Until 1885, Burdenko studied at the Kamenka zemstvo school (the village of Kamenka, Nizhne-Lomovsky district, Penza province, now the city of Kamenka, Penza region).

From 1886 he studied at the Penza Theological School.

In 1891 Nikolai Burdenko entered the theological seminary.

In 1897, after graduation, he went to Tomsk, where he entered the recently opened Tomsk University.

In 1899 he was expelled from Tomsk University for participating in the first Tomsk student strike. He applied for reinstatement and returned to the university again.

In 1901, his name appeared again on the list of strikers, according to some reports, by accident. Nevertheless, Burdenko was forced to leave Tomsk.

In 1904-1905. participated as a medical worker in the Russo-Japanese War as part of a sanitary detachment as a doctor's assistant.

In 1906, he graduated from Yuriev University (now the Estonian University in Tartu), receiving a doctorate diploma with honors.

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In 1907 he was a surgeon at the Penza Zemstvo Hospital.

In 1909 he defended his dissertation on the topic "Materials on the issue of the consequences of ligation of venae portae".

Since 1910 - assistant professor of surgery at the surgical clinic of Yuriev University, then - extraordinary professor at the department of operative surgery, desmurgy and topographic anatomy;

Since 1914 During the First World War (1914-1918) he worked as a consultant surgeon on the fronts under the armies of the North-Western Front, then acting chief military sanitary inspector.

Since 1917 he was an ordinary professor at the Faculty Surgical Clinic of Yuryev University. In the same year, Burdenko became the chief military sanitary inspector. Russian army.

In 1918 he became a professor Voronezh University.

Since 1923 - professor at the medical faculty of Moscow University, in 1930 transformed into the 1st Moscow medical institute(In 1990, the 1st Moscow Medical Institute named after I.M. Sechenov was transformed into the Medical Academy).

Since 1924, he was the director of the surgical clinic at this institute, which he led until the end of his life. Now this clinic is named after Burdenko.

Since 1929 Burdenko - director of the neurosurgical clinic at the X-ray Institute of the People's Commissariat of Health. On the basis of this clinic, in 1934, the Central Neurosurgical Institute (now the N.N. Burdenko Institute of Neurosurgery) was established.

In 1929, at the initiative of Burdenko, the department of military field surgery was created at the medical faculty of Moscow University.

Since 1932 surgeon-consultant at the Sanitary Directorate of the Red Army.

Since 1937, the chief surgeon-consultant at the Sanitary Directorate of the Red Army.

In 1939-1940. during the Soviet-Finnish war led the organization of surgical care in the army.

In 1941, from the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, he was the chief surgeon of the Red Army.

Since 1942 he was a member of the commission to investigate the atrocities of the Nazi invaders.

Commission on Katyn

On January 12, 1944, Burdenko was appointed chairman of the commission for the Katyn massacre, also known as the “Burdenko Commission” (official name: “Special Commission for Establishing and Investigating the Circumstances of the Execution of Prisoners of War by Nazi Invaders in the Katyn Forest Polish officers"). The report of the commission, published in the newspaper Pravda on January 26, 1944, stated:

At the disposal of the Special Commission was extensive material presented by a member of the Extraordinary State Commission, Academician N. N. Burdenko, his employees and forensic experts who arrived in the city. Smolensk on September 26, 1943, immediately after his release, and conducted a preliminary study and investigation of the circumstances of all the atrocities committed by the Germans.

Researchers consider the statements of Burdenko's certificate to be falsification. They note that from October 5, 1943 to January 10, 1944, it was not the Burdenko Commission that worked in Smolensk and the Katyn Forest, but a large group of operatives and investigators of the NKVD of the USSR, as well as the UNKVD for Smolensk region, which, according to the Chief Military Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, was actually engaged in the falsification of materials, the destruction of evidence and the preparation of false witnesses for the Burdenko commission.

The "Special Commission" under the leadership of Burdenko was created on January 12, 1944 by a resolution of the Extraordinary state commission. On January 13, the commission held its first meeting, at which Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Kruglov made an opening report; On January 16, the commission left for Smolensk, and on January 24, Burdenko signed its conclusion.

In the course of a mass exhumation carried out over several days (a total of 925 corpses were opened), part of the Polish graves was destroyed by the commission; part of the skulls of the executed Burdenko seized "for the collection", and the decapitated remains were dumped in disarray.

During the work, the commission presented a number of documents, which, according to the commission, were found on corpses and testify that the Poles were alive by the summer of 1941; as the investigation of the Main Military Prosecutor's Office showed, these documents were outright falsifications. Burdenko's note to the People's Commissar of State Security Merkulov with a message about these "fortunately found" documents has been preserved.

The persons who acted as witnesses before the Burdenko commission (and earlier before the NKVD commission) subsequently stated to the Chief Military Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation that the NKVD officers had threatened them to give false evidence.

In the conclusion of the commission, which was signed by Burdenko, responsibility for Katyn massacre was assigned to the Nazi invaders (which was originally in the very name of the commission).

Close to Burdenko, Boris Olshansky, a former professor at Voronezh University, later a defector, in 1951 testified under oath to a commission of the US Congress that the seriously ill Burdenko told him:

Fulfilling Stalin's personal order, I went to Katyn, where the graves had just been opened... All the bodies were buried four years ago. Death came in 1940... For me, as a doctor, this is an obvious fact that cannot be questioned. Our comrades from the NKVD made a big mistake.”

Merits of Nikolai Burdenko

Postage stamp of the USSR, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of N. N. Burdenko, 1976, 4 kopecks (TsFA (ITC) #4576; Scott #4438)

one of the first to introduce into clinical practice surgery of the central and peripheral nervous system;

investigated the cause and treatment of shock,

made a great contribution to the study of the processes that occur in the central and peripheral nervous system in connection with surgery, with acute injuries;

developed a bulbotomy - an operation in the upper spinal cord.

Burdenko created a school of surgeons with a pronounced experimental direction. A valuable contribution of Burdenko and his school to the theory and practice of neurosurgery was work in the field of oncology of the central and autonomic nervous system, pathology of liquor circulation, cerebral circulation, etc.

Awarded 3 orders of Lenin, other orders and medals. Honorary Member of the Royal Society of London, International Society of Surgeons.

Scientific works

N. Burdenko was a member of the editorial board of the 35-volume work "The experience of Soviet medicine in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945." Author of more than 400 scientific papers. Editor of the journals "Modern Surgery", "New Surgery", "Issues of Neurosurgery".

The name Burdenko is

Research Institute of Neurosurgery in Moscow, a bust of Burdenko was installed on its territory,

Voronezh State Medical Academy,

Main military hospital

Faculty Surgical Clinic of the Medical Academy named after I. M. Sechenov,

Penza Regional Clinical Hospital (1956). In 1958, a bust of the scientist was erected on the territory of the hospital. In 1976, the house of Burdenko's parents was moved from Peski Street to the hospital, and a memorial museum was created in it. Scientific medical readings dedicated to the memory of N.N. Burdenko are held in Penza.

Streets in Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod and Voronezh.

Hostages of the Institute of Neurosurgery. acad. N.N. Burdenko RAMS.
09.10.2013 04:05:51

In 1993, a land plot with an area of ​​5.15 hectares (residential quarter 684 of the Central Administrative District of Moscow) was transferred to the ownership of the Research Institute of Neurosurgery. Burdenko RAMS for the resettlement of residents and the reconstruction of the buildings of the Institute. However, instead of the planned withdrawal of dilapidated residential buildings from the territory of the radiological complex and instead of the envisaged reconstruction of buildings for the hospital needs of the institute, including rehabilitation buildings, the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, without resettling the residents of dilapidated houses, builds commercial housing on this land, which is subsequently sold at crazy prices. House 14, building 1 on the 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya st. (new construction) was intended for a rehabilitation center - instead an office was built and rented out (has nothing to do with medicine). House 12, building 2 on 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya Street is intended for reconstruction into a hotel for relatives of patients after the residents are resettled. Until now, the resettlement has not been carried out, and the methodological center of the institute, located in building No. 14, building 3, on the 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya street, is used as a hotel (unofficially). House number 11 on 1st Tverskoy-Yamsky Lane was intended for settlement by employees of the Burdenko Institute, however, commercial housing was built instead, and the director of the Research Institute of Neurosurgery named after. Burdenko, Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Konovalov runs around the editorial offices of newspapers and declares throughout the country that he has nowhere to rehabilitate patients. What does it mean? I received five hectares of land for free in the center of Moscow - so build yourself a rehabilitation as it should be. Why build residential buildings on the territory of a radiological hospital, if the land was allocated to you for the development of the institute? In addition, the residents of house 12, building 2 on 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya Street, who became hostages of the Institute of Neurosurgery. Burdenko, have been waiting for the promised and planned resettlement from this hellish territory for more than 20 years and live near nuclear reactors, near six-meter tanks with liquefied gases in front of windows and on a permanent construction site (spot development). The construction of another residential building in the 684th quarter of the Central Administrative District of Moscow (4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya St., vl. .e., on the territory of the hospital, which feels a shortage of space for the rehabilitation of patients. RAMS dishonors the name of an outstanding surgeon. It should be embarrassing!

I consider it an honor to issue a brief review article about those personalities, great neurosurgeons who "made" world neurosurgery as we know it. We, young and not so young neurosurgeons, continue their wonderful work with great zeal.

Harvey Cushing

Harvey Williams Cushing(English) HarveyWilliamsCushing, April 8, 1869, Cleveland, Ohio, USA - October 7, 1939, New Haven, Connecticut, USA) - a famous neurosurgeon and pioneer of brain surgery. He made a huge contribution to the development of neurosurgery and is often called the "father of modern neurosurgery".

Biography

Cushing was born in Cleveland, Ohio to a doctor, the youngest of 10 children. His father was Kirke Cushing, his mother was Bessie Williams. At the age of eighteen, Harvey Cushing entered Yale College. After completing four years of college with a bachelor's degree humanities in 1891, where he was also a member of the Scroll and Key and Delta Kappa Epsilon (Phi chapter) clubs, he entered Harvard Medical School. Upon graduation in 1895, he specialized at the Massachusetts General Hospital, and then, under the guidance of the famous surgeon William Stuart Halsted, at Johns Hopkins Hospital (Baltimore). During his career, he has worked as a surgeon at Johns Hopkins Hospital, and Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston, and as a professor of surgery at Harvard Medical School. During the First World War, he spent some time in France, in a military hospital deployed in Nelly, near Paris, and then from 1917 to 1919. was the chief physician of the garrison hospital No. 5. From 1933 until his death, he worked at Yale University.
Married Katharina Stone Crowell on June 10, 1902, they had 5 children. Cushing died in 1939 of a myocardial infarction, and is buried in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland.

Achievements

In the early 20th century, Cushing developed many surgical techniques for brain surgery. This allowed him to become the undisputed leader and expert in this field. Under his influence, neurosurgery became a new and autonomous surgical discipline.
At Massachusetts General Hospital, he, along with his friend Ernest Amory Codman (Eng. ErnestAmoryCodman, 1869-1940) created the first anesthetic chart ("The ether chart"), entering the history of medicine as the founder of anesthetic monitoring. The idea of ​​creating this map arose after the anesthetic death of one patient during a surgical intervention. The map included brief information about the patient, the features of the operation, and recorded such important parameters of the patient's condition as pulse and respiratory rate every 5 minutes of anesthesia, a description of the patient's complexion, patient temperature measurement data. The cards were also supplied with brief comments about the nature of the operation, the amount of ether used for anesthesia, etc. This innovation soon made it possible to significantly reduce the anesthetic mortality in the Massachusetts hospital.

First used X-rays to diagnose neurological pathology
In 1901, while in Italy, Cushing got acquainted at the Scipione Riva-Rocci clinic with the principle of operation and the device of the Riva-Rocci mercury sphygmomanometer. He carefully redrawn the design of the device in his diary. Returning to the United States in September 1901, he began to recommend this diagnostic method for implementation in the practice of the Johns Hopkins Hospital (Baltimore, Maryland). And already in 1902, Cushing introduced the measurement of blood pressure as a mandatory method of monitoring the condition of patients during surgery.
Cushing is responsible for the birth of the terms "regional anesthesia" and "combined general anesthesia". It was Cushing who first introduced the position of nurse anesthetist.

In 1907, for the first time in the world, he used a stethoscope as a precordial monitor for "continuous listening to the heart and respiratory rhythm throughout anesthesia."

During a trip to Europe under the guidance of Theodor Kocher, he studied the relationship between systolic blood pressure and intracranial pressure. During these studies, he, together with Hugo Kronecker (1839-1914), discovered the phenomenon of increased blood pressure, mainly systolic, with an increase in intracranial pressure. An increase in blood pressure plays a protective role in this case, contributing to an increase in the blood supply to the brain. Subsequently, the results of this work prompted him to identify and describe the Cushing's reflex (triad) - (a syndrome of high blood pressure, mainly systolic, bradycardia (up to 50-60 per 1 min) and decreased breathing with an increase in intracranial pressure. This syndrome is observed in craniocerebral brain injury, brain tumors, stroke and is caused by irritation of the vital centers of the brain stem.In this case, an increase in blood pressure plays a protective role, contributing to an increase in the blood supply to the brain.

Only for brain tumors (confirmed histologically) he performed more than 2000 operations.

Introduced electrocoagulation in neurosurgery. Much of the work was done in collaboration with William Bovier, Ph.D. Williambovie). The importance of the introduction of electrocoagulation is evidenced by the fact that before its use in Cushing's practice, the mortality rate for tumor removal reached 27.7%. After the introduction of "electrosurgery" into the Cushing Clinic, the mortality rate for tumor removal dropped to 8.9%.
Most often, Cushing's name is mentioned in the context of Itsenko-Cushing's disease. In 1912, he described an endocrinological syndrome caused by increased production of ACTH by the pituitary gland, calling it "polyglandular syndrome". Summarizing his observations in 1932, he published the work "Basophilic adenomas of the pituitary gland and their clinical manifestations."

