Starting Profession

Source: Federal State Statistics Service.

Based on the objectives of the study, the age group is presented that is able to receive higher education in full-time training - from 15 to 24 years.

Table 5

Education indicators in the age group from 15 to 24 years 2016

Table 5 continued

Source: Federal State Statistics Service.

The strong position of the country depends on the accessibility of the education system at all levels from primary to higher education. According to indicators that determine access to education, Russia occupies high places. Weak sides Russia includes demographic factors, i.e. a low proportion of the population of working age, high unemployment, the quality of education and the state of health of the population.

In the direction of training, the most important were the social sciences, business education. A positive condition for the economy is the training of professionals in the field of construction, production, education and science.

Table 6

Students in the areas of training in 2016

Source: Federal State Statistics Service.

In the same age group, WEF experts carried out information about the economic participation and abilities of the younger generation. Its results are shown in Table 7.

Table 7

Economic Participation and Skills 2016

Source: Federal State Statistics Service.

The information in the table leads to significant conclusions. Russia ranks fifth in terms of part-time employment.

According to indicators educational system, economic participation, on-the-job training, Russia occupies the following places shown in Table 8.

Table 8

Country profile by age groups 2016

Source: Federal State Statistics Service.

The measurement of human capital in Russia is determined by the analytical center under the Government of the Russian Federation. The base is taken from the human capital index presented above.

2.2 Main problems of human capital formation

The problem of human capital development is of great importance, both in the world and in Russia. There are objective difficulties that hinder the normal formation of human capital.

First of all, this is a rather low salary in Russia compared to other countries. According to the International Labor Organization in 2017, Russia ranks 51st among 71 countries with an average monthly salary of $570.

Table 9

Average salary by countries of the world per month according to PPP 2017, $

		Average salary per month according to PPP, $
	Luxembourg
	South Korea
	Great Britain
	Republic of Cyprus
	New Zealand
	Australia
	Slovakia
	Malaysia

Human capital

Human capital- a set of knowledge, abilities, skills used to meet the diverse needs of a person and society as a whole. The term was first used by Theodor Schultz, and his follower, Gary Becker, developed this idea by substantiating the effectiveness of investments in human capital and formulating an economic approach to human behavior.

Human capital in a broad sense, it is an intensive productive factor of economic development, the development of society and the family, including the educated part of the labor force, knowledge, the tools of intellectual and managerial work, the environment and labor activity that ensure the effective and rational functioning of human capital as a productive development factor.

Briefly: Human capital- this is intelligence, health, knowledge, quality and productive work and quality of life.

Human capital is the main factor in the formation and development of the innovation economy and the knowledge economy as the next highest stage of development.

One of the conditions for the development and improvement of the quality of human capital is a high index of economic freedom.

Use the classification of human capital:

1. individual human capital.
2. The human capital of the firm.
3. national human capital.

In the national wealth, human capital in developed countries is from 70 to 80%. In Russia, about 50%.

Background

Elements of the theory of human capital (HC) have existed since ancient times, when the first knowledge and the education system were formed.

In the scientific literature, the concept of human capital (Human Capital) appeared in the publications of the second half of the 20th century in the works of American economists Theodor Schultz and Gary Becker (1992). For creating the foundations of the theory of human capital (HC), they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics - Theodor Schultz in 1979, Gary Becker in 1992. Simon (Semyon) Kuznets, a native of Russia, who received Nobel Prize in economics for 1971

The theory of human capital is based on the achievements of institutional theory, neoclassical theory, neo-Keynesianism and other particular economic theories. Its appearance was the response of economic and related sciences to the demand for real economy and life. There was a problem of in-depth understanding of the role of man and the accumulated results of his intellectual activity on the pace and quality of development of society and the economy. The impetus for the creation of the theory of human capital was the statistical data on the growth of the economies of the developed countries of the world, which exceeded the calculations based on the classical growth factors. An analysis of the real processes of development and growth in modern conditions has led to the establishment of human capital as the main productive and social factor in the development of the modern economy and society.

T. Schultz, G. Becker, E. Denison, R. Solow, J. Kendrick, S. Kuznets, S. Fabrikant, I. Fisher, R. Lucas and other economists, sociologists and historians contributed to the development of the modern theory of human capital .

The concept of human capital is a natural development and generalization of the concepts human factor and human resource, however, HC is a broader economic category.

The economic category "human capital" was formed gradually, and at the first stage it was limited by the knowledge and ability of a person to work. Moreover, long time human capital was considered only a social factor of development, that is, a costly factor, from the point of view of economic theory. It was believed that investments in upbringing, in education, are unproductive and costly. In the second half of the 20th century, the attitude towards human capital and education gradually changed dramatically.

Broad definition of human capital

The concept of human capital (Human Capital) appeared in the publications of the second half of the 20th century in the works of American economists Theodor Schultz and Gary Becker (1992). For creating the foundations of the theory of human capital (HC), they were awarded the Nobel Prizes in Economics - Theodor Schultz in 1979, Gary Becker in 1992. Simon (Semyon) Kuznets, a native of Russia, who received the Nobel Prize, made a significant contribution to the creation of the theory of human capital (HC). in economics for 1971

The founders of the theory of human capital (HC) gave it a narrow definition, which has expanded over time and continues to expand, including all new components of HC. As a result, HC has become a complex intensive factor in the development of the modern economy - the knowledge economy.

Currently, on the basis of the theory and practice of human capital, a successful paradigm for the development of the United States and leading European countries is being formed and improved. Based on the theory of the Cheka, which was lagging behind, Sweden modernized its economy and returned its leadership position in the world economy in the 2000s. Finland, in a historically short period of time, has managed to move from a predominantly resource-based economy to an innovative economy. And to create their own competitive high technologies, without giving up the deepest processing of their main natural wealth - the forest. Managed to reach the first place in the world in terms of the competitiveness of the economy as a whole. Moreover, the Finns created their innovative technologies and products.

All this took place not because the theory and practice of human capital realized a kind of magic wand, but because it became the answer of economic theory and practice to the challenges of the time, to the challenges of the innovative economy (knowledge economy) emerging in the second half of the 20th century and venture science. -technical business.

The development of science, the formation of the information society to the fore as components of a complex intensive development factor - human capital - have brought forward knowledge, education, health, the quality of life of the population and the leading specialists themselves, who determine the creativity and innovation of national economies.

In the context of the globalization of the world economy, in the conditions of free flow of any capital, including the Cheka, from country to country, from region to region, from city to city in the conditions of intense international competition, the accelerated development of high technologies.

And huge advantages in creating stable conditions for the growth of the quality of life, the creation and development of the knowledge economy, the information society, the development of civil society have countries with accumulated high-quality human capital. That is, countries with an educated, healthy and optimistic population, competitive world-class professionals in all types of economic activity, in education, science, management and other areas.

Understanding and choosing human capital as the main development factor literally dictates a systematic and integrated approach in developing a development concept or strategy and linking all other private strategies and programs with them. This dictate follows from the essence of the national Cheka as a multicomponent development factor. Moreover, this diktat emphasizes the conditions of life, work and the quality of the tools of specialists that determine the creativity and creative energy of the country.

The core of the Cheka, of course, was and remains a man, but now he is an educated, creative and enterprising person, with a high level of professionalism. Human capital itself determines in the modern economy the main share of the national wealth of countries, regions, municipalities and organizations. At the same time, the share of unskilled labor in the GDP of developed and developing countries, including Russia, is getting smaller, and in technologically advanced countries it is already vanishingly small.

Therefore, the division of labor into unskilled labor and labor requiring education, special skills and knowledge is gradually losing its original meaning and economic content when defining human capital, which the founders of the human capital theory identified with educated people and their accumulated knowledge and experience. The concept of human capital as an economic category is constantly expanding along with the development of the global information community and the knowledge economy.

Human capital in a broad definition is an intensive productive factor in the development of the economy, society and family, including the educated part of the labor force, knowledge, tools for intellectual and managerial work, the environment and labor activity that ensure the effective and rational functioning of human capital as a productive development factor.

Briefly: Human capital is intelligence, health, knowledge, quality and productive labor and quality of life.

The composition of the human capital includes investments and returns from them in the tools of intellectual and managerial labor, as well as investments in the environment for the functioning of the human capital, ensuring its effectiveness.

Human capital is a complex and distributed intensive development factor. It, like blood vessels in a living organism, permeates the entire economy and society. And ensures their functioning and development. Or, on the contrary, it depresses with its low quality. Therefore, there are objective methodological difficulties with assessing its individual economic efficiency, its individual productivity, its individual contribution to GDP growth and to improving the quality of life. HC, through specialists and IT, contributes to the development and growth of the economy everywhere, in all types of economic and industrial activities.

Cheka contributes to improving the quality and productivity of labor in all types of life and life support. In all types of economic activity, management, educated professionals determine the productivity and efficiency of labor. And knowledge, high-quality work, qualifications of specialists play a decisive role in the effectiveness of the functioning and work of institutions and organizations of all forms and types.

The main drivers of HC development are competition, investment, and innovation.

The innovative sector of the economy, the creative part of the elite, society, and the state are sources of accumulation of high-quality human capital, which determines the direction and pace of development of the country, region, medical organizations, and organizations. On the other hand, the accumulated high-quality human capital underlies the innovation system and economy (IE).

The development processes of HC and IE constitute a single process of formation and development of the innovation-information society and its economy.

What is the difference between human capital and human potential? The human potential index of a country or region is calculated according to three indicators: GDP (or GRP), life expectancy and literacy of the population. That is, it is a narrower concept than the Cheka. The latter absorbs the concept of human potential as its enlarged component.

How is human capital different from labor resources? The labor force is directly people, educated and uneducated, who determine skilled and unskilled labor. Human capital is a much broader concept and includes, in addition to labor resources, accumulated investments (taking into account their depreciation) in education, science, health, security, quality of life, in the tools of intellectual labor and in the environment that ensures the effective functioning of the human capital.

Investments in the formation of an effective elite, including in the organization of competition, are among the most important investments in Cheka. It has been known since the time of the classics of science D. Toynbee and M. Weber that it is the elite of the people that determines the vector of the direction of its development. Forward, side or back.

An entrepreneurial resource is a creative resource, an intellectual resource for the development of the economy. Therefore, investment in an entrepreneurial resource is an investment in the development of human capital in terms of increasing its constructiveness, creativity and innovation. In particular, business angels are a necessary component of the HC.

Investments in institutional services are aimed at creating comfortable conditions for servicing the state. institutions of citizens, including doctors, teachers, scientists, engineers, that is, the core of the Cheka, which helps to improve the quality of their life and work.

With such an expansion of the economic category “human capital”, it comes out, as already noted, from the “flesh” of a person. People's brains do not work effectively with a poor quality of life, with low security, with an aggressive or oppressive environment for living and working.

The foundation on which innovative economies and information societies are built is the rule of law, high quality human capital, high quality of life and an efficient industrial economy, which has smoothly transformed into a post-industrial or innovative economy.

National human capital includes social, political capital, national intellectual priorities, national competitive advantages and the natural potential of the nation.

National human capital is measured by its value, calculated by various methods - by investment, by the discount method and others.

The national human capital makes up more than half of the national wealth of each of the developing countries and over 70-80% of the developed countries of the world.

Features of national human capital determined the historical development of world civilizations and countries of the world. National human capital in the 20th and 21st centuries has been and remains the main intensive factor in the development of the economy and society.

Estimates of the cost of national human capital of the countries of the world

The cost of the national human capital of the countries of the world on the basis of the cost method was estimated by the specialists of the World Bank.

Estimates of the components of the human capital for the costs of the state, families, entrepreneurs and various funds were used. They make it possible to determine the current annual costs of society for the reproduction of human capital.

In the United States, the value of human capital at the end of the 20th century was $95 trillion, or 77% of the national wealth (NW), 26% of the global total value of human capital.

The value of the world human capital amounted to 365 trillion dollars or 66% of world wealth, 384% of the US level.

For China, these figures are: $ 25 trillion, 77% of the total NB, 7% of the world's total HC and 26% of the US level. For Brazil, respectively: $9 trillion; 74%, 2% and 9%. For India: 7 trillion; 58%, 2%; 7%.

For Russia, the figures are: $30 trillion; 50 %; 8 %; 32%.

The G7 countries and the EEC accounted for 59% of the world's HC for the reference period, which is 78% of their national wealth.

Human capital in most countries exceeded half of the accumulated national wealth (with the exception of the OPEC countries). The percentage of human capital is significantly affected by the cost natural resources. In particular, for Russia, the share of the cost of natural resources is relatively large.

The bulk of the world's human capital is concentrated in the developed countries of the world. This is due to the fact that investments in HC in these countries over the past half century have significantly outpaced investments in physical capital. In the United States, the ratio of "investment in people" and productive investment (social spending on education, health care and social security as a % of productive investment) in 1970 was 194%, and in 1990 318%.

There are certain difficulties in the comparative assessment of the cost of HC in countries with different levels of development. The human capital of an underdeveloped country and a developed country has a significantly different productivity per unit of capital, as well as a very different quality (for example, a significantly different quality of education and health care). To assess the effectiveness of national human capital, factor analysis methods are used using country-specific international indices and indicators. At the same time, the values ​​of the HC efficiency coefficient for different countries differ significantly, which is close to the differences in their labor productivity. The methodology for measuring national human capital is set out in the work.

The cost of Russian national human capital has been declining over the past 20 years due to low investment in it and the degradation of education, medicine, and science.

National human capital and historical development of countries and civilizations

The economic category "human capital" was formed gradually. And at the first stage, the composition of the Cheka included a small number of components - upbringing, education, knowledge, health. Moreover, for a long time, human capital was considered only a social factor of development, that is, a costly factor, from the point of view of the theory of economic growth. It was believed that investments in upbringing, in education, are unproductive and costly. In the second half of the 20th century, the attitude towards human capital and education gradually changed dramatically.

In reality, it was investments in education and science that in the past ensured the outstripping development of Western civilization - Europe and North America in comparison with China, India and other countries. Studies of the development of civilizations and countries in past centuries show that even then human capital was one of the main development factors that predetermined the success of some countries and the failure of others.

Western civilization on a certain historical stage won the global historical competition with older civilizations precisely because of the faster growth of human capital, including education, during the Middle Ages. At the end of the 18th century Western Europe overtook one and a half times China (and India) in terms of per capita GDP and twice in terms of literacy. The latter circumstance, multiplied by economic freedom and then democracy, became the main factor in the economic success of Europeans, as well as the United States and other Anglo-Saxon countries.

The influence of human capital on economic growth is also indicative on the example of Japan. In the land of the Rising Sun, which has pursued isolationist policies for centuries, the level of human capital has always been high, including education and life expectancy. In 1913, the average number of years of adult education in Japan was 5.4 years, in Italy 4.8, in the USA 8.3 years, and the average life expectancy was 51 years (roughly the same as in Europe and the USA). In Russia, these figures were equal: 1-1.2 years and 33-35 years. Therefore, Japan, in terms of the level of starting human capital, turned out to be ready for 20th century make a technological breakthrough and become one of the most advanced countries in the world.