In 1926, Harvey Cushing was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography for a book describing the life of one of the famous doctors, Sir William Osler. In 1930 he was awarded the Listerase medal for his contribution to surgery.
One of the most famous students was Walter Edward Dandy. WalterEdwardDandy, 1886-1946), who proposed the currently classic diagnostic methods: ventriculopuncture, ventriculography, pneumoencephalography, and developed the technique of radical excision of the auditory nerve tumor. A number of neurosurgical operations are named after Dandy.

Introduced the term "meningioma" in 1922 to refer to extracerebral, expansively growing tumors of the dura mater.
The American Association of Neurosurgeons is named after Cushing.

Walter Dandy

Walter Edward Dandy(English) WalterEdwardDandy, April 6, 1886, Sedalia, Missouri, USA - April 19, 1946, Baltimore, Maryland, USA) was an American neurosurgeon and scientist. He is considered one of the founding fathers of neurosurgery and is known for numerous discoveries and innovations, including the description of CSF circulation, the surgical treatment of hydrocephalus, the introduction of ventriculography and pneumoencephalography into practice, and the creation of the first intensive care unit. He was also the first to clip an intracranial aneurysm, marking the birth of vascular neurosurgery. During his 40-year career, he published 5 monographs and more than 160 scientific articles. At the peak of his career, his surgical activity reached 1000 operations per year.

Biography

Dandy was the only son of John Dandy, a railway engineer, and Rahel Kilpatrick, immigrants from Lancashire, England and Armach, Ireland. In 1903 he graduated from high school in Sedalia, Missouri, in 1907 the University of Missouri. In September 1907 he entered the second year of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. In the spring of 1910, at the age of 24, he graduated from a medical university, after which, in 1910-1911. worked in the laboratory of experimental medicine under the direction of Harvey Cushing. In 1911 he entered the residency in surgery, which he completed in 1918, where he worked first under the direction of Cushing, and then Hoyer and Halsted.

In 1918 he became a full doctor at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, after which he fully concentrated on neurosurgery. After Hoyer's transfer to the University of Cincinnati in 1922, Dandy remained the sole neurosurgeon at Johns Hopkins until his death in 1946.

On October 1, 1924, he married Cedi E. Martin, with whom he had 4 children.
W. E. Dandy died of a heart attack on April 19, 1946, and is buried at Druid Ridge Cemetery in Pikesville, Maryland.

Contribution to neurosurgery

In his first scientific work in 1910 Dandy made a detailed anatomical description of a 2 mm human embryo. In 1911-1913. he devoted to the study of the blood supply to the pituitary gland, and in 1913 and 1914, together with Kenneth D. Blackfen, published two works on the production, circulation and absorption of CSF. They described two forms of hydrocephalus - "obstructive" and "communicating", which laid the foundation for the scientific study of this disease. The value of this work is best expressed by the phrase of one of Dandy Halsted's teachers "Dandy will never do anything better, or even similar, since rarely any of the doctors manages to make more than one serious contribution to medicine." Most often, the name Dandy is mentioned in the context of Dandy-Walker malformation, a congenital disease associated with hydrocephalus. In 1921, Dandy described a case of hydrocephalus caused by impaired outflow of CSF from the 4th ventricle. In 1944, Earl Walker described a similar case of obstruction of the 4th ventricle.

In 1918 and 1919 Dandy published several papers on ventriculography and pneumoencephalography. For this contribution, the chairman of the Nobel Committee, Hans Christian Jacobeus, nominated him for the Nobel Prize in 1933. Pneumoencephalography for the first time allowed neurosurgeons to visualize intracranial neoplasms using x-rays. They were performed by introducing air either directly into the ventricular system of the brain (ventriculography) or through a lumbar puncture into the subarachnoid space (pneumoencephalography). Ventriculography, proposed by Dandy in 1918, had its limitations, as it required the imposition of a burr hole and ventriculopuncture for diagnostic purposes. Pneumoencephalography, described in 1919, was a less invasive technique and was widely used to diagnose intracranial masses until the introduction of computed tomography in the 1970s.

Dandy's contribution to neurosurgery is enormous. He performed and described in 1921 an operation to remove a tumor of the pineal region, in 1922 a total removal of a tumor of the cerebellopontine angle, in 1922 he used ventriculoscopy (a prototype of modern endoscopy) for the treatment of hydrocephalus, in 1925 he performed an operation for trigeminal neuralgia, in 1929 - proposed the treatment of Meniere's disease by crossing the auditory nerves, in 1929 - removed a herniated disc, in 1930 - proposed surgical treatment of spastic torticollis, in 1933 - removed the cerebral hemisphere ("hemispherectomy") during surgery for a malignant brain tumor, in 1933 - removed tumor of the ventricular system, in 1935 - closed the carotid-cavernous fistula, in 1941 - removal of the tumor of the orbital fissure, in 1943 - the intersection of the sympathetic nerves for the treatment of idiopathic arterial hypertension. It is significant that the technique of many of these operations has not changed, from the moment they were described by Dandy, until now.

Contribution to thevascular neurosurgery

Dandy's description in 1938 of an operation to clip an intracranial aneurysm marked the advent of vascular neurosurgery. Subsequently, Dandy also performed surgical treatment of arteriovenous malformations, arteriovenous fistulas, as well as carotid-cavernous anastomosis. Dandy summed up his experience in vascular neurosurgery in the book "Intracranial arterial aneurysms" in 1944.

Victor Gorsley

Victor Gorsley(English) HorsleyVictorAlexanderHaden, April 14, 1857 - July 16, 1916) - an outstanding British neurophysiologist, surgeon, founder of world neurosurgery. He is known as the person who performed the first operation to remove a spinal tumor, who made a great contribution to the treatment of myxedema and many neurosurgical diseases.

Biography

Victor Alexander Gorsley (April 14, 1857 - July 16, 1916) was born in Kensington, London, the son of a well-known artist, a member of the Royal Academy. Named after Queen Victoria, who became his godmother.

He studied at the Cranbook School in Kent, after which he studied medicine at University College London. From 1884 to 1890 he worked at the Brown Institution, from 1886 associate professor of surgery at the National Hospital for Epileptics and Paralytics (now the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery), professor of pathology (1887-1896) and professor of clinical medicine (1899-1902) at University College in London.

On October 4, 1887, he married Eldred Bramwell, with whom he had two sons and one daughter (Seward, Oswald and Pamela).
In 1886 he was admitted to the Royal Society of London. In 1902 he was elevated to the rank of knight.

During the First World War, he was sent as a colonel in the medical service of the British army to Egypt, during the Dardanelles operation. Then he was sent to Mesopotamia, where he died suddenly in Amar (modern Iraq) at the age of 59 from a fever.

Scientific activity

Victor Gorsley first removed a spinal tumor in 1887. William Osler speaks of this case as "the most brilliant operation in the entire history of surgery." It was carried out on 42-year-old Captain Gilby, who for a number of years complained of back pain, weakness and numbness of the limbs. Doctors attributed his suffering to intercostal neuralgia, aneurysm, and neurosis. When Captain Gilby's legs became completely numb and paralyzed, thanks to acquaintances, he was consulted by Dr. Gowers, who diagnosed a tumor of the spinal cord and recommended an operation. During the operation, Gorsley initially found no tumor. However, he then additionally bit the arch of the superior vertebra and, in the end, discovered and removed a tonsil-shaped tumor at the level of 3 and 4 posterior thoracic roots on the left. The patient fully recovered and lived another 30 years.

He used his approach to the Gasser node through pterional access in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia in 1890. However, due to the fact that the operation was unsuccessful (the patient died 7 hours after the operation), Gorsley did not use it for a long time. In 1893, independently of Horsley, a similar operation was performed by the German surgeon Fedor Krause, which later (after Hartley's modification) became known as the "Hartley-Krause operation". Subsequently, the future founder of American neurosurgery, Harvey Cushing, who arrived in the UK in 1900, describes Gorsley's operation to remove the Gasser node as follows:
Gorsley went upstairs and in 5 minutes introduced the patient into ether anesthesia. The operation lasted 15 minutes - making a huge hole in the woman's skull, lifting the temporal lobe - blood everywhere - pushing a lot of gauze into the middle cranial fossa, he cut out the knot and ended the operation. He went out into the street no more than an hour later, as he entered the house.

He developed many innovations in the technique of neurosurgical operations, in particular hemostatic bone wax.
In 1908, together with Robert Clark, he proposed an apparatus for stereotaxic neurosurgical interventions (the so-called Horsley-Clark apparatus). This device made it possible to clearly localize the location of the deep structures of the brain.
How a neurophysiologist studied the functions of the brain, mainly the cortex hemispheres on animals and people. Irritating various sections of the cerebral cortex and internal capsule, he expressed his assumptions about their functional significance. These studies later formed the basis for the surgical treatment of epilepsy. Between 1884 and 1886 for the first time in the world, before Krause, Förster and Penfield, he performed intraoperative electrical stimulation to determine the epileptogenic focus.

In 1886 he performed the first successful experimental hypophysectomy. Developed a transcranial approach for the removal of pituitary tumors, which, on his advice, was used by Frank Thomas Paul (Frank Thomas Paul). He personally performed 4 successful operations for pituitary tumors.

Nevertheless, Gorsley remained primarily a general surgeon. For example, he drew an analogy between the subdural and intraperitoneal space. In particular, with a syphilitic lesion of the central nervous system, he suggested irrigation of the subdural space with a solution of mercury.

He is also known as a pioneer in the study of thyroid function. In 1884, he showed in an experiment that thyroidectomy (removal of the thyroid gland) causes myxedema. Being engaged in the treatment of myxedema and cretinism caused by an insufficient level of thyroid hormones, he first suggested using an extract of the thyroid gland of animals (monkeys) for therapeutic purposes.
Founder of the Journal of Pathology.

(William MacEwen) (June 22, 1848 - March 22, 1924) - an outstanding surgeon, student of Joseph Lister. One of the founders of neurosurgery. Known for pioneering work on hernia surgery, bone blocks. For the first time he produced and introduced endotracheal anesthesia, pulmonectomy (removal of the lung).

Biography

William McEwan was born June 22, 1848 in Rothesay, Isle of Bute, Scotland. In 1865 he entered the University of Glasgow and after graduating in 1872 received a doctorate. His teacher was Joseph Lister (1827-1912), who, having introduced antiseptics, significantly reduced mortality from surgical interventions due to infectious and inflammatory complications. McEwan developed Lister's position by establishing an "antiseptic ritual" in his operating room - operating personnel thoroughly cleaned and disinfected their hands before each operation, and sterilizable medical gowns were introduced.

In 1875 he became an assistant surgeon at the Royal Hospital of Glasgow, a surgeon in 1876. From 1881 to 1889. becomes a lecturer at the Royal School of Medicine. As professor of surgery, he moves to the Western Infirmary (Western Infirmary). In 1883 he was invited to work as a surgeon in a hospital for sick children in Glasgow. In 1892 he became Regius Professor (a title introduced by Lister at the University of Glasgow).
In 1916, he became one of the founders of the Scottish hospital for crippled sailors and soldiers of Princess Louise in Erskine (now Erskine Hospital), near Glasgow, which treated the wounded soldiers during the First World War. McEwan becomes his first chief surgeon. While working in this hospital, with the help of engineers, he developed prosthetic limbs.

Contribution to neurosurgery

The beginning of McEwan's work was marked not only by the introduction of antiseptics by Joseph Lister, but also by the work of John Hughlings Jackson (1835-1911) and David Ferrier, who were engaged in mapping the functions of the brain. McEwan in 1876 for the first time made the correct (according to the section) diagnosis regarding the localization of the intracranial pathological focus on the basis of neurological symptoms.

He was one of the first in the world to remove an intracranial tumor (presumably meningioma), determining its location by clinical symptoms. The operated girl lived for another 8 years. At autopsy, no continued tumor growth was found. In the future, he repeatedly operated on brain abscesses, intracranial hematomas, tumors of the spinal cord, which became a breakthrough in medicine.

Contribution to surgery

One of McEwan's earliest innovations was the development in 1877 of bone fragments for use in orthopedic operations. Contributed to knee surgery by offering a special tool (McEwan osteotome). McEwan's area of ​​interest also included bone biology. He conducted a series of experiments on animals and determined the mechanisms of bone growth and bone tissue regeneration. Developed surgical treatment of diseases of the mastoid process and pyogenic cysts of the temporal bone. He described the anatomical formation of the temporal bone (foveola suprameatica according to the anatomical nomenclature), which is also called McEwan's triangle. The method of surgical removal of the lung developed by him (pulmonectomy) began to be used in the treatment of tuberculosis and lung cancer. In 1880, he described the technique of endotracheal intubation for anesthesia, which is widely used to this day.

Wilder Graves Penfield (English) WildergravesPenfield January 25, 1891, Spokane - April 5, 1976, Montreal) - American-born Canadian neurosurgeon.

Biography

Born in Spokane, Washington. He first studied at Princeton University. Then, after receiving a Rhodes scholarship, he continued his studies at Merton College at the University of Oxford, where he studied neuropathology under Sherrington. Then he transferred to Johns Hopkins University, from which he graduated in 1918 and received a medical degree. For the next few years he studied and worked at Oxford. During his trip to Spain in 1924, he learned the technique of neurohistological research of Ramon y Cajal, in Germany he trained with the neurosurgeon Otfried Förster in Breslau.