Human capital is an independent complex intensive development factor, in fact, the foundation of GDP growth in combination with innovations and high technologies in modern conditions. The difference between this complex intensive factor and natural resources, classical labor and ordinary capital is the need for constant increased investment in it and the existence of a significant time lag in the return on these investments. In the developed countries of the world in the late 1990s, about 70% of all funds were invested in human capital, and only about 30% in physical capital. Moreover, the main share of investments in human capital in the advanced countries of the world is carried out by the state. And this is precisely one of its most important functions in terms of state regulation of the economy.

An analysis of the processes of changing the technological structures of the economy and types of societies shows that human capital, the cycles of its growth and development are the main factors in the generation of innovative waves of development and the cyclical development of the world economy and society.

With a low level and quality of human capital, investments in high-tech industries do not give returns. The relatively rapid success of the Finns, Irish, Japanese, Chinese (Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, China, etc.), Koreans, new European developed countries (Greece, Spain, Portugal) confirm the conclusion that the foundation for the formation of human capital is a high culture the bulk of the population of these countries.

Structure, type and methods for assessing the value of human capital

Structure

Once upon a time, upbringing, education and fundamental science were considered a costly burden for the economy. Then the understanding of their importance as factors in the development of the economy and society changed. Both education, and science, and mentality as components of human capital, and the Cheka itself as a whole, have become the main factor in the growth and development of the modern economy, the development of society and the improvement of the quality of life. The core of the Cheka, of course, was and remains a man. Human capital itself now determines the main share of the national wealth of countries, regions, municipalities and organizations.

With the development and complication of the concept and economic category "human capital", its structure became more complicated.

Human capital is formed primarily through investments in improving the level and quality of life of the population. Including - in upbringing, education, health, knowledge (science), entrepreneurial ability and climate, in the information support of labor, in the formation of an effective elite, in the security of citizens and business and economic freedom, as well as in culture, art and other components. The Cheka is also formed due to the influx from other countries. Or it decreases due to its outflow, which is observed so far in Russia. Cheka is not a simple number of people, workers of simple labor. Cheka is professionalism, knowledge, information service, health and optimism, law-abiding citizens, creativity and efficiency of the elite, etc.

Investments in the components of the human capital make up its structure: upbringing, education, health, science, personal security, entrepreneurial ability, investments in the training of the elite, intellectual work tools, information services, etc.

Types of human capital

According to the degree of efficiency as a productive factor, human capital can be divided into negative HC (destructive) and positive (creative) HC. Between these extreme states and the components of the total human capital, there are intermediate states and components of the human capital in terms of efficiency.

This is a part of the accumulated human capital, which does not give any useful return on investment in it for society, the economy and hinders the growth of the quality of life of the population, the development of society and the individual. Not every investment in upbringing and education is useful and increases HC. An incorrigible criminal, a hired killer is an investment in them lost for society and family. A significant contribution to the accumulated negative HC is made by corrupt officials, criminals, drug addicts, and excessive drinkers. And just loafers, loafers and thieving people. And, on the contrary, a significant share of the positive part of the Cheka is made by workaholics, professionals, world-class specialists. The negative accumulated human capital is formed on the basis of the negative aspects of the nation's mentality, on the low culture of the population, including its market components (in particular, the ethics of work and entrepreneurship). The negative traditions of the state structure and functioning contribute to it. state institutions on the basis of lack of freedom and underdevelopment of civil society, on the basis of investments in pseudo-education, pseudo-education and pseudo-knowledge, in pseudo-science and pseudo-culture. A particularly significant contribution to the negative accumulated human capital can be made by the active part of the nation - its elite, since it is she who determines the policy and strategy of the country's development, leads the nation along the path of either progress, or stagnation (stagnation) or even regression.

Negative human capital requires additional investment in HC to change the essence of knowledge and experience. To change the educational process, to change the innovation and investment potential, to change in better side the mentality of the population and improve its culture. In this case, additional investments are required to compensate for the negative capital accumulated in the past.

Inefficient investments in human capital - investments in inefficient projects or family expenses to improve the quality of human capital components associated with corruption, lack of professionalism, false or suboptimal development ideology, trouble in the family, etc. In fact, these are investments in the negative component of human capital. Inefficient investments, in particular, are: - investments in individuals incapable of learning and acquiring modern knowledge, which give zero or insignificant results; - in an inefficient and corrupt educational process; - into the system of knowledge, which is formed around a false core; - in false or ineffective R&D, projects, innovations.

The accumulated negative human capital begins to fully manifest itself during periods of bifurcations - in conditions of highly non-equilibrium states. In this case, there is a transition to another coordinate system (in particular, to another economic and political space), and the HC can change its sign and magnitude. In particular, during the transition of the country to another economic and political system, with a sharp transition to another, much higher technological level (for enterprises and industries). This means that the accumulated human capital, primarily in the form of accumulated mentality, experience and knowledge, as well as existing education, is not suitable for solving new tasks of a more complex level, tasks within a different development paradigm. And when moving to another coordinate system, to radically different requirements for the level and quality of human capital, the accumulated old human capital becomes negative, becomes a brake on development. And we need new additional investments in the Cheka for its modification and development.

An example of inefficient investments can be investments in the USSR in chemical warfare agents (CW). They were created almost twice as many as in the rest of the world. Billions of dollars have been spent. And almost as much money had to be spent on the destruction and disposal of OV as on their production in the past. Another close example is investment in the production of tanks in the USSR. They were also produced more than in the rest of the world. Military doctrine has changed, tanks now play a smaller role in it, and investment in them has given zero return. They are difficult to use for peaceful purposes and impossible to sell - outdated.

Let us explain once again the essence of the negativity of the unproductive component of human capital. It is determined by the fact that if a person is a carrier of knowledge that does not meet the modern requirements of science, engineering, technology, production, management, the social sphere, etc., then retraining him often requires much more money than training the corresponding employee with zero. Or an invitation from an outside worker. In other words, if the quality of labor is determined by pseudo-knowledge, then a fundamental change in this quality is more expensive than the formation of a qualitatively new labor on a modern educational basis and on the basis of other workers. In this regard, huge difficulties lie, in particular, in the way of creating a Russian innovation system and venture business. The main obstacle here is the negative components of human capital in terms of innovative entrepreneurial ability, mentality, experience and knowledge of Russians in this area. The same problems stand in the way of introducing innovations at Russian enterprises. So far, investments in this area do not give the proper return. The share of the negative component in the accumulated human capital and, accordingly, the effectiveness of investment in human capital in different countries of the world varies greatly. The effectiveness of investments in human capital is characterized by the conversion coefficients of investments in human capital at the country level and for the regions of the Russian Federation.

Positive human capital(creative or innovative) are defined as the accumulated human capital that provides a useful return on investment in it in the development and growth processes. In particular, from investments in improving and maintaining the quality of life of the population, in the growth of innovative potential and institutional capacity. In the development of the education system, the growth of knowledge, the development of science, the improvement of public health. To improve the quality and availability of information. Cheka is an inertial productive factor. Investments in it give a return only after a while. The value and quality of human capital depend primarily on the mentality, education, knowledge and health of the population. In historical short time you can get a significant return on investment in education, knowledge, health, but not in the mentality that has been formed over the centuries. At the same time, the mentality of the population can significantly reduce the transformation coefficients of investments in HC and even make investments in HC completely inefficient.

Passive human capital- human capital, which does not contribute to the country's development processes, to the innovative economy, aimed mainly at its own consumption of material goods.

The fact that human capital cannot be changed in a short time, especially with a significant amount of negative accumulated human capital, is, in fact, the main problem in the development of the Russian economy from the point of view of the theory of human capital development.

The most important component of human capital is labor, its quality and productivity. The quality of labor, in turn, is determined by the mentality of the population and the quality of life. Labor in Russia, unfortunately, has traditionally been and remains of low quality (that is, the products of Russian enterprises, with the exception of raw materials and primary products from it, are uncompetitive in world markets, productivity and labor intensity are low). The energy consumption of Russian products is two to three times higher, depending on the industry, than in countries with efficient production. And labor productivity is several times lower than in developed countries. Low-productivity and low-quality labor significantly reduces the accumulated Russian HC and reduces its quality.

Methods for assessing the value of human capital

There are various methodological approaches to the calculation of the cost of the Cheka. J. Kendrick proposed a costly method for calculating the cost of human capital - based on statistical data, calculate the accumulation of investments in a person. This technique has proved to be convenient for the United States, where there are extensive and reliable statistical data. J. Kendrick included in investments in the Cheka the costs of the family and society for raising children until they reach working age and receive a certain specialty, for retraining, advanced training, health care, labor migration, etc. He also included investments in housing, household durables, stocks of goods in households, expenditures on research and development. As a result of the calculations, he obtained that human capital in the 1970s was more than half of the accumulated national wealth of the United States (excluding public investment). The Kedrick method made it possible to evaluate the accumulation of human capital at its full "replacement cost". But it did not give the opportunity to calculate the "net value" of human capital (minus its "wear and tear"). This method did not contain a methodology for separating from the total amount of costs a part of the costs used for the reproduction of human capital, for its real accumulation. In the work of J. Mincer, the contribution of education and duration of labor activity to human capital is assessed. On the basis of US statistics of the 1980s, Mincer obtained dependences of the effectiveness of the human capital on the number of years general education, training and age of the worker.

The FRASCAT methodology is based on detailed information in the United States on the costs of science since 1920. The methodology takes into account the time lag between the period of R&D and the period of their implementation in accumulated human capital as an increase in the stock of knowledge and experience. The average life of this type of capital was assumed to be 18 years. The calculation results turned out to be close to the results of other researchers. The calculation algorithm was as follows. 1. Total current spending on science (for fundamental research, applied research, OKR). 2. Accumulation for the period. 3. Changes in stocks. 4. Consumption for the current period. 5. Gross capital formation. 6. Net accumulation. International economic and financial institutions show constant interest in the problem of human capital. Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC) back in the 1970s. prepared a document on the strategy for the further development of mankind, where the problem of the role and importance of the human factor in global economic development was raised. In this study, methods were created for calculating some components of the human capital: the average life expectancy of one generation, the duration of the active working period, the net balance of the labor force, the family life cycle, etc. The cost of human capital included the cost of educating, training and training new workers, the cost of advanced training , the cost of lengthening the period of labor activity, losses due to diseases, mortality, etc.

A significant contribution to the development of the expansion concept of national wealth (taking into account the contribution of the CHK) was made by the World Bank analysts, who published a series of papers substantiating this concept. The World Bank methodology summarizes the results and methods for assessing the human capital of other schools and authors. The WB methodology, in particular, takes into account the accumulated knowledge and other components of the human capital.

Sources of human capital are selected by grouping the costs for the relevant areas. These are science, education, culture and art, healthcare and information support.

These sources must be supplemented with the following: investments in the security of the population and entrepreneurs - ensure the accumulation of all other components of human capital, ensure the realization of the creative and professional potential of a person, ensure the maintenance and growth of the quality of life; investments in the training of the society's elite; investment in entrepreneurial capacity and entrepreneurial climate - public and private investment in small business and venture capital. Investments in creating conditions for maintaining and developing entrepreneurial ability ensure its implementation as an economic productive resource of the country; investment in raising children; investment in changing the mentality of the population in a positive direction is an investment in the culture of the population, which determines the effectiveness of human capital; investments in institutional services to the population - the country's institutions should contribute to the disclosure and implementation of the creative and professional abilities of the population, improve the quality of life of the population, especially in terms of reducing bureaucratic pressure on it; investments in knowledge associated with the invitation of specialists, creative people and other talented and highly professional people from other countries, which significantly increase human capital; investments in the development of economic freedom, including freedom of labor migration.

The results of calculations of the human capital of Russia and the CIS countries based on the cost method using the algorithm of the World Bank specialists are given in the works. Estimates of the components of the human capital for the costs of the state, families, entrepreneurs and various funds were used. They make it possible to determine the current annual costs of society for the reproduction of Russian human capital. To assess the value of real savings, the authors of the work used the calculation of the “true savings” indicator according to the methodology of the World Bank specialists.

The human capital of most countries exceeds half of the accumulated national wealth (with the exception of the OPEC countries). This reflects the high level of development of these countries. The HC percentage is significantly affected by the cost of natural resources. In particular, for Russia, the share of the cost of natural resources is large.

It should be noted that the above methodology for assessing human capital by costs, which is quite correct for developed countries with efficient state systems and efficient economies, gives a significant error for developing countries and countries with economies in transition. There are certain difficulties in the comparative assessment of the cost of HC in different countries. The human capital of an underdeveloped country and a developed country has very different productivity per unit of capital, very different level and quality.

The growing income gap between people with and without world-class higher education is pushing for this. According to 1990 data, Americans with primary education total lifetime income was $756,000, with college degrees $1,720,000. That is, college-educated Americans had an average income of $1 million more. High pay for skilled and intellectual labor is one of the main incentives for obtaining knowledge in developed countries and the main factor in their development.

In turn, the high image of intellectual work, its great importance for the knowledge economy, generates powerful synergistic effects of strengthening the total intelligence of the country, industries, corporations, and ultimately, the total human capital of the country. Hence the huge advantages of the developed countries of the world and the problems for countries with catching up economies trying to join their ranks.

Modern methods for measuring the cost and quality of human capital are given in the works.

An analysis of modern methods for measuring human capital shows that the most accurate methods for measuring it are by its share in national wealth or in GDP, as an intensive productive factor.

Human capital is the main factor in the formation of the "knowledge economy"

All these provisions are included in one form or another (often truncated and scholastic) both in the federal innovation strategy and in regional innovation strategies, programs and laws.

In essence, the understanding of what needs to be done to create a national IP from the point of view of the theory and experience of developed countries has matured at all levels of government (among those who write programs and strategies). However, the real progress in solving the problem is insignificant.

The creative core, the engine of IP and the economy is venture business. Venture business is by definition risky and highly profitable (if successful). And in this case, the participation of the state as a regulator and investor is generally accepted. Some of the risks are assumed by the state. Venture business is aimed at the implementation of major, sometimes breakthrough innovations, innovations coming from fundamental science. Therefore, the participation of the state in it on the basis of public-private partnership is necessary and useful.

Venture capitalists - specialists, managers and business angels - are highly professional, gifted people who require, accordingly, comfortable conditions for life and work, and high incomes. Venture capitalists - specialists and entrepreneurs - are in short supply all over the world. In the context of the globalization of the world economy and open borders, business angels and other venture capitalists "fly" to where it is more convenient and profitable for them.

World experience has shown that at an early stage of creating a venture business, highly professional venture capitalists can only be nurtured and formed on the basis of an effective venture school, for example, in Silicon Valley, as Israel and Singapore did. This way of establishing a venture business, in one form or another, was used by all countries in which IE and venture business have already been created. The foundation on which innovative economies and information societies are created is the rule of law, the high quality of human capital, the high quality of life and an efficient industrial economy, which has smoothly transformed into a post-industrial or innovative economy.

Venture business is of particular importance in the process of creating an efficient and competitive economy. High technologies allow a country with a “catching up” economy to approach the developed countries of the world in terms of per capita income in the foreseeable future. The mission of generators of high technologies and innovative products is carried out by the venture technology and scientific and technical business.