After an internship with Harvey Cushing, he worked at the Neurological Institute in New York, where he began to perform his first operations for epilepsy. In 1921-1928 he worked at Columbia University and at the same time as a surgeon at the New York Neurological Institute. In New York, he met David Rockefeller, who agreed to sponsor the establishment of an institute to study the surgical treatment of epilepsy. Due to the skepticism and obstruction of fellow neurologists in New York, Penfield had to move to Montreal, where he began to teach at McGill University and at the same time work at the Royal Victoria Hospital as a neurosurgeon.

In 1934 he became the founder and first director of the Montreal Neurological Institute at McGill University. This institute was created with money from the Rockefeller Foundation. From 1965 to 1968 - President of the Institute of the Family. Since 1960, Penfield has devoted his attention to literature. In particular, he wrote an autobiographical novel No man Alone and romance Torch, published in Russian in 1964 and 1994, describing the life of Hippocrates.

During his life he visited the USSR 4 times - as part of the British-American-Canadian mission in 1943, in 1955, 1958, and also in 1962. The last visit was associated with Landau's injury.

Member of the Royal Society of London (1943), foreign member of the US National Academy of Sciences (1953), USSR Academy of Sciences (1958).
Penfield died in Montreal on April 5, 1976.

Scientific activity

Penfield most attention devoted his medical activity to the surgery of epilepsy. The method of his treatment consisted in the destruction of those parts of the cerebral cortex, which were the focus of convulsive activity. Together with the electrophysiologist Herbert Jasper, he developed a technique that consisted in the fact that during an operation on the open brain, electrical stimulation of its various departments was performed, which made it possible to more accurately localize the epileptic focus and evaluate the functions of certain structures. During the operation, the patients were conscious and described their sensations, which were carefully recorded and then analyzed.

Penfield used information from hundreds of brain surgeries to create functional maps of the cortex (surface) of the brain. He summarized the results of the mapping of the main motor and sensory areas of the cortex and for the first time accurately mapped the cortical areas related to speech. Using the method of electrical stimulation of individual parts of the brain, Penfield established the exact representation in the cerebral cortex of various muscles and organs of the human body. Schematically, it is depicted as a "homunculus" (little man), whose body parts are proportional to the areas of the brain in which they are represented. Therefore, fingers, lips and tongue with a large number nerve endings depicted larger than the torso and legs.

Widely using electrical stimulation, Penfield obtained valuable data on functional organization human cerebral cortex. This topic is the subject of a monograph "Human cerebral cortex"(The Cerebral Cortex of Man, 1950), written jointly with T. Ramussen. In 1951, together with Herbert Jasper, he published a monograph "Epilepsy and functional anatomy of the brain". Penfield's other writings include - "Cytology and cellular pathology of the nervous system"(Cytology and Cellular Pathology of the Nervous System, 1932); "Types of epileptic seizures"(Epileptic Seizure Patterns, 1951); "The Riddle of Intelligence"(The Mystery of Mind, 1975).

Fedor Krause

Fedor Krause (March 10, 1857 - September 20, 1937) was a German surgeon, one of the founders of German neurosurgery. He is best known for using electrical stimulation in the surgical treatment of epilepsy and for attempting to create a functional map of the cerebral cortex.

Biography

Born March 10, 1857 in Friedland (now Konfartow, Poland) - Upper Silesia. He died on September 20, 1937 in Bad Gastein. Initially, Fedor Krause studied music at the Berlin Conservatory, but then switched to medicine, enrolling at the Humboldt University of Berlin. In 1883 he became assistant to Richard von Volkmann (1830-1889) in the surgical department of the University Hospital of Halle. Subsequently, he worked as a pathologist at the University of Frankfurt (1890-1892), as a surgeon at the Hamburg Hospital (1892-1900), and then as head of the surgical department of the Augusta Hospital in Berlin. In 1901 he became an associate professor at the University of Berlin. In Berlin, he worked closely with the famous German neurologist Oppenheim (1858-1919). During the First World War, he first served as a consultant surgeon, and then was sent to latin america where he trained in the basics of neurosurgery. In 1931, Krause retired from medicine and devoted the rest of his life to the study of the arts and music.

Scientific activity

• Krause developed the technique of transplanting free skin flaps (Krause flap) in plastic surgery.
• One of the founders of the surgical treatment of epilepsy. Krause distinguished 2 forms of epilepsy - genuine and focal. Treatment of focal epilepsy involved removal of the epileptic focus. In 1912 he published a paper describing the results of surgical treatment of 96 patients with focal epilepsy. A feature of his operations was the use of electrical stimulation. He attempted to map the brain. It should be noted that subsequently Penfield, who used a similar technique on the material of patients with epilepsy, created functional maps of the cerebral cortex. During his work, Krause performed about 400 operations for epilepsy. Based on his experience, he developed the principle “The sooner to operate on focal epilepsy, the better”
• F. Krause in 1909 for the first time performed the removal of a sequestered hernia of the intervertebral disc. Together with Oppenheim, he published a paper in which he described the course of the operation - transdural removal of a herniated disc.
• In 1893, Krause performed the first complete extirpation of the Gasser node by extradural access for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. The technique he developed was called the "Krause operation", and later, after Hartley's modification, the "Hartley-Krause operation".
• He made a great contribution to the development of neurosurgical techniques and access to many intracranial formations. In 1898 he was approached by a patient complaining of tinnitus. This led him to the idea that the auditory nerve could be cut in a similar way to the trigeminal nerve. Osteoplastic trepanation of the posterior cranial fossa was performed with the patient in a sitting position. Thus, it was possible to gain access to the auditory nerve. The successful removal in 1900 of a bullet from the roof of the right orbit served as a stimulus for the transformation of access to the pituitary region.
• Krause offered many techniques and tools. Since 1908, he began to use suction when removing a brain tumor. As early as 1911, he warned of the dangers of lumbar puncture in cases of increased intracranial pressure and described the advantage of ventricular drainage in such cases.
• He made a great contribution to the development of techniques for removing tumors of the brain and spinal cord. The novelty and lack of study of this problem at that time is evidenced by the fact that out of 109 operated patients with brain tumors in 1907, two-thirds died, and the mortality rate among the re-operated was 21% (data from the F. Krause manual "Surgery of the brain and spinal cord ").

Wilhelm Tönnies

Wilhelm Tönnies(June 16, 1898 - September 12, 1978) - founder of German neurosurgery, creator of the world's first neurosurgical journal.

Biography

Born and raised in Klee, near Dortmund, in a wealthy family of farmers. In 1916 he graduated from the gymnasium in Dortmund. After completing his studies, along with his classmates, he was drafted to the French front of World War I, where he rose to the rank of lieutenant. In 1919 he entered the University of Marburg, later transferred to the University of Hamburg, from which he graduated in 1924. In 1926, he became an assistant professor at the surgical university clinic in Würzburg, Fritz König. In 1932 he became head of the neurosurgical service at the Leopold Hospital in Würzburg, after a 9-month training with Herbert Olivekrona in Stockholm. Initially, Koenig was going to send Tönnies for an internship with Harvey Cushing, but he refused, since all the places for foreign interns were filled. Then Koenig turned to the Swedish surgeon Herbert Olivekrone, with whom he was well acquainted and who specialized with Walter Dandy in the USA. Olivekrona agreed to accept Tönnies on the condition of preliminary neurological training for six months, firstly, and knowledge of the Swedish language, secondly. Having fulfilled both of these conditions, Tönnies underwent a months-long internship with Olivecrona. August 17, 1934, at the age of 35, he heads the first specialized neurosurgical clinic in Germany.

A discussion about brain surgery unfolded at the First Congress of the German Society of Neurologists and Psychiatrists in 1935. According to many participants in the congress, neurosurgery is neither a part of surgery nor an independent specialty, but should be a branch of neurology. The NSDAP put an end to these disputes. The Nazis supported the idea of ​​creating neurosurgery as an independent discipline. The decisive argument was that it was necessary for military purposes.

In Nazi Germany, Tönnies made dizzying career. For 2 years in Würzburg, he performed 229 operations; postoperative mortality was 19.5%. In 1937 Tönnies moved to Berlin, where he headed the neurosurgical department. At the same time, he became director of a new experimental department for the study of tumors and other brain pathologies at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute.

During the Second World War, he served as General of the Medical Service of the Luftwaffe. He initiated the creation of medical air transport for the removal of wounded soldiers. For his work on May 31, 1944 he received the Iron Cross for military service with swords.
After the war, initially Wilhelm Tönnies was director of the hospital (since 1946) in Bochum-Langendreer, where he founded the neurosurgical department. In 1948, he accepted the offer of the University of Cologne to head the first department of neurosurgery in Germany, which he headed until 1968. From 1949 to 1969. director of the neurosurgical clinic in Lindenburg. At the same time, he heads the experimental department for the study of tumors and pathology of the brain. Since 1952 he has been admitted to the German Academy of Sciences. In 1955 he became president of the German Society of Physicians in the Treatment of Pathology of the Nervous System. In 1958 he was elected dean of the medical faculty of Cologne, and in 1960 his rector (until 1961).

His scientific activity was devoted to the problems of early diagnosis of brain tumors, pathophysiology of intracranial pressure.
Together with Herbert Olivekrona, he published the Textbook of Neurosurgery.

Creation of the first neurosurgical journal

In 1936, under the editorship of Tönnies, the world's first neurosurgical journal Zeitblatt für Neurochirurgie began to appear. It was originally planned as a supplement to Zentralblatt für Chirurgie, a journal of general surgery. The first issue opened with greetings from August Borchardt (editor of the general surgical journal) and Otfried Förster. As Borchardt noted, the interaction of neurologists and neurosurgeons is necessary for successful work in the field of neurosurgery. However, an obstacle to such joint work is that neurosurgical articles are scattered across different journals. The creation of a specialized journal made it possible to establish an exchange of views on neurosurgical issues.

The magazine has really become international. It published articles in German, French and English. For example, Walter Dandy's pioneering work on the diagnosis and surgical treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulas was published in two issues of the journal.
The publication of the journal was suspended in 1943 and resumed in 1949. It was the impossibility of obtaining this journal under the conditions of World War II that prompted the publication in 1944 of the Journal of Neurosurgery in the USA.

Thierry de Martel

Thierry de Martel(Thierry de Martel) (1876, Maxeville, Meurthe and Moselle - June 14, 1940 Paris) - French surgeon, founder of French neurosurgery, creator of the electrotrepan. He committed suicide during the capture of Paris by German troops.

Biography

Born in 1876 in Maxeville near Nancy. My father was a career officer who came from an aristocratic family in Normandy. Mother was a famous writer and journalist who published under the pseudonym Gyp (GYP). Her publications were characterized by hatred for the republican system of France, democracy and anti-Semitism. Among her relatives were the Countess and the Marquis de Mirabeau. Before entering the medical faculty, de Martel graduated from the Polytechnic School and was going to become an engineer. After graduating from the Faculty of Medicine, he initially worked under the guidance of the well-known neurologist Joseph Babinski. On the advice of Babinski, de Martel learned the technique of brain operations from Victor Gorsley. For almost a year he crossed the English Channel every week: leaving Paris on Monday evening, de Martel appeared in London on Tuesday morning, assisted Gorsley at the neurological hospital in Queens Square, and returned to Paris on Wednesday.

During the First World War he worked as a military doctor. For his services he was awarded the Order of the Legion of Honor. Initially, he worked at the Salpêtrière Hospital, where he performed his first neurosurgical operations at a friend's obstetrics and gynecology clinic. Subsequently, he operated in the clinic of the hospital in Neuilly near Paris. On the day of the entry of German troops into Paris on June 14, 1940, he made himself a lethal injection of strychnine.

Contribution to neurosurgery

De Martel's technical education allowed him to improve surgical instruments. He invented hemostatic clips, a self-retaining brain retractor, a surgical chair. His main invention was an automatic electric trephine. Ordinary trepans often fell into the cranial cavity, damaging the brain and causing postoperative complications. Trepan de Martel was designed for quick trepanation without complications. As soon as the cutter reached the inner bone plate, it automatically stopped and did not damage the dura mater.

The experience gained at the Victor Gorsley clinic allowed de Martel to start performing some of the first neurosurgical operations in France. According to the statistics of his work, in 1913, for 18 months, the department in the Salpêtrière (Paris) performed 30 surgical interventions on the brain and spinal cord - 11 decompressive trepanations, 3 cases of removal of brain tumors, etc. Of the 29 operated on, 9 died.

After the First World War, he published in 1918 the book "Les blessures du crane et du cerveau: formes cliniques, traitement medico-chirurgical" (Injuries of the skull and brain: clinical forms, medical and surgical treatment), in which he summarized his experience (about 5 thousand cases of traumatic brain injury). An English edition soon appeared. It was emphasized there that in military field conditions one should not rush into operations for traumatic brain injury, which should be performed in special hospitals.

In 1913, de Martel met Cushing at a neurological congress in London. After the First World War, de Martel crossed five times Atlantic Ocean to visit his clinic. Together with Denecker, in 1924 he published a French translation of Cushing's Tumors of the Acoustic Nerve.

In addition to electrotrepan, local anesthesia and the sitting position of the patient during operations on the brain (in order to reduce blood loss) are the most famous achievements of de Martel in the field of neurosurgery. For the first time in France, he crossed the sensitive branch of the trigeminal nerve in trigeminal neuralgia.

Herbert Olivecrona

Herbert Olivekrona, Swedish Herbert Olivecrona(July 11, 1891 - January 15, 1980) - the founder of the Swedish and one of the founders of the world neurosurgery. Known as the person who created the first department of neurosurgery in the world, a teacher of one of the founders of German neurosurgery Wilhelm Tönnies, the founder of radiosurgery Lars Leksell.