The accumulated experience of the functioning of the Russian Venture Company, the implementation of the "FTP Electronic Russia(2002-2010)" and other private programs for the development of high technologies and the introduction of innovations, according to the estimates of the President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev, independent experts and analysts, showed that their activities have not yet led to any significant positive results. Venture business and innovation activities in Russia and in Voronezh, in particular, are not yet economically beneficial for entrepreneurs and the state. Favorable environment and conditions have not been created for this activity.

The tasks of creating a national innovation system and an innovative sector of the economy, technological modernization of the economy, development of science and high technologies were set in all federal and regional development strategies and programs. There are no shifts yet. Dmitry Medvedev at a meeting on May 15, 2009 on modernization and technological development Economics said about this:

“The main problem is that, despite the correct program settings, there are no significant changes in the technological level of our economy. And this is especially evident during the global financial and economic crisis. So far, neither the small firms that we have tried and are trying to create, nor technoparks, nor various kinds of technology transfer centers, all kinds of new forms that we are trying to use, nor the Russian Venture Company, nor technology-innovative special economic zones have shown any serious results. All this basically, I must admit frankly, exists only on paper.

Why is this happening? The answer, in principle, is not complicated. Corruption and criminalization of the economy and society reduce the effectiveness of the constructive components of human capital. Reduce the efficiency of labor, economy, business and the state.

Innovation in a market economy is a consequence of free competition in the markets. In the absence of a source of innovation generation - competition - there are no innovations themselves or they are of a random nature. The desire and need to make a big profit pushes the private owner to do something special, useful, which competitors do not have, so that his product is more attractive and sells better. Economic freedom, competitive markets, the rule of law and private property - these are the factors that automatically generate innovation, demand for it, investment in an innovative product and pave the way between an idea and an innovative product. Outside of a market economy with free competitive markets, it is impossible a priori to create an innovative economy and self-sustaining generation of innovations and innovative products. This was proved by the experience of the USSR and other socialist countries in this area.

A feature of the innovative economy, venture business and the information society is the fact that favorable conditions for venture business, high quality of life should be fulfilled in relation to the developed countries of the world in the context of globalization and open borders and economies. Ventureists, as especially highly professional specialists, work where they are more comfortable, and favorable and competitive conditions have been created for business. It was not possible to create such conditions in the USSR. And so he lost the scientific and technological competition. The current conditions are less favorable for this than they were in the USSR. The remnants of the former science and education, as well as other components of the innovation system, do not correspond to the level of the knowledge economy. Therefore, Russian business angels prefer to invest in foreign technology parks, for example, in India. In Russia, the profit on venture projects is noticeably lower, and the risks are very high. Including criminal risk.

The main reasons for the slowdown in scientific, technical and innovation activity in Russia are the low quality of human capital and an unfavorable, oppressive environment for innovation activity. The quality of all components of Russian human capital has declined: education, science, the security of citizens and business, the elite, and specialists. And for venture business and innovative economy it would be necessary first to build a solid foundation.

Notes

1. Ilya Konstantinov. Human capital and strategy of national projects
2. Nesterov L., Ashirova G. National wealth and human capital. // VE, 2003, No. 2.
3. Korchagin Yu. A. The broad concept of human capital. - Voronezh: TsIRE, 2009.
4. SHULGINA EV DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN POTENTIAL. Moscow Business School, Moscow, Russia
5. Shultz T. Human Capital in the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. - N.Y., 1968, vol. 6.
6. Becker, Gary S. human capital. - N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 1964.
7. Kendrick J. The total capital of the United States and its functioning. - M.: Progress, 1976
8. Korchagin Yu. A. Investment strategy. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2006 ISBN 5-222-08440-X
9. Korchagin Yu. A. Russian human capital: a factor of development or degradation? - Voronezh: TSIRE, 2005.
10. Fischer S., Dornbusch R., Schmalenzi R. Economic theory. - M., Unity, 2002.
11. "Economics of resources and resources of the economy" (The Economic of Resources and the Resources of Economics, 1974).

Accumulation of human capital

Growing social obligations, as well as the dependence of economic and social progress on scientific knowledge, the accumulation of human capital, and the level of development of infrastructure sectors, led to a constant increase in government spending on a wide range of services, primarily science, education, health care, social services and welfare. In the 1960s and 1970s, the impact of the state on services increased many times due to the strengthening of its economic functions and the increase in budgetary spending on education, health care and other social goals in the context of the concept and programs of the welfare state. In the United States, for example, from 1955 to 1970 the share of education and health care in total budget expenditures increased from 14.5 to 20.8%.

The current stage of world scientific, technological and socio-economic development is characterized by a fundamental change in the role and importance of the human factor in the economy and society. Human capital is becoming the most important factor in economic growth. According to some estimates, in developed countries, an increase in the duration of education by one year leads to an increase in GDP by 5-15%. The return on investment in education is even higher in developing countries. An unprecedented leap in the industrial development of the countries of Southeast Asia became possible due to the high rates of accumulation of human capital based on the development of universal education.

But in addition to quantitative characteristics, the quality of the labor force, and, accordingly, the cost of labor, plays an equally important role. A more educated and skilled workforce is more productive, which contributes to higher levels and rates of economic growth. Labor costs can expand without any increase in working hours and the number of employees, only by improving the quality of the labor force, the level of education, qualifications, etc. This process is often referred to as the process of human capital accumulation and plays a particularly important role in modern conditions (Table . 20).

The considered model is purely theoretical - in the real economy, both output and labor productivity generally increase. However, the above model formulates some general conditions for equilibrium economic growth. The point is that such growth should be achieved not through an increase in capital-labor ratio, but only through scientific and technological progress, economies of scale in production and the accumulation of human capital, i.e. knowledge and experience.

ACCUMULATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL

The valuation of the accumulation of human capital in terms of education - knowledge, skills, experience - can be expressed in the "education fund" or in unit costs for education. The cost of education in primary, secondary school, technical schools and universities varies significantly. So, for example, in the USSR in 1980, the cost per student in these educational institutions was equal to primary school- 600 rubles, in the middle school - 700, in a technical school - 980, at an institute - 1180, at a university - 1450 rubles. in year. In the US, these figures correlate as 1 1.6 1.9 3.1.

Individual problems of human capital accumulation are considered to one degree or another in this textbook in the chapters on the labor market, income distribution (wages), on the use of limited resources, on theories of economic growth, as well as in a number of others.

For example, in industrialized countries, the accumulation of human capital at the end of the 20th century. 3-4 times exceeded the accumulation of capital in material form, significantly increased the cost of building new museums, libraries, theaters, sports facilities.

The authors of new studies offer somewhat different, extensional conditions for models compared to the basic ones. If in the latter technical progress was the only long-term factor in economic growth, then in the models derived from them, such long-term growth factors as the savings rate, labor growth rates, the level of investment in human capital and a new category for us - the rate of accumulation of human capital, n . Recall that in the standard Solow model discussed in Section 4 of this chapter, the savings rate did not affect the long-run growth rate.

Observability 215 Imposition of knowledge Reliability 105 Name 194 Brand names 154 Human capital accumulation Value added taxes 32 34

B. Micro 2 changes in household behavior, labor markets, accumulation of human capital and distribution of income and property in Russia during the transition period.

Let's start with an analysis of the economics of investing in higher education and, based on the results of this analysis, consider the functioning of the labor market with higher education. We then look at the role of job training in the accumulation of human capital and conclude with a discussion of human capital in the arts and professional sports.

The main link in the formation and accumulation of human capital.

Employee salaries vary for many reasons. Differences in wages to some extent compensate workers for the peculiarities of work. Other things being equal, difficult work under difficult conditions is paid more than easy and pleasant work. Workers with high human capital receive higher wages. The return on accumulated human capital is high and recent decades only increases.

The hypothesis of inexhaustible patriarchy. In families with a higher level of education and accumulated human capital, the distribution of market and domestic workloads is more even. Families with lower levels

N and Ry = d + v + g0 + g1y-. Equations of equilibrium dynamics (3.7)-(3.12) are essentially similar to those obtained above for the case of autarky. Equation (3.12) follows from the conditions of market equilibrium (3.6) of the distribution of capital, / su = ayy / r, and it explicitly reflects the relationship between national economies. According to (3.12), the average financial position, weighted by countries' shares in world output, is equal to one. Output shares (pk) are determined based on the equations of human capital accumulation (3.3).

One of the serious shortcomings of reform programs in post-socialist states and the first steps towards their implementation is the underestimation of the importance of activating and developing human resources, strengthening labor motivation, which exacerbates the decline in production, leads to a decrease in labor productivity, waste and depreciation of accumulated human capital, and even greater dehumanization of labor relations . This is evidenced both by general economic indicators (a decline in production, an increase in unemployment, a reduction in the system of vocational training, etc.), and the situation at enterprises.

In the last decade, a number of qualitatively new theoretical models have been published, in which an attempt was made to justify the endogenous (i.e. inherent in the system itself) nature of technological changes that induce growth. The peculiarity of these models lies in the new variable - human capital, which characterizes the amount of scientific knowledge and practical experience gained in the process of learning and direct production activities.

After the Second World War, conditions were created in developed, and then in some developing countries, for a massive release of relatively cheap consumer goods and services onto the market. All this actually led to a noticeable increase in the standard of living, the creation of objective conditions for a greater social orientation of the economy - one of the main factors of sustainable economic development. As a result, for the majority of families in developed and some developing countries, the share of expenditures on medicine and education grew in their spending structures; in the accumulation of human capital. Considering the role of the social factor in the world economic development

Further development

For the first time, the concept of bourgeois political economy "human capital" and its use in state practice are briefly summarized, the achievement of the absolute limit of the accumulation of human capital and the steady reduction of its total value, which inevitably and inevitably aggravates the conflict between the material development of production and its social form, up to the assumption of the beginning of a transitional period. to communist social formation.

The factor of "human capital" in modern public policy.

If 30 years ago only in the publications of scientists and public figures, then in recent decades, in the documents of the UN, the IMF, the World Bank and national states, not only the change in the role of human capital in economic development is stated, but the transformation of human capital into the main factor of economic growth having a long-term character. Also in the Russian Federation, this thesis is confirmed in strategic planning documents officially adopted over the past 2-3 years. First of all, we are talking about the strategies for the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation as a whole and its individual subjects. Based on this “initial thesis”, such documents established that “the development of human capital” was recognized as the “first” and “main” among the strategic priorities of the state.

But what is meant by human capital, how is the volume and content of this term that has become normative revealed, and by what means is it planned to achieve this very “development of human capital”? A clear and more or less clear, not to mention complete, definition of the term “human capital” cannot be found in all these documents - as a rule, it does not exist at all. Instead, "development of human capital" is declared as a "strategic direction of socio-economic development" of the state and a list of "areas and projects" included in this "strategic direction of socio-economic development" is given.

Disregarding some minor differences between strategic planning documents adopted by various state authorities of the Russian Federation and its subjects, we can state that they are all guided by a certain general list"directions and projects" for the development of "human capital". These include the following: demographic development; health development; development of education; cultural development; development of physical culture and sports; growth in the level of employment and provision of social protection of the population. These, traditional since Soviet times, "industries of the social sphere" are supplemented with separate sections, "justified by the needs" of specific (usually significant electorally and economically) social groups (pensioners, beneficiaries, youth, etc.), as well as the housing market .

Practically in all strategic planning documents of the Russian Federation that I have been able to get acquainted with, the “development of human capital” has been replaced by the tasks of achieving certain target values ​​of several dozen abstract macroeconomic indicators of demography (target population dynamics, fertility, mortality, etc.), provision of social infrastructure, living space, employment rate, social protection of the population and security. As for the proportions laid down in such documents between all these macrosocial indicators, as well as between them and the macroeconomic indicators established in other sections of such documents, the commensurate proportionality of the values ​​of some indicators to the values ​​of all other indicators and their mutual dependence is only declared as a general theoretical premise of the entire plan.

The target values ​​of demographic and other social macro indicators that characterize the population as a whole, the level of its income from all sources, the provision of social infrastructure and housing, set as “hospital averages”, are just some of the indicators that describe the conditions necessary and sufficient for the reproduction of the human capital. But this is by no means all and by no means all of these indicators, not to mention the conditions themselves. It is not at all in these conditions and the “average for the hospital” macro-indicators that the real essence of the matter lies.

The point here is not only and not so much in strategic planning. Modern state statistics not only in the Russian Federation, but also in most countries of the world, in pursuance of the recommendations of the UN statistical bodies and other international organizations, provides for the collection of initial data, their methodologically uniform aggregation and / or calculation based on these data of the same macro indicators. However, all this planning, implementation of plans, statistical accounting and monitoring of results have a very indirect relation to the human capital of specific people and their families, cities and districts, regional units and individual nations as a whole. Equally, all this has a very indirect relation also to the reproduction of the human capitals themselves of each of these social groups and the total human capital of a particular nation and humanity as a whole.

Human capital.

Capital as such is, first of all, the social relation of value, reproduced in the conditions of developed commodity production as the dominant relation, subordinating all other relations of social reproduction to itself. If the expression “human capital” is used, then this very expression of essentially logical connections between the meanings of its constituent words implies, first of all, self-reproducing social relations and human activity in the production and reproduction of value. This is summarized in the abilities and capabilities of a person to produce and reproduce not only goods, including works and services for which there is effective demand from other people and their (these people) corporations of various types, types and levels.

But these abilities and possibilities are also the abilities and possibilities of a person to reproduce value relations and all those social conditions that determine the necessity of value relations and the process of their reproduction, including the reproduction of the very ability and possibilities of a person to produce and reproduce values, as well as the very activity of a person in production. and reproduction of value. We are talking about the ability and capabilities of people to produce and reproduce, as well as the ability and capabilities of people to consume goods, including works and services that a person needs to reproduce himself, his society and elements of his material wealth (a set of goods, works and services) .

The consumption of goods, works and services can be either productive consumption, in which case it is the production of goods, works and services, or consumer production, in which case it is the production of the people themselves and their society as such. So, only by consuming the produced goods, works and services, carried out through the consumption of opportunities, including abilities, to work (labor force), people only reproduce themselves, their society and their material wealth as such. Any specific consumption, whether it is productive consumption or consumer production, is carried out in well-defined institutional conditions through the use of appropriate technology and is characterized not only by a well-defined set of tools and objects of labor used, but also by a well-defined qualification and organization of this labor required by this particular technology. and institutional conditions for its application.

The totality of knowledge, skills, and abilities formed by an individual in the process of mastering certain types of his life activity, including professions, as well as his real ability to practically implement such types of life activity on the basis of existing experience and the knowledge, skills and abilities corresponding to it, is now called the totality competencies of this individual. In this regard, human capital, which currently characterizes a particular person as an individual, is not only and not so much a set of competencies and other qualitative and quantitative characteristics (age, health, education, culture, physical endurance, mental stability etc.), which characterize the individual in given time. The specified set of competencies and all other personal characteristics of an individual in the modern terminology of UN documents and other international organizations (human development index, human development index, etc. indicators calculated by these organizations) is nothing but the magnitude of the human potential of this individual .