Biography

Born July 11, 1891 in Visby, Sweden. He died on January 15, 1980 in Stockholm, Sweden. Born in the family of Judge Axel Olivekruna and Ebba Morner. After leaving school in Uppsala in 1909 he entered the medical faculty of the University of Uppsala. In 1912 he transferred to the Karolinska University in Stockholm, graduating in 1918. During his studies, he worked as a laboratory assistant in the Department of Pathology for 2 years. After graduation, he trained in the surgical clinics of Dortmund and Leipzig. In 1919, he completed a one-year internship at the experimental laboratory of Johns Hopkins University created by G. Cushing and the Halsted department, where he worked together with Walter Dandy. From 1920 he began to work in the Seraphim infirmary in Stockholm.

In Stockholm, he was the only surgeon who knew how to operate on brain tumors, in connection with which he began to specialize in neurosurgery. In 1929, he completed a one-month internship at G. Cushing's clinic. Since 1930, he became the head of the newly created department with 50 beds, which completely specialized in neurosurgical pathology. In 1935 he became a professor at Karolinska University, where he became head of the department of neurosurgery. He served as head of the department until 1960. After Olivecrona retired, his department was headed by one of his students - the founder of radiosurgery Lars Leksell. After retiring in 1961, at the invitation of the Egyptian Ministry of War, together with a group of neuroradiologists, anesthesiologists, and nurses, he established a neurosurgical service in Egypt.

Scientific activity

Author of many scientific works. The best known are: Die chirurgische Behandlung der Gehirntumoren 1927 (surgical treatment of brain tumors); Experience with hypophysectomy in man. Journal of Neurosurgery, Chicago. 1953 10: 301-316 (co-authored with Rolf Luft) - developed the idea and applied the hypophysectomy he developed for the treatment of breast and testicular cancer; Handbuch fur Neurochirurgie (textbook of neurosurgery) 1960 in 4 volumes (with Tönnies)

Memory

The Olivecrona Medal is awarded by the Swedish Association of Neurosurgeons for outstanding contributions to neurosurgery at Karolinska University. From Russia, the Director of the Research Institute of Neurosurgery named after A.I. N.N. Burdenko, Academician A.N. Konovalov.

Nikolai Nilovich Burdenko

Nikolai Nilovich Burdenko(May 22 (June 3), 1876, the village of Kamenka, Nizhnelomovsky district, Penza province - November 11, 1946, Moscow) - Russian and Soviet surgeon, healthcare organizer, founder of Russian neurosurgery, chief surgeon of the Red Army in 1937-1946, academician of the Academy of Sciences USSR (1939), academician and first president of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1944-1946), Hero of Socialist Labor (1943), colonel general of the medical service, participant in the Russian-Japanese, World War I, Soviet-Finnish and Great Patriotic Wars, laureate of the Stalin prizes (1941). Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the 16th convocation. Member of the CPSU (b) since 1939. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st and 2nd convocations. Honorary Member of the Royal Society of Surgeons of London and the Paris Academy of Surgery.

Beginning of activity, student years

Nikolai Nilovich Burdenko was born on June 3, 1876 in the village of Kamenka, Nizhne-Lomovsky district, Penza province (now the city of Kamenka, Penza region). Father - Nil Karpovich, the son of a serf, served as a clerk for a small landowner, and then as a manager of a small estate. Until 1885, Nikolai Burdenko studied at the Kamensk Zemstvo School, and from 1886 at the Penza Theological School.

In 1891, Nikolai Burdenko entered the Penza Theological Seminary. After graduating from it, Burdenko passed the entrance exams to the St. Petersburg Theological Academy with excellent marks. However, he abruptly changed his intentions and on September 1, 1897, he went to Tomsk, where he entered the newly opened medical faculty of the Tomsk Imperial University. There he became interested in anatomy, and by the beginning of the third year he was appointed assistant dissector. In addition to working in the anatomical theater, he was engaged in operative surgery, and willingly helped lagging behind students a lot.

Nikolai Burdenko took part in the student "riots" that arose at Tomsk University in connection with the movement that swept Russian students in the 1890s. In 1899, Nikolai Burdenko was expelled from Tomsk University for participating in the first Tomsk student strike. He applied for reinstatement and returned to the university again. In 1901, his name appeared again on the list of strikers, according to some reports, by accident. Nevertheless, Burdenko was forced to leave Tomsk and on October 11, 1901, he transferred to Yuriev University (now the University of Tartu, Estonia) for the fourth year of the medical faculty.

Being engaged in sciences, Nikolai Burdenko took an active part in the student political movement. After participating in a student meeting, he had to interrupt his studies at the university. At the invitation of the Zemstvo, he arrived in the Kherson province to treat an epidemic of typhus and acute childhood diseases. Here Burdenko, in his own words, first joined practical surgery. After working for almost a year in a colony for children with tuberculosis, thanks to the help of professors, he was able to return to Yuriev University. At the university, Nikolai Burdenko worked in a surgical clinic as an assistant assistant. In Yuriev, he got acquainted with the works of the prominent Russian surgeon Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, which made a deep impression on him.
In accordance with the order of that time, students and teachers went to fight epidemic diseases. Nikolai Burdenko, as part of such medical teams, participated in the elimination of epidemics of typhus, smallpox, and scarlet fever.

Russo-Japanese War

Since January 1904, Nikolai Burdenko, as a volunteer, took part as a medical worker in the Russo-Japanese War. In the fields of Manchuria, student Burdenko was engaged in military field surgery, being a doctor's assistant. As part of the "flying sanitary detachment" he performed the duties of an orderly, paramedic, doctor at the forefront. In the battle at Vafangou, while carrying out the wounded under enemy fire, he himself was wounded by a rifle shot in the arm. He was awarded the soldier's St. George's Cross for his heroism.

The beginning of a medical career

In December 1904, Burdenko returned to Yuryev to begin preparing for the exams for the title of doctor, and in February 1905 he was invited as a trainee doctor to the surgical department of the Riga City Hospital.
In 1906, after graduating from Yuriev University, Nikolai Burdenko brilliantly passed state exams and received a medical degree with honors.

Since 1907, he worked as a surgeon at the Penza Zemstvo hospital. Combined medical activity with scientific work and writing a doctoral dissertation. The choice of the topic of the dissertation - "Materials on the issue of the consequences of ligation of venae portae" was due to the influence of the ideas and discoveries of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. At that time, Nikolai Burdenko wrote five scientific papers on "Pavlovian" topics in the field of experimental physiology, and in March 1909 he defended his dissertation and received the title of Doctor of Medicine. In the summer of the same year, Nikolai Burdenko went on a business trip abroad, where he spent a year in clinics in Germany and Switzerland.

From June 1910 he became assistant professor at the Department of Surgery at the Yuryev University Clinic, from November of the same year - an extra-ordinary professor at the Department of Operative Surgery, Desmurgy and Topographic Anatomy.

World War I

In July 1914, with the outbreak of the First World War, Nikolai Burdenko announced his desire to go to the front, and was appointed assistant head of the medical unit of the Red Cross under the armies of the Northwestern Front.
In September 1914, he arrived in the active troops as a consultant to the medical unit of the North-Western Front, participated in the attack on East Prussia, in the Warsaw-Ivangorod operation. He organized dressing and evacuation stations and field medical institutions, personally provided urgent surgical care to the seriously wounded at advanced dressing stations, while often falling under fire. Successfully organized the evacuation of more than 25,000 wounded in the face of military inconsistency and limited ambulance transport.

To reduce mortality and the number of amputations, Burdenko dealt with the problems of sorting the wounded (so that the wounded were sent to those medical institutions where they could be provided with qualified assistance), and their speedy transportation to hospitals. The high mortality rate of those wounded in the stomach, who were transported over long distances, prompted Nikolai Burdenko to organize the possibility of quickly operating on such wounded in the Red Cross medical institutions closest to the fighting. Under his leadership, special departments were organized in the infirmaries for the wounded in the stomach, lungs, and skull.

For the first time in field surgery, Nikolai Burdenko used primary wound treatment and suture for skull injuries, subsequently transferring this method to other areas of surgery. He emphasized that when saving the lives of the wounded in large and especially arterial vessels, the “administrative side” of the case, that is, the organization of surgical care on the spot, plays an important role. Under the influence of the works of Pirogov, N. N. Burdenko carefully studied the organization of the sanitary and anti-epidemic service, dealt with issues of military hygiene, sanitary-chemical protection, and the prevention of venereal diseases. He participated in the organization of the medical and sanitary supply of troops and field medical institutions, the pathoanatomical service in the army, and was in charge of the rational distribution of medical personnel.
Since 1915, Nikolai Burdenko was appointed consultant surgeon of the 2nd Army, and since 1916 - consultant surgeon of Riga hospitals.

In March 1917, after February Revolution, Nikolai Burdenko, by order of the army and navy, was appointed "correcting the post of chief military sanitary inspector", where he was responsible for resolving and streamlining certain issues of the medical and sanitary service. Having met opposition in matters of reorganization of the medical service during the reign of the Provisional Government, Burdenko was forced to interrupt his activities in the Main Military Sanitary Directorate in May, and again returned to active army, where he dealt exclusively with issues of medical medicine.

In the summer of 1917, Nikolai Burdenko was shell-shocked on the front line. For health reasons, he returned to Yuriev University and was elected there as the head of the Department of Surgery, which was previously headed by N.I. Pirogov.

Post-revolutionary period

At the end of 1917, Nikolai Burdenko arrived in Yuryev as an ordinary professor in the Department of the Faculty Surgical Clinic. However, Yuriev was soon occupied by the Germans. Resuming the work of the university, the command of the German army offered Nikolai Burdenko to take a chair at the “Germanized” university, but he refused this offer, and in June 1918, together with other professors, he was evacuated with the property of the Yuryev clinic to Voronezh.

In Voronezh, Nikolai Burdenko became one of the main organizers of the university transferred from Yuryev, continuing the scientific and research work. In Voronezh, he took an active part in the organization of military hospitals of the Red Army and was with them as a consultant, took care of the wounded Red Army. In January 1920, he organized special courses for students and doctors in military field surgery at Voronezh University. He created a school for paramedical personnel - nurses, where he conducted pedagogical work. At the same time, Burdenko was engaged in the organization of civil health care, and was a consultant to the Voronezh provincial health department. In 1920, on his initiative, the Pirogov Medical Society was established in Voronezh. N. N. Burdenko was elected chairman of this society.

His main research at that time related to the topics of general surgery, neurosurgery and military field surgery. In particular, Burdenko dealt with the prevention and treatment of shock, the treatment of wounds and general infections, the neurogenic interpretation of peptic ulcer, the surgical treatment of tuberculosis, blood transfusion, anesthesia, etc.

Having accumulated extensive material in the field of treatment of injuries of the nervous system during the First World War, Burdenko considered it necessary to single out neurosurgery as an independent scientific discipline. Having moved in 1923 from Voronezh to Moscow, he opened a neurosurgical department at the faculty surgical clinic of Moscow University, becoming a professor of operative surgery. For the next six years, Burdenko was engaged in clinical activities already in peacetime. In 1930, this faculty was transformed into the 1st Moscow Medical Institute named after I.M. Sechenov. Since 1924, Burdenko was elected director of the surgical clinic at the institute. He led this department and clinic until the end of his life, now this clinic bears his name.

Since 1929, Nikolai Burdenko became the director of the neurosurgical clinic at the X-ray Institute of the People's Commissariat of Health. On the basis of the neurosurgical clinic of the X-ray Institute, in 1932, the world's first Central Neurosurgical Institute (now the N. N. Burdenko Institute of Neurosurgery) was established with the All-Union Neurosurgical Council attached to it. Neurosurgeons B. G. Egorov, A. A. Arendt, N. I. Irger, A. I. Arutyunov and others, as well as leading representatives of related specialties (neuroradiologists, neuroophthalmologists, otoneurologists) worked at the Institute.

Burdenko took part in organizing a network of neurosurgical institutions in the form of clinics and special departments in hospitals throughout the USSR. Since 1935, on his initiative, sessions of the Neurosurgical Council were held - all-Union congresses of neurosurgeons.
From the first years of Soviet power, Nikolai Burdenko became one of the closest assistants to the head of the Main Military Medical Directorate Zinovy ​​Petrovich Solovyov, became the author of the first "Regulations on the military medical service of the Red Army." In 1929, at the initiative of Nikolai Burdenko, the Department of Military Field Surgery was established at the Medical Faculty of Moscow University. From 1932 he worked as a consulting surgeon, and from 1937 as a chief consulting surgeon at the Sanitary Directorate of the Red Army. As chairman of the surgical congresses and conferences that were often convened in Moscow, Burdenko invariably put problematic issues military medicine, training of military medical personnel. Based on his combat experience and the study of past materials, he issued instructions and regulations on certain issues of surgical support for the troops, which prepared military medicine for the start of World War II.

Nikolai Burdenko was a member of the State Academic Council of the Main Directorate vocational education, Chairman of the Scientific Medical Council of the People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR. In this position, he was responsible for the organization of higher medical education, Soviet higher school.

The Second World War. Last years life

In 1939-1940, during the Soviet Finnish war 64-year-old Burdenko went to the front, having spent the entire period of hostilities there, and led the organization of surgical care in the army there. By experience Soviet-Finnish war he developed a regulation on military field surgery.

In 1941, from the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, he was the chief surgeon of the Red Army. Despite his 65 years, he immediately left for the active army, and later took every opportunity to visit the front. He was engaged in organizing assistance to the wounded during the battles near Yartsevo and Vyazma.

To carry out complex operations, Burdenko traveled to regimental and divisional medical battalions, personally performed several thousand operations. Organized work to collect operational information about injuries.
In 1941, Academician Burdenko was shell-shocked for the second time during a bombardment at the crossing over the Neva. At the end of September 1941, near Moscow, while examining a military hospital train arriving from the front, Nikolai Burdenko had a stroke. He spent about two months in the hospital, almost completely lost his hearing and was evacuated first to Kuibyshev, then to Omsk.

Still not recovering from his illness, Burdenko in local hospitals was engaged in the treatment of the wounded who arrived from the front, extensive correspondence with front-line surgeons of the advanced stages. On the basis of his observations, he wrote a number of studies, arranging them in the form of nine monographs on military field surgery.

In April 1942, Nikolai Burdenko arrived in Moscow, where he continued his research work and wrote scientific papers. In November of the same year, he was appointed a member of the Extraordinary State Commission for the Establishment and Investigation of the Atrocities of the Nazi Invaders; it took him a lot of time and effort to work on this responsible commission on behalf of the government.

By resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars of February 1, 1943, Nikolai Burdenko was awarded the title of "lieutenant general of the medical service", of May 25, 1944 - "colonel general of the medical service."
On June 30, 1944, during the final battles of the war, on the initiative of N. N. Burdenko and in accordance with the plan developed by him, the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR was established. The government issued a decree on this, subordinating the newly created body to the People's Commissariat of Health. N. N. Burdenko was elected the first president of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, who, despite his illness, actively took up the organization of the academy with all its research institutes.

Six months before his death, Burdenko published a large program article on the problems of post-war medicine. In July 1945, N. N. Burdenko suffered a second stroke. Despite the illness, Nikolai Nilovich worked at meetings of the Academic Medical Council, in the Main Military Sanitary Directorate, in commissions, in hospitals. In the summer of 1946, Burdenko suffered a third stroke, the scientist was in a dying state for a long time. From October 1 to October 8, 1946, the XXV All-Union Congress of Surgeons took place in Moscow. N. N. Burdenko was elected honorary chairman of this congress, but he could not speak on his own, and his report on the treatment of gunshot wounds, which he wrote in a hospital bed, was read by one of his students.

N. N. Burdenko died from the consequences of a hemorrhage on November 11, 1946 in Moscow. The urn with the ashes was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. (section 1, row 42, place 16). On the grave there is a monument by the sculptor G. Postnikov.

Burdenko's research during the war

During the war years, Burdenko created a coherent doctrine of the wound, proposed effective methods surgical treatment of combat injuries. In May 1944 he developed detailed instructions on the prevention and treatment of shock, one of the most serious complications of military injuries.
In the fight against wound infections, Burdenko used the first antibiotics - penicillin and gramicidin. To test these drugs, Burdenko organized a scientific team of surgeons, bacteriologists and pathologists, and at the head of it went to the front. He published three "Letters to surgeons of the fronts about penicillin". Soon, at his insistence, surgeons of all military hospitals began to use these drugs.

In 1942, for the first time in world medicine, he proposed to treat purulent complications after injuries of the skull and brain by injecting a white streptocide solution into the carotid artery. This made it possible to best deliver streptocide to the focus of infections in the brain, in contrast to the intravenous injections used at that time abroad. Since 1943, in the same way, N. N. Burdenko began to use sulfidine, and since 1944 - penicillin.

The secondary suture as an element of reconstructive surgery became more widely used at the insistence of Burdenko, which made it possible to return the wounded to service in a shorter time. During the war, Burdenko issued a number of instructions for front-line surgeons regarding the treatment and preparation of a wound for suturing.

Arterial gunshot wounds became another topic of Burdenko's scientific work. This topic had interested him since the First world war. He developed methods for the surgical treatment of vascular wounds, which made it possible to reduce the mortality rate in the troops.

Scientific merits of Nikolai Burdenko

Nikolai Burdenko created a school of experimental surgeons, developed methods for treating oncopathology of the central and autonomic nervous system, pathology of liquor circulation, cerebral circulation, etc. He performed operations to treat brain tumors, which before Burdenko were few in the world. He was the first to develop simpler and more original methods for carrying out these operations, making them widespread, developed operations on the hard shell of the spinal cord, and transplanted sections of nerves. He developed a bulbotomy - an operation in the upper spinal cord to cut the nerve pathways overexcited as a result of a brain injury.

Relationships with foreign specialists

Starting from 1925, Nikolai Burdenko was sent abroad ten times (Germany, France, Turkey), where he delivered scientific and medical reports on surgical issues, and also performed complex surgical operations at the request of foreign scientists.
From different countries Western Europe and America, specialists in the field of medicine came to the clinic of N. N. Burdenko. Some of them remained to work under his leadership in the USSR for one or another period. Both ordinary doctors and prominent scientists (including Wilder Penfield) came to Burdenko. Burdenko was elected chairman of foreign scientific societies, sent as a delegate to international scientific conferences and congresses.
Burdenko was elected an Honorary Member of the International Society of Surgeons in Brussels (1945), the Paris Academy of Surgery (1945), and the Royal Society of Surgeons of London (1943).

Public recognition of Burdenko

Burdenko was a deputy first of the Moscow City Council, then of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, then of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the first and second convocations. He was the permanent chairman of the All-Union Association of Surgeons.
In 1938, he received the first S. P. Fedorov Prize for "Letters on military field surgery", related to the training of doctors for work in combat conditions, from the Ukrainian Society of Surgeons.
In 1939, Burdenko was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in the same year he joined the ranks of the CPSU (b).
In 1941 he was awarded the Stalin Prize of the first degree for his work on surgery of the central and peripheral nervous system.
In 1943, N. N. Burdenko was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.
Burdenko was awarded three Orders of Lenin (1935, 1943 and 1945), Orders of the Red Banner (1940), Order of the Patriotic War 1st degree (1944), Order of the Red Star (1942), medals "For the Defense of Moscow" ( 1944), "For military merit" (1944), "For the victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic war 1941-1945" (1945), "For valiant work in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945." (1946), "For the victory over Japan" (1946).
Academy of Medical Sciences Russian Federation awards the prize named after its founder N. N. Burdenko for best work in neurosurgery.

The name Burdenko is

• Research Institute of Neurosurgery in Moscow, a bust of Burdenko was installed on its territory,
• Voronezh State Medical Academy,
• Main military hospital
• a specialized sanatorium for the treatment of spinal patients in the resort city of Saki,
• Faculty Surgical Clinic of the Medical Academy named after I. M. Sechenov,
• Penza Regional Clinical Hospital (1956). In 1958, a bust of a scientist by sculptor A. A. Fomin was installed on the territory of the hospital. By the 100th anniversary of the birth of Burdenko, in 1976, the wooden house of his parents, in which the scientist spent his childhood and youth, was moved from the former Chembarskaya Street (since 1947 - Burdenko Street) to the hospital. A memorial museum was created in this house. Scientific medical readings dedicated to the memory of N. N. Burdenko are held in Penza.
• Journal “Issues of Neurosurgery named after A.N. N. N. Burdenko»
• Streets in Moscow, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Voronezh, Penza and Donetsk.

Andrey Lvovich Polenov

Andrey Lvovich Polenov was born on April 7, 1871 in Moscow. After graduating from a gymnasium in St. Petersburg, he entered the Military Medical Academy, from which he graduated with honors in 1896. Having received an appointment in Oryol, a young doctor from the very beginning of his practical activities reveals a serious attraction to scientific work, standing out among those around him with outstanding abilities and purposefulness. A year later, he was elected secretary of the Oryol Medical Society and published his first 5 scientific papers, devoted mainly to surgical casuistry, and a report on the activities of the Oryol Medical Society for 1898.

In 1900, Andrey Lvovich was transferred to the Kronstadt Marine Hospital to the post of junior intern of the surgical department, where he worked for 10 years, comprehensively developing his brilliant operational abilities both in the field of general surgery and in the border areas. Along with this, he conducts research work in the experimental laboratory of the hospital and a year later, in 1901, he finishes and brilliantly defends his doctoral dissertation at the Military Medical Academy on an unusual topic for that time: “Sympathectomy and the effect of this operation on experimental animal epilepsy ". With this dissertation, Andrey Lvovich's first acquaintance and passion for the sympathetic nervous system begins, running like a red thread through his entire half-century of scientific and practical activity.
After defending his dissertation, he voluntarily leaves for a scientific expedition to the plague epidemic in the Astrakhan Territory, and upon returning from there, he participates in compiling the solid report "Plague in the Astrakhan Territory", published in 1903, and the map of the Bukeevskaya Horde, for which he, along with Dr. -rom Stakhovich was awarded to the Russian geographical society big silver medal.

In 1904, he received a business trip abroad to France and Switzerland, where he studied surgery, visiting the clinics of prominent surgeons of that time - Doyen, Luc-Championier, Poirier, Tufier, Roux, Lezhar, etc. Returning to his homeland, he, with the energy and passion of a bold An innovator and talented organizer, he took up a radical reorganization and expansion of the activities of the surgical department of the Kronstadt Marine Hospital he led. During this period, he published many interesting clinical and experimental work and original proposals for hedonal anesthesia, kidney surgery and appendicitis.

In 1910 Andrey Lvovich was elected Privatdozent headed by prof. S. P. Fedorov of the hospital surgical clinic at the Military Medical Academy. A year later, not wanting to put up with the reactionary spirit that gripped the Kronstadt Marine Hospital, he resigned and left to serve in the zemstvo as the chief physician and head of the surgical department of the Simbirsk provincial hospital.

For 3 years of work in the Zemstvo, he radically reorganized the hospital, turning it into an exemplary clinical institution. Continuing intensive scientific work here, he creates and edits the “Proceedings of the Simbirsk Provincial Zemstvo Hospital” and publishes, together with Dr. Ladygin, an original work on stopping bleeding from parenchymal organs by transplanting a graft of fatty tissue.

In 1914, Andrey Lvovich was elected a professor at the Department of Operative Surgery of the former Psychoneurological Institute and a senior surgeon at the St. George Community of Sisters of Mercy. From this moment begins the brilliant period of his 33-year professorship in Leningrad, characterized by the gradual switching of his scientific and practical activities from general surgery to new, frontier areas, which was due to the course of history after the first imperialist war and the Great October Socialist Revolution.

During the first years, military topics are reflected in a number of his articles on injuries to the chest and abdomen, limbs, skull and spinal canal (1915-1916). The appearance in 1918 of a large monograph "Materials for the pathology and clinic of diseases of the proximal colon", summarizing the author's numerous studies in this direction, completes the general surgical period of his activity.

In 1917, after the Great October Socialist Revolution, Andrey Lvovich created a new Physio-Surgical Institute for the treatment and aftercare of traumatics and invalids of the First World War. The structure of the created Institute reflected the new aspirations of Andrey Lvovich. Along with band surgery, and it was widely represented bone and reconstructive surgery, traumatology and neurosurgery in combination with physiotherapy and mechanotherapy, which were first widely introduced into surgery by prof. Polenov.

In 1918 Andrei Lvovich organizes in State Institute of medical knowledge, the first in the USSR Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, from the height of which, for a number of years, it has been tirelessly promoting and fighting for the development of Soviet traumatology, for making it an independent specialty and extensive training of doctors and students in it. A major step towards the implementation of these ideas was the organization by A. L. Polenov in 1924 of the Central State Traumatological Institute (currently named after Professor R. R. Vreden) by merging the Orthopedic Institute headed by the latter with the Physio-Surgical Institute. A. L. Polenova. The original structure of the Traumatology Institute, which is a complex of related specialties - acute and reconstructive traumatology, orthopedics, neurosurgery, maxillofacial surgery, prosthetics and physio-mechanotherapy, led by the largest specialists, headed by Polenov as director, along with an excellent selection of employees from a talented young people and excellent material equipment, in a short time won the institute wide popularity not only in our country, but also far beyond its borders.

In 1928, Andrei Lvovich published the first original guide to traumatology in Russian and soon headed the department of traumatology he created at the State Institute for the Improvement of Doctors named after. S. M. Kirov. The tireless propaganda and struggle waged by Andrey Lvovich for the triumph of the idea of ​​developing and establishing Soviet traumatology in our country as an independent surgical specialty, dealing with social and preventive problems along with treatment, ultimately led to a complete victory. The Traumatological Institute created by Polenov took a central place in the dense network of trauma centers, hospitals and institutes that quickly covered our country. In these institutions, hundreds of traumatologists trained by prof. Polenov at the Traumatology Institute he led, at the departments of traumatology he created at the GIMZ and GIDUV, who studied traumatology according to his textbook, put into practice the ideas and traditions of the oldest Leningrad school of traumatologists, headed by prof. A. L. Polenov. The Great Patriotic War found in our country a significant cadre of experienced trauma surgeons, who honorably took leading positions in numerous medical institutions of the front and rear.

Having laid the foundation for the Leningrad School of Traumatology in the medical traumatology network, Andrey Lvovich passes them into the hands of his successors and students and completely switches to neurosurgery, to which he devotes himself until the end of his life. Andrei Lvovich showed interest in surgery of the nervous system even at the very beginning of his medical career, judging by his doctoral dissertation in 1901 and separate articles dating back to the time of the First World War. However, the genuine and systematic neurosurgical activity of A. L. Polenov began only 20 years later, when in 1921 the first department of surgical neuropathology in the Soviet Union was organized at the Physio-Surgical Institute headed by him, designed to fill the gap formed after the self-liquidation of the oldest and only in Russian Clinic of Surgical Neuropathology. N. I. Pirogov, created at the beginning of this century by the first Russian neurosurgeon Pussep, after the Great October Socialist Revolution, he transferred his activities to his homeland - to Estonia.

Andrei Lvovich's continuous twenty-five-year work in the field of Soviet neurosurgery falls into three main periods, connected to a large extent with three gradually expanding bases of his neurosurgical activity: the Physio-Surgical Institute (from 1921 to 1924), the Central State Traumatological Institute (from 1924 to 1938 d.) and the Leningrad Neurosurgical Institute (from 1938 until his death).