In order for the human potential of an individual to turn into capital, to become and be human capital, this individual must necessarily enter into quite definite, namely capitalistic, economic relations with other people regarding the production and reproduction of values ​​as commodities and continuously stay in these economic relations. That is, in order for human potential to turn into capital, to become and be human capital, the latter must phenomenologically (on the surface of social life in its dominant ideological given to individuals) also reproduce itself not as a person in the sense of an individual, personality, but as capital and in the value of capital. Therefore, a person (individual), ideologically becoming capital, must receive a phenomenological dimension and expression precisely as capital, as capital, that is, not only as a value, but also, ultimately, as a certain monetary value, the most developed form of which this is precisely the money form of value.

The value of the human capital of an individual, considered from this ideologically bourgeois point of view, is the total value of the value of all practically applied, implemented in practice through this practice of his (the individual) capabilities and abilities to produce and reproduce himself (the value of human capital) and all other specific values (goods) measured by a certain value. This certain value of the value of human capital, estimated (measured) by the participants in bourgeois economic relations between people and recognized through these economic relations, in other words, is called the capitalization of a given individual at a given point in time. At each moment, the total capitalization of human capital is characterized by its inherent structure of those activities in which it (this human capital) is actually used, and the quantitative contribution of each of these activities to the total capitalization (profit or loss) of the individual.

In the conditions of a developed bourgeois society, the implementation of any type of activity requires technologically and institutionally determined costs (expenses) of human capital in the appropriate structure and quantity. On the other hand, for regular renewal, that is, for systematic repetition, of this activity through the use of this human capital, costs (expenses) are necessary for the simple reproduction of this human capital itself (its preservation unchanged in size and qualitative state). From the bourgeois point of view, such expenses are nothing but the depreciation of human capital, which is organically included in the totality of expenses required by a particular type of activity within the framework and for the simple reproduction of this activity.

The depreciation of any capital implies the material form of the phenomenological being (here, being) of this capital, the varieties of which on the surface of social life are not only all tools and objects of labor, but also individuals engaged in the process of reproduction of this capital, that is, using this capital in the process of its reproduction. This already implies that by no means these subjects themselves (individuals as subjects of labor), tools and objects of labor, but something else are capital as such. Themselves, these subjects, tools and objects of labor, being the means of reproduction of capital, are only real (material) carriers or substrates of capital, to use the Latin term of Western philosophy. Real carriers of capital are subject to physical and moral wear and tear, therefore they are subject to timely replacement with other real carriers that functionally replace those carriers of capital that are worn out, that is, they are subject to ordinary and accelerated depreciation, respectively, of their (these used real carriers of capital) physical and moral depreciation.

Let us note for ourselves the following significant point: the ideological understanding of the possibilities and ability of individuals to work as human capital, which is necessarily and inevitably subject to depreciation, has brought to its full logical and historical completion the process of the final identification of a person with a carrier of capital, understood only as a material (commodity) means of reproduction. the capital of itself. Through this ideological identification, not only commodity fetishism received its final historical and logical conclusion, but also the attitude towards a person only and exclusively only as one of the many material foundations or carriers of capital, which appears as the highest, dominating over all others, form of institutional power. over the process of social reproduction.

By the end of the classical era of the development of capitalist production in the developed bourgeois states, practically every commodity involved in economic circulation within such states and in relations between them, with some exceptions in terms of labor power, had become a product of capital, that is, a product of developed commodity production. Mandatory general and professional education, mass medical care for the population (mandatory vaccinations of the entire population, starting from childhood, the development of public hygiene and health care, supported by veterinary, sanitary, municipal and medical services, first of all), the development of other institutional and ideological moments of Western civilization turned into a product of capital also themselves human individuals.

All this, in fact, created the material basis for the ideological qualification of individuals (human) as human capital - the individual from the product of a family business corporation of consanguinity turned into an integral product of many corporations of all types, types and levels, whose activities are organized as capitalist commodity production , being subject to the reproduction of capital. At the same time, this same process also created a material basis for the ideological expression of each individual human capital as a certain specific ensemble of various varieties of this capital, namely, professional (processing or production), cultural, symbolic, political and similar varieties of human capital.

At the same time, an individual is not exactly the same carrier of capital as all other carriers of capital in its commodity form (tool, object or product of labor). In contrast to all other commodity forms of capital, as well as in contrast to capital in the form of money, the individual is also the subject of labor that reproduces capital, and the subject of this capital itself. But this is such a subject of capital, which, acting as a special form of capital, simultaneously serves capital and represents, including personifies and personifies, capital, that is, is nothing more than an agent of capital. Moreover, the individual represents and personifies capital (not only the commodity form of capital, but also capital as such) the more effectively, the more he (this individual) is an agent of capital. And, on the other hand, the less and less effectively a given individual performs the function of an agent of capital, the more this individual is not only superfluous, but also harmful to capital, dangerous to capital. That is, in other words, such an individual is subject to existential destruction as a carrier, representative, personification and personifier of capital, to the extent that this individual manifests himself as an actual agent of capital to a lesser extent.

This is precisely what determines the consistent expansion of the reproduction of more and more effective agents of capital with the simultaneous narrowing (up to complete cessation) of the reproduction of the least effective agents of capital and the expansion of existential destruction (up to physical destruction) of individuals that harm the reproduction of capital. The same logically and historically completes the process of the final transformation of capital into an absolute despotic power over a person (both an individual and society), his activity, consciousness and will, which opposes a person as an absolute force alien to him. And, consequently, this same process of alienation and self-alienation of a person from his generic essence is brought to its logical and historical limit - to self-destruction by a person of himself not only as social individuals, but also as all other social "populations", except for the "population" of the most efficient agents of capital. The last is a metaphorically very accurate name - "golden billion", but "billion" is only at a certain initial stage of this cannibalistic logic, and for subsequent stages, if any, we will naturally talk about an ever smaller number of individuals included in the "golden" the number of agents of capital.

If the scale of some activity carried out as part of the reproduction of capital on an unchanged technical basis expands, then this expansion is carried out due to investments (additional investments) of capital not only in the corresponding additional tools and objects of labor, but also in additional human capital. In other words, in this case we are also talking about the expanded reproduction of human capital, carried out in the process and through the expanded reproduction of the corresponding types of activities. However, if the technical basis for the reproduction of capital changes and at the same time the scale of application and, consequently, the amount of applied human capital is reduced, then the consequence of this, under other unchanged conditions, is the release of a certain amount (loss) of processing (applied) human capital, which manifests itself as the release of workers. With regard to the entire professional and, more broadly, the entire social group to which the laid-off workers belong, we can already talk only about the narrowing reproduction of this social group as human capital.

The part of human capital that was used before, but is no longer used, is not real, but only eventual capital (capital in the possibility determined by the onset and presence of certain, quite definite conditions), which remains such only for a certain time, but decreases. in terms of its value during all this particular time. In terms of specific individuals, this manifests itself not only as a disqualification (loss of competencies) of these individuals, but also as a degradation of the personality of these individuals. The decline (decrease) in the total value of human capital, which is represented by a given individual or professional (social) group, when this decline is the result of their life over a continuous series of years, is degradation, but by no means the development of the corresponding individuals or social groups as carriers and representatives of capital .

At the same time, in the bourgeois economy, the implementation of any type of activity has as its goal the receipt of appropriate income. These latter are characterized not only quantitatively, that is, in monetary (value) terms, but also qualitatively - as a list of produced and sold goods, including not only works and services, but also the very ability to work (labor force). Both the costs of doing business and the income from this activity have different sources that are in certain proportional relationships with each other, determined by the technical basis of the corresponding production (type of activity) and the organic structure of the capital used in this production. All these proportions of income and expenses can and should be expressed as a balance of the corresponding items of income and expenses (costs) in the total balance of the reproduction of some specific processing capital. This is fully applicable also to the balance of the reproduction of human capital, if we are talking about the reproduction of this particular type of capital.