From the very first steps of his neurosurgical activity at the Physio-Surgical Institute, Andrei Lvovich, in the new department of surgical neuropathology he created, unites around him zealots and enthusiasts of this business, among whom the most prominent neuropathologist and personal friend of Andrei Lvovich prof. M. P. Nikitin and A. G. Molotkov, who later collaborated with him for many years.

The questions that interested Andrey Lvovich in this initial period were distinguished by their relevance and novelty, mainly relating to surgery of the peripheral nervous system, in particular, the problem of trophic disorders associated with the consequences of injuries to the nerve trunks of the extremities in war invalids.

As a result of his work in this initial period, a series of interesting articles appeared devoted to the theory of "irritation" he developed in the pathogenesis of these trophic disorders and new methods of their surgical treatment. Along with this, Andrei Lvovich actively developed the surgery of spastic paralysis, improving the technique of Stoffel's operations on peripheral nerves and revising his teaching on the cable-like structure of peripheral nerve trunks. A series of experimental histological and clinical studies, conducted jointly with Sinyavina and Epstein, proved the network-like structure of the nerve trunks. In accordance with this new theory of the structure of nerves, he proposed a new modification of the Stoffel operation, which consisted in transferring the site of suppression and resection of the motor branches of the nerve to the periphery, closer to the spastic muscle (Stoffel II operation).

In 1924, after the liquidation of the Physio-Surgical Institute and the establishment of the Central State Traumatological Institute, Andrei Lvovich created a neurosurgical clinic with 30 beds in the latter, in which he worked for 14 years in the close environment of his closest employees and students, future successors of his work (Babchin, Vaskin, Sozon-Yaroshevich, Mashansky, Goldberg and others). This second longest period of Andrei Lvovich's work in the field of neurosurgery must be recognized as the most brilliant and fruitful, since during these years Polenov's creative forces, operational talent and scientific productivity reached their peak.

Andrei Lvovich completely independently in a very short time masters the most complex technique of "big" brain surgery. Being one of the generally recognized pioneers in the field of neurooncology in our country, Andrey Lvovich began to systematically and successfully operate on various brain tumors of the most difficult localization (pontocerebellar angle, sella turcica, cerebral ventricles, etc.), continuously improving the surgical technique and tools, clarifying indications and reducing mortality in these complex operations. Among the generally recognized merits of Andrei Lvovich in this area is the successful modification of Cushing's crossbow incision - they were asked to cut out an aponeurotic-muscular festoon in order to increase the strength of the seam of the muscle pedestal created for the cerebellum when suturing the wound. This should also include the development and promotion of his intracranial approach to tumors of the pituitary gland and sella turcica with a proposal to remove pituitary and sella turcica adenomas using an aspirator. To the undoubted merits of A.L. Polenov should include very interesting studies of his employees on the action of a new hemostatic and plastic drug - Gestomol, created in the Polenov clinic and widely known and used in our country not only for the purposes of hemostasis (Vaskin), but also for the plasticity of defects in the dura mater (Tkavadze), brain (Baranovsky) and tubage of nerves (Goldberg).

Andrey Lvovich was rightfully considered a pioneer of the conduction tract surgery in our country; he successfully introduced chordotomy operations for pain into Soviet practice. His clinic owns the largest in the USSR comprehensively studied and long-term traced material on this operation. At the same time, in 1928, he published an original operation - “subcortical pyramidotomy” for Jacksonian epilepsy and some forms of hyperkinesis, thus laying the foundation for surgery of the cerebral pathways, which developed abroad much later than in our country, under the guise of leukotomy for mental illness . This should also include the development in his clinic (Mashansky) of the anterior chordotomy of Putnam and the intersection of the Monacian bundle, as well as the operations of Bucy and Kez in extrapyramidal hyperkinesis. In the same period, Andrei Lvovich paid much attention to peacetime and wartime trauma, the central and peripheral nervous system and the development of special instructions for first aid for neurotrauma, leading this part of the work of the Traumatological Council, specially created at the Traumatological Institute.

This large, intense and bright scientific activity of Andrei Lvovich in the clinic and laboratories of the Traumatological Institute was combined with a wide and continuous pedagogical work. Having started reading a private course on selected chapters of neurosurgery at the State Institute for the Improvement of Physicians. S. M. Kirov in 1927, he later turned it into a systematic course of neurosurgery, and in 1935 - into the first full-time department of neurosurgery, which he headed until his death. Over the 20 years of his professorship at the GIDUV, Andrey Lvovich has trained hundreds of students who have successfully put into practice what he taught them. An exceptional role in the dissemination of neurosurgical knowledge and in the training of neurosurgeons was played by Polenov's first original manuals on neurosurgery, as well as solid chapters in major domestic manuals and collective publications, written by him alone or jointly with his closest collaborators.

In 1938, under the leadership of Andrei Lvovich, the two oldest neurosurgical institutions in the USSR were merged by transferring the main core of employees of the neurosurgical clinic of the Traumatological Institute, headed by prof. Polenov to the Institute of Surgical Neuropathology, founded in 1926 by professors S. P. Fedorov and A. G. Molotkov. After a radical reorganization and expansion of the clinical department, the renovated Leningrad Neurosurgical Institute, headed by prof. Polenov, entered a new phase of its existence, continuing and multiplying the traditions of the Leningrad neurosurgical school and its generally recognized founder and head, Andrei Lvovich Polenov.

Andrei Lvovich entered this third and last period of his neurosurgical activity at an advanced age. This period, as you know, was interrupted by the war - a sudden attack on our country by the Nazi invaders, who blockaded Leningrad and destroyed in the very first months of the war with air bombardment Andrei Lvovich Polenov's favorite brainchild - the Neurosurgical Institute. Having moved the sick and wounded into the school building provided for the Institute and having lost his closest assistants and students who left from the very first days to various fronts of the Great Patriotic War, Andrei Lvovich, despite the age of 70 and a serious chronic illness, continues to actively lead institute, going on a daily long flight from home to institute and back throughout the siege of the city. The difficult years of the blockade did not pass without a trace for him, they undermined his health and chained him to the house. However, his indomitable spirit still lives in a weakened body, and an inquisitive, lively, creative thought continues its continuous and bright burning. Sick and weak, he tirelessly works day and night at his desk, supervising from home the construction work in the dilapidated building of the institute, its post-war reorganization, the selection of new employees and the planning of the scientific topics of the post-war five-year plan, periodically gathering at his home his closest employees. In 1943, he published the third major manual "Fundamentals of Practical Neurosurgery", written by him together with his closest collaborators, and finally, in 1945, with the help of A.V. brain and spinal cord", which won him the Stalin Prize of the first degree.

However, the creative activity of the venerable scientist in the post-war years is not limited to summarizing the results of the past. He is attracted to new unexplored areas of our science, and with amazing force and sharpness, the old passion for surgery of the sympathetic nervous system, which was the topic of his doctoral dissertation, flares up in him. He plunges headlong into the study of surgery of the autonomic nervous system, actively directs the organization and work of the department of autonomic surgery, and tirelessly works on the problem of surgical treatment of causalgia, hypertension, peptic ulcer, etc. Generalization of all this intense activity in the field of study and promotion of autonomic surgery of the nervous system resulted in a solid manual "Surgery of the Autonomic Nervous System", written by Andrey Lvovich together with A.V. Bondarchuk within one year. Unfortunately, Andrei Lvovich did not live to see the publication of this work.

Andrei Lvovich's continuous half-century activity was devoted to the study, dissemination and implementation of new ideas in surgery, traumatology and neurosurgery. A fearless innovator in science, boldly blazing new trails in it, Andrei Lvovich belongs to the type of scientists of the Stalin era. He was a member of the Leningrad Soviet of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies of two early convocations. He was an honorary member and member of the board of the All-Union Society of Surgeons, an honorary member of the Surgical Society. Pirogov, a founding member of the Leningrad Society of Orthopedic Surgeons and a member of the bureau of the All-Union Neurosurgical Council, participated in the editorial boards of a number of surgical journals. The Academy of Medical Sciences elected him as its full member. The outstanding work of A. L. Polenov was highly appreciated by the government and the party. In 1934 he was awarded the title of Honored Scientist; later he was awarded the Orders of Lenin and the Red Banner of Labor, as well as the medals "For the Defense of Leningrad" and "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945." In 1946, he was awarded the Stalin Prize of the first degree, and in January 1947, the medical community of our country and Soviet neurosurgery solemnly celebrated the 75th anniversary of his life, the 50th anniversary of scientific and medical activity and the 25th anniversary of the service of Soviet neurosurgery by an organization in honor of venerable hero of the day and founder of Soviet neurosurgery of the VIII session of the All-Union Neurosurgical Council, convened in Leningrad. At this crowded congress, friends, associates, followers and students of Andrei Lvovich warmly and cordially welcomed the venerable hero of the day and the generally recognized elder of Soviet neurosurgery. And six months later, he was gone.

The government highly appreciated the rich contribution of the outstanding Russian scientist, the founder of Soviet traumatology and neurosurgery, Professor Polenov, by issuing a special decree on perpetuating the memory by naming the Leningrad Scientific Research Neurosurgical Institute, placing the last bust of the deceased on the territory and publishing during 1948-1950. his selected works.
By this decision, the memory of Andrei Lvovich Polenov will be strengthened not only among his contemporaries and students, but also among future generations, and the reprinting of his rich scientific heritage will help to brighten the memory of the outstanding Russian surgeon, traumatologist and neurosurgeon, whose name is inextricably linked with the beginning of the organization and the flourishing of Soviet neurosurgery.

(tour. Mahmut Gazi Yasargil; genus. July 6, 1925) is a Turkish scientist and neurosurgeon. One of the founders of modern microneurosurgery. Yazargil treated epilepsy and brain tumors with tools of his own invention. From 1953 to 1993 he was Professor and Head of the Department of Neurosurgery at the University of Zurich. In 1999, at the annual Congress of Neurosurgeons, he was named "Best Neurosurgeon of the Century in the period 1950-1999."

Education and career

After graduating from the Atatürk Lyceum and the University of Ankara, Turkey between 1931 and 1943, he went to Germany to study medicine at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena. His genius in creating microsurgical techniques for use in cerebrovascular neurosurgery has helped achieve results in the treatment of patients who were previously inoperable. In 1969, Yashargil became an associate professor and in 1973 a professor and head of the department of neurosurgery at the University of Zurich, under the guidance of his mentor, Professor Kraienbühl. Over the next 20 years, he conducted laboratory experiments and clinical studies of micromethods, performing 7,500 neurosurgeries, until his retirement in 1993. In 1994, Yazargil accepted an appointment as professor of neurosurgery at medical college, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, where he is still active in microneurosurgery research and teaching.

Together with Harvey Cushing, Yazargil was recognized as one of the greatest neurosurgeons of the 20th century. In his research laboratory in Zurich, he has trained about 3,000 colleagues from all over the world and representing all surgical specialties. He helped three generations of neurosurgeons identify new opportunities in neurosurgery and then demonstrated how to achieve them. Yazargil enjoys great respect in Turkish society and acts as a role model for Turkish youth.
1973-1975 President of the Neurosurgical Society of Switzerland.

Publications

Yazargil has published more than 330 articles and 13 monographs. The six-volume publications on microneurosurgery (1984-1996, Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart-New York) constituted a comprehensive review of extensive experience and a major contribution to the literature on neurosurgery.

Serbinenko Fedor Andreevich

Fedor Andreevich Serbinenko born May 24, 1928 in the village. Dmitrovskoye, Krasnodar Territory, in a working-class family, he himself began working at a factory from an early age, then as a locomotive driver to help his family during the harsh years of World War II. Only in 1948, Fedor Andreevich managed to finish school with a gold medal and enter the 1st Moscow Order of V.I. Lenin Medical Institute. I. M. Sechenov.

Since 1954, F. A. Serbinenko has been continuously working at the Research Institute of Neurosurgery. acad. N. N. Burdenko, having successively passed the positions of an intern, a graduate student, a doctor, a junior researcher, a scientific secretary and a deputy director of the Institute for Scientific Work, where he worked until last days.

After graduating in 1954 from the medical institute F.A. Serbinenko was sent to the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR and enrolled as a clinical intern in neurosurgery at the Institute. N. N. Burdenko (where he has been working continuously for 44 years). Fedor Andreevich's manual abilities were appreciated by his teachers, prominent neurosurgeons professors A. A. Shlykov and M. A. Salazkin. They instructed him to master the technique of percutaneous puncture angiography of cerebral vessels. Soon the young neurosurgeon mastered it to perfection and became the institute's leading specialist in cerebral angiography. F. A. Serbinenko studied in depth the problem of treating carotid-cavernous fistulas formed as a result of rupture of the internal carotid artery, developed new methods for eliminating fistulas and the pathological complex of vascular reactions and clinical symptoms caused by them. A number of works by Fedor Andreevich are devoted to the search for durable materials for thin catheters and balloons. Thus, the basic prototype of a modern separable balloon-catheter appeared, which gave impetus to the formation of a new branch of the discipline - endovascular neurosurgery.

From the overlap of the carotid-cavernous, arteriosinus and other fistulas, F. A. Serbinenko switched to the treatment of arteriovenous aneurysms. Using catheter balloons, he performed occlusion of the aneurysm cavity, as well as switching off the adductor vessels.
The results of the research were reported to F. A. Serbinenko in 1971 at the 1st All-Union Congress of Neurosurgeons. In the same year, his scientific publications on this topic appeared, which received a positive response from experts. To get acquainted with his method at the Institute of Neurosurgery. N. N. Burdenko was visited by foreign scientists. The author has done a lot of work to spread the method in the Soviet Union and other countries.

Fedor Andreevich defended his Ph.D. (1966) and doctoral (1975) dissertations. He devoted a lot of effort to training specialists, founding a national school of endovascular surgeons. His students creatively develop new directions in many regions of Russia and abroad. The award of the State Prize of the USSR (1976) was a recognition of the scientist's merits. In 1986, F. A. Serbinenko was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, and in 1992, a full member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences.

Under his leadership, issues of clinical physiology and pathophysiology of cerebral hemodynamics, the genesis of vascular neurological and neuropsychological symptoms, electrophysiological and biochemical correlates of disturbance and normalization, cerebral blood flow were developed. Further methodological and technical development of the F.A. Serbinenko method led to superselective catheterization of almost any cerebral arteries, which opened up new possibilities in the treatment of not only vascular malformations, but also brain tumors, including selective chemotherapy for gliomas, tumor staining, bleeding of meningiomas before radical surgery and others

The achievements of Fedor Andreevich Serbinenko brought him world fame. He was elected an honorary member of a number of international and national scientific societies, in particular the American Societies of Neurological Surgeons and Neuroradiologists.
Academician F. A. Serbinenko created a whole school of endovascular neurosurgeons. Under his leadership, 28 Ph.D. and 3 doctoral dissertations were defended. Fyodor Andreevich's students work in Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, Cuba and other countries, in all republics former USSR. He himself repeatedly represented our country in Germany, Japan, Yugoslavia, Austria, Algeria and other countries at various international congresses and congresses.
He is the author of 170 scientific papers, 40 of which are classified as fundamental; 15 inventions, 7 of which are patented abroad.

Fedor Andreevich successfully performed public duties as a member of the bureau of the OKM RAMS, the Scientific Secretary of the Council for the defense of doctoral and candidate dissertations, a member of the editorial board of the journal "Issues of Neurosurgery".

Fedor Andreevich Serbinenko is a world-famous scientist, the founder of endovascular neurosurgery. The technique he developed predetermined fundamentally new ways of surgical treatment of vascular diseases of the brain - endovasal occlusion, reconstructive surgery, targeted superselective catheterizations. They contributed to the development of related disciplines, first of all, clinical physiology and pathophysiology of cerebral hemodynamics.

Alexander Nikolaevich Konovalov (born December 12, 1933, Moscow, USSR) is a Soviet and Russian neurosurgeon. Director of the Research Institute of Neurosurgery. Academician N. N. Burdenko since 1975. Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1982). Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2000). Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation (1998). Hero of Labor of the Russian Federation No. 1 (2013). Laureate of the State Prize of the USSR (1985). Twice winner of the State Prize of the Russian Federation (1995, 2006).

Alexander Nikolaevich Konovalov is the Chief Neurosurgeon of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Head of the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery of the Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Professor of the Russian National Research medical university named after N. I. Pirogov, President of the Association of Neurosurgeons of Russia, Vice-President of the World Federation and the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies.

Alexander Nikolaevich Konovalov was born on December 12, 1933 in Moscow in the family of neurologist Nikolai Vasilyevich Konovalov. In 1957 he graduated with honors from the 1st Moscow Medical Institute named after I.M. Sechenov, after which he worked as a clinical intern, graduate student and junior researcher. In 1967 he was appointed to the position of Deputy Director for Research, and in 1975 - to the position of Director of the Research Institute of Neurosurgery named after A.I. N. N. Burdenko. By Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 427 dated May 1, 2013, for special labor merits to the state and people, Alexander Nikolayevich Konovalov was awarded the title of Hero of Labor of the Russian Federation with the award of the gold medal "Hero of Labor of the Russian Federation".

More than 50 candidate and doctoral dissertations were defended under his scientific supervision. He is the author of more than 400 scientific papers, including 15 monographs, manuals, reference books and textbooks published in the domestic and foreign press, editor-in-chief of the journal "Neurosurgery Issues named after N. N. Burdenko" and a member of the editorial boards of a number of foreign specialized journals.

Professional activity

• 2000 - Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
• 1982 - Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences.
• 1975 - Director of the Research Institute of Neurosurgery. N. N. Burdenko.
• 1974 - Corresponding Member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR.
• 1973 - Professor
• 1971 - Doctor of Medical Sciences.
• 1967 - Deputy Director of the Institute for Scientific Work of the Research Institute of Neurosurgery. N. N. Burdenko.
• 1964 - Candidate of Medical Sciences.
• 1957 - Doctor of the Research Institute of Neurosurgery named after. N. N. Burdenko.

Awards

• Laureate of the Russian independent award "Triumph".
• Laureate of the international award "Profession - life".
• Laureate of the Academician N. N. Burdenko Prize.
• 1983 - Awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.
• 1985 - Laureate of the State Prize of the USSR.
• 1993 - Awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples.
• 1995 - Laureate of the State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology.
• 1998 - Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation.
• 1999 - Diploma "Winner of the Russian competition" Manager of the Year "".
• 2002 - Laureate of the Svyatoslav Fedorov Prize.
• 2003 - Awarded the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, III degree.
• 2004 - International award "Profession - life" in the nomination "Outstanding leader of a medical institution."
• 2004 - G. Olivekron Medal.
• 2007 - Awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology for 2006 (for the development of scientific foundations and applied problems of high-tech microneurosurgery and implementation in clinical practice modern methods treatment of brain diseases).
• 2008 - Awarded the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, II degree.
• 2013 - Awarded the title of Hero of Labor of the Russian Federation.

Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Alexander Nikolaevich Konovalov is the founder of microneurosurgery in the USSR and Russia.

FOREWORD

M. Mirsky's book is dedicated to one of the most prominent representatives of domestic surgery - the chief surgeon of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War, Academician N. N. Burdenko.

In this book, the author tells in good literary language about the life path of Nikolai Nilovich Burdenko, shows how the son of a village clerk became an academician, the first president of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, and the chief surgeon of the Red Army.

Noting the organizational talent, outstanding abilities and originality of N. N. Burdenko, the author emphasizes that behind all this was work, work throughout life.

Despite the biographical nature of the book, much attention is paid to the views of Nikolai Nilovich on various issues of military field surgery - such as triage, evacuation, uniform methods of wound treatment - as well as on the problems of neurosurgery and other branches of medicine.

The book clearly shows how much effort N. N. Burdenko gave to the organization of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR and its transformation into a scientific center for the development of the most important issues of medicine.

The life of Nikolai Nilovich Burdenko, wholly devoted to the service of medicine, can serve as a vivid example for the younger generation. Therefore, the appearance of M. Mirsky's book should be welcomed in every possible way: it is very useful and timely.

I am sure that the book "Chief Surgeon N. N. Burdenko" will be read with interest and benefit by a wide range of readers.

Colonel-General of the Medical Service Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR

A. A. VISHNEVSKY

“I have spent my whole life among the fighters... I am closely connected with the Red Army. I give all my strength to the Red Army and I am proud of my belonging to it.

N. N. BURDENKO

HIGH AWARD

On May 20, 1943, a lively, upbeat atmosphere reigned in the Sverdlovsk Hall of the Kremlin. Prominent organizers of the military medical service, its illustrious generals, chief specialists, prominent figures in Soviet healthcare and medical science, those who personified the experience, power and creative power of advanced Soviet medicine, gathered here.

They all gathered in the Kremlin in connection with a special, significant event: the chief surgeon of the Red Army, Nikolai Nilovich Burdenko, was awarded high government awards - the Order of Lenin, the gold medal "Hammer and Sickle" and a certificate of conferring the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

The Great Patriotic War had been going on for almost two years. The deadly battle with German fascism, which the Soviet country waged one on one, riveted the attention of the whole world to itself.

In severe trials, skill has grown Soviet soldiers, their will was tempered, their confidence in a complete and final victory over the enemy was strengthened.

During the war years, along with the Red Army, its medical service grew and matured. Military doctors who guarded the life and health of Soviet soldiers performed their duties with honor.

In the first, most difficult year of the war, Soviet medicine returned 70 percent of the population to the front. wounded - the doctors saved them and made them combat-ready again. In other words, millions of hardened, experienced fighters returned to service: the front received, as it were, "additional" combat units - regiments,

divisions, armies. It was an indisputable victory for Soviet medicine, all kinds of its "weapons" - military field surgery and therapy, epidemiology and hygiene.

But the main link in the medical service in the troops is military field surgery. After all, according to the popular expression of the Great Russian surgeon N. I. Pirogov: war is a traumatic epidemic. The first victims of battles are victims of combat trauma, gunshot wounds. That is why the most important among physicians during the Great Patriotic War were surgeons and organizers of the military field surgical service. And from the first days of the Great Patriotic War, a veteran of four wars, a prominent scientist, the chief surgeon of the Red Army, Nikolai Nilovich Burdenko, was at the head of this entire service from the first days of the Great Patriotic War.

The motherland highly appreciated his merits. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of May 8, 1943, for outstanding scientific achievements in the field of Soviet medicine and selfless fruitful work in organizing surgical care for soldiers and commanders of the Red Army wounded in battles with the Nazis, N. N. Burdenko, the first of the Soviet physicians, was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, presented the high government award to Nikolai Nilovich Burdenko.

Modest and not prone to external effects, Burdenko accepted the award, bowing his head low in front of the All-Union headman. But his excitement demanded an outlet, he wanted to express his feelings, and he asked for the floor.

I am a surgeon, - said Burdenko, - and as a surgeon I used to be responsible for my own affairs. This sense of responsibility runs through my entire working life. The fact that the Bolshevik Party has honored me with great honor and confidence by accepting me into its ranks further raises this sense of responsibility, multiplies my strength and energy. We, doctors, in the conditions of this Patriotic War, are determined to apply all our knowledge and strength to seeing our dear Motherland in the halo of victory. We are all unshakably confident in the triumph of the noble ideals for which our Party, government, and Red Army are fighting...

After these excited words of Burdenko, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin delivered a speech.

The awarding of Comrade Burdenko, he declared, is of great political significance. This award means that the medical care of our Red Army is on a par with aviation and artillery services, that medical workers in the ranks of the army are just as needed as fighters and commanders.

The awarding of Comrade Burdenko, - continued M. I. Kalinin, - is also of great social significance: it is a clear confirmation of the Soviet worldview, the Soviet attitude to the value human life. After all, the most valuable thing we have, the main wealth of our country, is our Soviet people. Therefore, the preservation of people's health, their efficiency is one of the most noble activities.

Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin spoke in detail about the fact that the development of Soviet medicine is a natural result of the tireless struggle of the Party and Soviet power to raise the material and cultural level of the Soviet people. It was these efforts that led during the war, at the moment of the highest tension of all the forces of the people, to the fact that Soviet medicine turned out to be at the proper level.

The high award that Comrade Burdenko receives, MI Kalinin said in conclusion, is an award for his talent, for his success in the field of medical science and practice. Our doctors cannot complain that in the past history we did not have remarkable doctors both from the social and medical point of view. I would like to have hundreds and thousands of such talented people in the field of medicine today. Allow me to wish that the achievements of our medical workers, who are celebrated in the person of Comrade Burdenko, that these achievements do not reassure them, but serve as a new incentive to achieve further success in Russian medicine.

I would like, - finished M. I. Kalinin to the stormy applause of those present, - that you would be furiously infected with the idea that Russian medicine should be in the forefront of world medicine. In terms of material situation, we are still inferior to some advanced states, but in terms of intellectual and moral condition, the Soviet people are now

		Memorial plaque in Moscow
		tombstone
		Bust in Saki
		Annotation board in Moscow

Burdenko Nikolai Nilovich - Chief Surgeon of the Red Army, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Lieutenant General of the Medical Service, Moscow.

Born May 22 (June 3), 1876 in the village of Kamenka, Nizhnelomovsky district, Penza province, now a city in the Penza region. From the family of a clergyman. Russian.

He graduated from the Kamensk Zemstvo School, the Penza Theological School in 1891. Entered the Penza Theological Seminary, graduated from it in 1897. In 1898, against the will of his father, he entered the First Siberian Tomsk Imperial State Classical University named after His Imperial Majesty Alexander II (now Tomsk State University). In 1901, Burdenko was expelled from the university for participating in the student revolutionary movement and was forced to leave Tomsk. Then the main qualities of Burdenko's character appeared, to which he remained faithful to the last breath - an active life position, a resolute struggle against any difficulties that arise, seething initiative, dedication, patriotism. After working for almost a year in a colony for children with tuberculosis, thanks to the help of a number of professors, Burdenko was allowed to return to the university.

In 1903 he transferred to Yuriev University (now in the city of Tartu in Estonia). In accordance with the then order, teachers and students went to fight epidemics. Burdenko was an indispensable member of such medical teams, participated in the elimination of epidemics of typhus, smallpox, scarlet fever. With the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, he volunteered for a military sanitary detachment. For more than a year, as part of the detachment, he participated in the hostilities in Manchuria. He was wounded while carrying out wounded soldiers from under enemy fire. He was awarded the soldier's St. George's Cross.

At the beginning of 1905 he returned from Manchuria, from March to August 1905 he worked as a subordinator in the 1st Riga City Clinical Hospital, then he again began his studies at the university. These circumstances allowed Nikolai Burdenko to graduate from Yuryev University only in 1906, but he was already a well-formed scientist and practitioner.

Since 1907 he was a surgeon at the Penza Zemstvo Hospital. In 1909 he defended his dissertation and became a doctor of medicine. Since 1910 - professor at the Yuriev University at the Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy.