Only on this one, considered so far only in its most significant moments, theoretical basis the meaning and difference between the expressions become clear: investment (investment) in human capital, on the one hand, and investment (investment) of human capital in specific businesses or organizations (corporations), on the other hand. But if for the reproduction of financial or industrial capital, the basic (primary) level is the world market (the whole of humanity as a global economy), then for the reproduction of human capital, the primary (basic) level is still by no means an individual or even a world or national economy, but family as an economic corporation of consanguinity (household). It is the family, as a corporation of consanguinity, in reality often consisting not of one household, but of several or many such households, that acts as a real personifier (owner) of capital, endowing individuals not only with the possibilities of shaping their abilities to work, but also with opportunities use, possession and disposal various types capital.

If in the entire previous definition of human capital we put the family (household) or municipality, region (region or republic as a state entity), national state in place of an individual, then we will get, if we take into account all the necessary and inevitable changes and complications, the definition of human capital according to a particular family, municipality, region or nation state. Only from the considered point of view, the volume and content of the concepts of human capital and development (expanded reproduction) of human capital become logically quite definite and clear.

Limits of human capital accumulation.

What is really of interest to any particular inhabitant of the territory of a given region or nation-state? He is interested, first of all, in the certainty of what the purchasing power of his family's income will be in a year, two, five, ten years. And it will not be abstract, but concrete with a high degree of probability, based on the actual structure acceptable to his family, the quantity and quality of consumption of goods, works and services that guarantee his family an improvement in its real opportunities, position and status in this year, two, five, ten years. And on what basis can he reasonably draw such a conclusion? Based on the certainty that his family's consumption, which is improving in quality and quantity, and, consequently, his family's expenses, growing in accordance with this, will be covered by the income received by her in a year, and in two, and in five, ten years.

The main factors of such confidence of people in their entire national mass are their national state and the social well-being of the bulk of the population of this state. We are talking about the confidence of this mass of people that the state, firstly, will fully fulfill its part of the obligations to create and develop conditions that will ensure the supply of jobs that their families need in terms of wages and corresponding to the ability of families to change set of competencies of its members. Secondly, we are talking about the confidence of this mass of people that the state will fully fulfill its part of the obligations to create and develop conditions that will provide the required structure in terms of quality, quantity and price, goods, works and services in all areas of reproduction. human capital of the respective families.

This is the amount of real wages, and the amount of income from family property, and the amount of all types of pensions and social payments, and the amount of income from all other sources of gratuitous social support and possible borrowings, if any, are required to balance the family income with its necessary expenses. The necessary family expenses include not only all utility bills determined by tariffs and prices for relevant services, but also taxes and fees, interest on loans and the repayment of loans themselves, and all other payments that are mandatory by law. In addition to them, the necessary expenses include family expenses for food and clothing, home furnishings and provision of life, education and health care, satisfaction of cultural and other needs of leisure, recreation and development, payment for transport services, including personal transport, covering the costs of maintaining and improvement of living conditions, creation of insurance and reserve savings. And all this is by no means “average for the hospital”, but real values ​​that characterize the level and quality of life of that particular group (set) of families to which the family of a particular resident of a region or state belongs. Based on these real values, each family plans in one way or another and, in fact, regularly balances (or does not reduce) elementary daily, monthly and other balances of their income and expenses.

Another of the main factors and at the same time a guarantor of such confidence of the population is social practice, if it convinces that by its direct (protests, lawsuits, elections, etc.) actions or through political parties, trade unions and other public corporations, the population can force the authorities and employers to fulfill their obligations to the population. This is, firstly, and, secondly, if the same social practice convinces the population that, despite objectively and subjectively caused failures in some difficult years, in the medium and long term (5-10-15 years and more) the state seeks to consistently improve the conditions that ensure the actual increase in the level and quality of life of the entire population.

But none of the above can be seen even in a ghostly distance even in the documents of strategic planning of economically developed nation-states and their regions, not to mention the real policy of the ruling class pursued by state authorities and business corporations of transnational, national and subnational significance in all other states. Why? Apparently, because in terms of the accumulation of human capital, strategic planning documents are by no means the dominant instruments of the actual management activities carried out by the authorities and governments of states and corporations in reality, but also the institutional means that ensure the accumulation of total human capital in the corresponding national state.

The content of state strategic planning documents is “perpendicular” not only to the accumulation of human capital by the entire population of the respective states and their territories, but also to the real management of the economy of national states and corporations operating in this territory. The vast majority of such public strategic planning documents are a "bureaucratic brake" in the economic practice of state authorities and at the same time a "club" in the interdepartmental and intersectoral struggle of clans of the ruling class and corporations, the use (implementation) of which exponentially increases the "white noise" in state authorities and transaction costs of government regulation of the economy.

The results that will be achieved in the case of using the funds planned by the current strategic planning documents at the national and subnational levels, not only in the current Russian Federation, but also in the developed countries of the world, will most likely cause a further decline in the total human capital of the vast majority of the population and its further social and economic degradation than keeping the existing one. And no "manual control", including by the most brilliant leaders of the state, even theoretically can fix this.

The economic use of territories with a population of millions and tens of millions of people, and their development in modern conditions, it is impossible to effectively manage in a "manual mode" even in the short term (one or three years), not to mention the medium and long term. These are only social catastrophes of all kinds, as a rule, "man-made", that is, they are the inevitable result of "manual control" on the part of persons occupying leadership positions at all levels of management "verticals" and "horizontals". But sustainable development is possible only as a result of the systematic efforts of the majority, if not all participants, of this process, purposefully coordinating and balancing their interests, available resources and daily activities in terms of tasks, territories and terms.

And here, namely, the distribution of the conditions of social reproduction and its results, the group and, ultimately, the class interests of social groups of people in all territories of a given national state, the limits of accumulation of the total human capital not only of the bulk of its population, but of the entire the nation as a whole. For a long period until the end of the 1970s and 1980s, the most developed nations removed such limits on the accumulation of their human capital, setting higher limits instead, not so much due to internal sources of economic and social development, but due to the exploitation of everything else. humanity.

The “developing” nations removed (raised) the limits of accumulation of national human capital to a greater extent, the more effectively they carried out “catching up development” not so much at the expense of internal sources, but at the expense of the “assistance” of developed nations and participation in the exploitation of other peoples. Ultimately, this inevitably led and led to the transformation of "developing nations" into actual neo-colonies of developed nations and the loss by developing nations of the very opportunity to catch up and overtake developed nations. Even modern China, apparently, more and more rapidly loses real chances of becoming an exception to this general rule.

The global systemic crisis of the economic social formation, which entered its final stage at the end of the 1970s and 1980s, revealed not only to all of humanity as a whole, but every year it also shows to an increasing extent to the bulk of the population of developed nations the absolute limit to further accumulation human capital both globally and nationally. Not only that, in recent decades, even within developed nations, there has been an accelerating awareness of the fact that this absolute limit of the accumulation of their human capital has already remained in the past, and that the value of their human capital already has a steady downward trend in the medium and long term.

The historically emerging and further aggravated objective social conditions and factors of the ever increasing loss of human capital by the ever increasing masses of the population of developed and developing nations necessarily and inevitably reveal and exacerbate the conflict between the material development of production and its social form (see: Conditions and Limits for Expanding the Reproduction of the Financial capital, part 10: The urgency of the inevitable change in the social form of production). And this will necessarily and inevitably entail the escalation of the economic demands and economic struggles of the broad masses of the developed and developing nations into their political demands and actions, which ultimately cannot but lead to ideological, political, economic and social changes that mark the beginning of the transition period. to a different social form of reproduction of man as a man.