At the beginning of the First World War, he again voluntarily achieved appointment to the army. From September 1914 - assistant to the head of the medical unit of the Red Cross under the armies of the North-Western Front, from December 1914 - head of the hospital in Warsaw, from February 1915 - surgeon-consultant for the Vilna and Riga-Kovno districts, from August 1915 - surgeon- consultant of the 2nd Army of the Western Front, since 1916 - surgeon-consultant of hospitals in Riga. He was engaged in the organization of military sanitary detachments, hospitals and medical evacuation points. He operated a lot in field and army hospitals. Actively sought to improve the medical care of the wounded at all stages, starting with their evacuation from the battlefield. In March 1917, under the Provisional Government, he was appointed acting Chief Military Sanitary Inspector of the Russian Army, from May 1917 - Chief Field Military Sanitary Inspector. In the summer of 1917, he was shell-shocked in battle while leaving for the active army. For health reasons, he returned to Yuriev University and was appointed head of the Department of Surgery, which was once headed by his highest authority, the great professor N.I. Pirogov.

Professor N.N. Burdenko immediately consciously accepted October revolution. In 1918, with a group of professors, he moved from Yuriev to Voronezh, one of the initiators of the creation of Voronezh University and a professor at it. At the same time during the years civil war- consultant of the Voronezh hospitals of the Red Army. In 1923 he accepted an offer to work in Moscow. Since 1923 - Professor of the Medical Faculty of Moscow University, in 1930 transformed into the 1st Moscow Medical Institute. At this institute, Burdenko until the end of his life led the faculty surgical clinic, which now bears his name. Author of the first "Regulations on the military-sanitary service of the Red Army".

Since 1929, Nikolai Burdenko has been the director of the neurosurgical clinic at the X-ray Institute of the People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR, on the basis of which the Central Neurosurgical Institute, the first in the world, was established in 1934.

Nikolai Burdenko was one of the first to introduce surgery of the central and peripheral nervous system into clinical practice; studied the cause and treatment of shock, made a great contribution to the study of the processes that occur in the central and peripheral nervous system in connection with surgery, with acute injuries; developed a bulbotomy - an operation in the upper spinal cord. Burdenko created a school of surgeons with a pronounced experimental direction. A valuable contribution of Burdenko and his school to the theory and practice of neurosurgery was work in the field of oncology of the central and autonomic nervous system, pathology of liquor circulation, cerebral circulation, etc.

Nikolai Burdenko made a real revolution in the treatment of brain tumors. Operations on the brain before Burdenko were performed rarely and were counted in units all over the world. Professor Burdenko developed simpler methods for carrying out these operations and thereby made them widespread. In addition, he proposed a number of original operations that had never been performed before him. Thousands of people were saved from death and serious illnesses due to the fact that Professor Burdenko discovered the possibility of performing operations on the hard shell of the spinal cord, transplanting sections of nerves, and operating on the deepest and most critical areas of the spinal cord and brain. Surgeons from England, the USA, Sweden and other countries came to Moscow to join new ideas and learn from the Soviet scientist.

From 1929 he was chairman of the Moscow Surgical Society, from 1932 to 1946 - chairman of the board of the Society of Surgeons of the RSFSR. Despite progressive hearing loss, he worked exceptionally hard.

In 1937 he was appointed Chief Surgeon-Consultant at the Military Medical Directorate of the Red Army. In 1939 N.N. Burdenko was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. A few months later, the 64-year-old academician went to the front of the Soviet-Finnish war, where he spent the entire period of hostilities. It was on the basis of the experience of the Finnish war that Burdenko developed the then advanced position on military field surgery, which was put into practice and successfully applied in the Great Patriotic War. He was the editor-in-chief of a number of medical journals.

With the outbreak of World War II, Nikolai Nilovich Burdenko was drafted into the Red Army on August 1, 1941. Then he was appointed Chief Surgeon of the Red Army and spent a lot of time at the front. Often, to carry out complex operations, he traveled to regimental and divisional medical battalions. He personally performed thousands of complex operations. He organized work on the rapid collection of materials on injuries and the introduction of the latest methods of treatment into practice. During the war years, he created the doctrine of a combat wound.

At the head of a team of doctors, he personally tests new drugs in front-line hospitals - streptocide, sulfidine, penicillin. Soon, at his insistence, these drugs began to be used by surgeons in all military hospitals. Many thousands of wounded soldiers and officers were saved thanks to the incessant scientific searches that Burdenko carried out throughout the war.

In 1941, while crossing the Neva, Academician Burdenko came under bombardment and was shell-shocked. The consequences were very severe - one after another, he suffered two cerebral hemorrhages, then a stroke, and almost completely lost his hearing. The scientist was evacuated to Omsk. However, Burdenko continued to work in a hospital bed, and as soon as he improved, he immediately returned to Moscow and again began to travel to the front.

By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of May 8, 1943, for outstanding scientific achievements in the field of Soviet medicine and selfless fruitful work in organizing surgical care for soldiers and commanders of the Red Army wounded in battles with the German invaders, Burdenko Nikolai Nilovich He was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.

In 1944, he initiated the creation of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. At its first meeting in the same year, Nikolai Nilovich Burdenko was elected an academician and the first President of this Academy. Author of over 400 scientific papers. Merit N.N. Burdenko in front of the Motherland during the Great Patriotic War cannot be overestimated. He is one of the organizers and leading leaders of Soviet military medicine, which was head and shoulders above the medicine of the armies of our opponents and practically all allies. Despite much more difficult conditions work, lack medicines and medical equipment, military doctors of the Red Army returned to service 72.5% of the wounded, which exceeds 10.5 million soldiers.

At the end of the Great Patriotic War, Burdenko was appointed chairman of the commission to investigate the murders of Polish officers in Katyn. In the conclusion of the commission, which was signed by Burdenko, the Germans were responsible for these crimes.

He continued to work until the last days of his life. In the summer of 1946, the third cerebral hemorrhage occurred, the scientist was near death for a long time. Having recovered a little, he began to prepare his scientific report at the next congress of surgeons and wrote it right on the hospital bed. He died from the consequences of a hemorrhage on November 11, 1946 in Moscow. He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow (plot 1).

Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st and 2nd convocations (since 1937).

Military ranks:
corps doctor (1941),
lieutenant general of the medical service (1.02.1943),
colonel general of the medical service (05/25/1944).

He was awarded 3 orders of Lenin (07/09/1935, 05/08/1943, 06/10/1945), orders of the Red Banner (05/19/1940), Patriotic War 1st degree (08/01/1944), Red Star (03/03/1942), medals "For Defense of Moscow" (1944), "For Military Merit" (1944), "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945." (1945), "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945." (1946), "For the victory over Japan" (1946), awards Russian Empire: Orders of St. Anne of the 2nd and 3rd degrees, insignia of the Order of St. George of the 4th degree.

Laureate of the Stalin Prize (1941). Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1933).

The outstanding scientist received international recognition during his lifetime. He was elected an Honorary Member of the International Society of Surgeons in Brussels (1945), the Royal Society of Surgeons of London (1943), the Paris Academy of Surgery (1945). Honorary Doctor of the University of Algiers (1945).

The name of N.N. Burdenko is carried by the Research Institute of Neurosurgery in Moscow, the Main Military Hospital of the Ministry of Defense, the Faculty Surgical Clinic of the Medical Academy named after I.M. Sechenov, the Voronezh State Medical Academy, the Penza Regional Clinical Hospital, streets in Moscow, Kiev, Kharkov, Voronezh, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Irkutsk, Khimki, Moscow region. in the city of Saki, a street and one of the sanatoriums are named after him. There is a bust in front of the building of the sanatorium. Monuments to the great scientist were erected near the buildings of the Research Institute of Neurosurgery in Moscow and the Penza Regional Clinical Hospital. A house-museum of N.N. Burdenko. Memorial plaques installed in Moscow on the building Russian Academy Medical Sciences, in Voronezh on the house in which he lived and on the building of the Voronezh State Medical Academy.

The Academy of Medical Sciences of the Russian Federation awards the N.N. Burdenko for the best work in neurosurgery.

To date, the total losses of Russia reach 5,000,000 soldiers. Of these, approximately 3,000,000 are wounded - thus, Russian military doctors have to solve much larger tasks than their counterparts from other countries participating in the current war. About 70% - or more than 2,000,000 - of the victims, according to the Russians, returned to the front or to non-combatant units after treatment.

These facts are set out in a comprehensive report on the activities of the medical service of the Red Army, distributed this week. public organization Russian War Relief, Inc.; to date, she has purchased $4,000,000 worth of medicines and medical equipment to be sent to Russia.

The Russians also claim that the death rate among the wounded is no more than 1.5%. If this information is accurate, their doctors managed to achieve an unprecedented result, surpassing even the achievements of American military doctors, who managed to save 96% of the wounded in the attack on Pearl Harbor.

In 1914, when there were only 24,000 doctors in the whole country, the Russian military medical service was inferior to similar structures of all other major belligerent states. However, over the past 15 years, the Russians have created not only a large army, but also a developed healthcare system. Quantity medical universities increased from 13 in 1914 to 72 in 1939. Today, there are already more than 160,000 doctors in Russia - this is seven times more than in 1914, but still 20,000 less than in the USA (despite the fact that in terms of number population, it surpasses America by 25%).

New wars - new wounds

As Russian statistics show, the mechanization of combat operations has also changed the nature of the problems that military doctors face. Nikolai N. Burdenko, chief surgeon of the Red Army, notes: "The percentage of bullet wounds is relatively low; most of the losses today are caused by aerial bombardments, mortar fire and grenade explosions." During World War I, 50% of wounds were caused by shrapnel or shell fragments; today their number has increased to 96% (in this case, each wound is counted separately - the same person often receives several at once). After injuries to the arms and legs, the largest number of severe lesions are accounted for by craniocerebral injuries.

During the last war, the mortality rate from craniocerebral wounds in the Russian army was 35%; now it has dropped to about 5%. According to Deputy People's Commissar of Health S. Milovidov, mortality from wounds to the stomach has decreased by 33%, from wounds to the head, jaw and chest cavity - by 50%, from injuries of the spine - by 80%.

"Front girlfriends"

The most serious threat to the wounded is not so much the injury itself, but the triple danger of shock, infection, and delays in transportation: at one time more people died from each of these causes than from deadly lead. In Russia, as in other countries, the effects of shock are mitigated by plasma transfusions—shock is essentially a circulatory disorder, as body tissues appear to absorb the naturally occurring plasma in the blood. With the advent of sulfa drugs and anti-tetanus serum, the risk of infection has also decreased. In developing antitoxins for gas gangrene, a bacterial infection that causes gas in the wound, the Russians, by their own account, are far ahead of other countries. Renowned Boston surgeon Hugh Cabot recently stated: “We don’t yet know if we can get a vaccine for gas gangrene… but [the Russians] already have it, and it has reduced the death rate to one and a half percent, as opposed to about 50 % during the last war".

Dr. Efim I. Smirnov, head of the Main Military Medical Directorate of the Red Army, notes: “During the First World War, orderlies usually picked up the wounded after the end of active hostilities, usually at night. As a result, many wounded died after lying on the battlefield for six eight hours without medical care - they died not from wounds, but from loss of blood or the rapid spread of infection .... A strict rule has been in force in the Red Army from the first day of the war: the wounded are taken out of the battlefield immediately, even under enemy fire ... "

Today on the battlefield you will not see people with a stretcher. The orderlies act one by one, crawling across the field while the battle is still going on, and carrying out the wounded on their backs. Almost all of them are girls: in Russia, women are distinguished by their physical strength. Soldiers call them front-line girlfriends.

"We have heavy losses among junior medical personnel," Dr. Smirnov admits, "but the number of saved soldiers' lives is enormous." A girl who carries 40 wounded from the battlefield is awarded the Order of the Red Banner - if at the same time she also delivers their rifles or machine guns to her own. A nurse who saved 80 soldiers along with their weapons receives the Order of Lenin. One twenty-three-year-old girl in one day carried 100 wounded to the rear - dragged or on her shoulders. “It was scary,” she said. “And I felt tired later.”

"Flying Coffins"

From dressing stations on the front line, the wounded are usually airlifted to evacuation hospitals (the US Army plans to introduce the same system). Most of the pilots are women and they mostly fly older planes. The wounded are placed not only inside the fuselage, but also in coffin-like boxes mounted on the wings. As a result, an old two-seat airplane can carry a dozen wounded at a time. This is a huge improvement over the World War I ambulance trains, in which soldiers often shook for days, and their wounds developed an infection during this time.

New Methods

During wars, doctors are always developing new methods of treatment. Here are some recent Russian achievements:

- surgeon A.S. Vishnevsky developed a technique for transplanting patients with nerves taken from the dead.

- Extensive wounds are treated by covering them with a bandage from a specially treated peritoneum - the inner lining of the abdominal cavity - of animals. This extraordinary "bandage", developed by Professor W. Krause, "sticks" to damaged tissues, providing their reliable protection; after its application, only a small scar remains.

- In Moscow, the doctor E.I. Kudryashov set up a large-scale production of thrombin, a whitish liquid that promotes blood clotting and stops bleeding. He explains: “This enzyme [thrombin] was first obtained in 1912….. American scientists have been able to isolate thrombin, but they get it in extremely small volumes. Not so long ago I found a way to get thrombin in thousands of liters, and today it is used in many hospitals in our country.

- Nurses in the Red Army always carry 200 grams (approximately 6½ ounces) of blood of the "universal" type in a special ampoule - named after its inventor, Dr. S. Seltsovsky [ so in the text. We are talking about P.L. Seltsovsky - approx. translation.] from Kyiv - equipped with a sterile rubber tube, needle and filter. Thus, a blood transfusion to the wounded can be done even before being taken out of the battlefield.

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("Time", USA)

("Time", USA)

("Time", USA)

("Time", USA)

The materials of InoSMI contain only assessments of foreign media and do not reflect the position of the editors of InoSMI.