The ingenious mind and incomprehensible scientific intuition of Pirogov were so ahead of their time that his bold ideas, for example, an artificial joint, seemed fantastic even to the world's luminaries of surgery. They simply shrugged their shoulders, made fun of his thoughts, which led so far into the 21st century.
Nikolai Pirogov was born on November 13, 1810 in Moscow, in the family of a treasury official. The Pirogov family was patriarchal, well-established, strong. Nikolai was the thirteenth child in her. As a child, little Kolya was impressed by Dr. Efrem Osipovich Mukhin (1766-1850), well-known in Moscow to the same extent as Mudrov. Mukhin began as a military doctor under Potemkin. He was the dean of the department of medical sciences, by 1832 he had written 17 treatises on medicine. Dr. Mukhin treated brother Nikolai for a cold. He often visited their house, and always, on the occasion of his arrival, a special atmosphere arose in the house. Nikolai liked the bewitching manners of the Aesculapius so much that he began to play Dr. Mukhin with his family. Many times he listened to everyone at home with his pipe, coughed and, imitating Mukhina's voice, prescribed medicines. Nikolai played so much that he really became a doctor. Yes, how! The famous Russian surgeon, teacher and public figure, the founder of the Russian school of surgery.
Nikolai received his initial education at home, later he studied at a private boarding school. He loved poetry and wrote poems himself. Nikolai stayed at the boarding house for only two years instead of the prescribed four years. His father went bankrupt, there was nothing to pay for education. On the advice of Professor of Anatomy E.O. Mukhin's father, with great difficulty, "corrected" Nikolai's age in the document (someone had to "grease") from fourteen to sixteen. Moscow University was accepted from the age of sixteen. Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov made it on time. A year later he died, the family began to beg.
September 22, 1824 Nikolai Pirogov entered the Faculty of Medicine Moscow University, from which he graduated in 1828. Pirogov's student years passed during a period of reaction, when the preparation of anatomical preparations was prohibited as a "godless" thing, and anatomical museums were destroyed. After graduating from the university, he went to the city of Dorpat (Yuriev) to prepare for a professorship, where he studied anatomy and surgery under the guidance of Professor Ivan Filippovich Moyer.
On August 31, 1832, Nikolai Ivanovich defended his dissertation: “Is the ligation of the abdominal aorta for an aneurysm of the inguinal region an easy and safe intervention?” In this work, he raised and resolved a number of fundamentally important questions concerning not so much the technique of aortic ligation, but rather the elucidation of the reactions to this intervention of both the vascular system and the organism as a whole. With his data, he refuted the ideas of the then-famous English surgeon A. Cooper about the causes of death during this operation.
In 1833-1835, Pirogov was in Germany, where he continued to study anatomy and surgery. In 1836, he was elected professor at the Department of Surgery at Derpt (now Tartu) University. In 1849, his monograph "On the transection of the Achilles tendon as an operative-orthopedic remedy" was published. Pirogov conducted more than eighty experiments, studied in detail the anatomical structure of the tendon and the process of its fusion after transection. He used this operation to treat clubfoot. At the end of the winter of 1841, at the invitation of the Medical and Surgical Academy (in St. Petersburg), he took the chair of surgery and was appointed head of the hospital surgery clinic, organized on his initiative from the 2nd Military Land Hospital. At that time, Nikolai Ivanovich lived on the left side of Liteiny Prospekt, in small house, On the second floor. In the same house, in the same entrance, on the second floor, opposite his apartment, there is the Sovremennik magazine, edited by N.G. Chernyshevsky and N.A. Nekrasov.
Doctor Pirogov in 1847 went to the Caucasus in active army, where, during the siege of the village of Salty, for the first time in the history of surgery, he used ether for anesthesia in the field. In 1854, he took part in the defense of Sevastopol, where he proved himself not only as a clinical surgeon, but above all as an organizer of the provision of medical care the wounded; at this time, for the first time in the field, he used the help of the sisters of mercy.
Upon his return from Sevastopol (1856) he left the Medico-Surgical Academy and was appointed trustee of the Odessa, and later (1858) Kyiv educational districts. However, in 1861, for progressive ideas in the field of education at that time, he was dismissed from this post. In 1862-1866 he was sent abroad as a leader of young scientists sent to prepare for a professorship. Upon his return from abroad, he settled in his estate, the village of Vishnya (now the village of Pirogovo, near the city of Vinnitsa), where he lived almost without a break.
Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov also found ideas that reduced all the variety of surgical techniques to three basic rules: "... cut the soft parts, drink the hard ones, where it flows - bandage it there." He revolutionized surgery. His research laid the foundation for the scientific anatomical and experimental direction in surgery; Pirogov laid the foundation for military field surgery and surgical anatomy.
The merits of Nikolai Ivanovich to world and domestic surgery are enormous. In 1847 he was elected a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. His works put forward Russian surgery to one of the first places in the world. Already in the first years of the scientific, pedagogical and practical activities he harmoniously combined theory and practice, widely using experimental method in order to clarify a number of clinically important issues. practical work he built on the basis of careful anatomical and physiological research. In 1837-1838 he published the work "Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia"; this study laid the foundations of surgical anatomy and determined the ways of its further development.
giving great attention clinic, he reorganized the teaching of surgery in order to provide every student with an opportunity for practical study of the subject. Pirogov paid special attention to the analysis of the mistakes made in the treatment of patients, considering practice to be the main method for improving scientific and pedagogical work (in 1837-1839), he published two volumes of Clinical Annals, in which he criticized his own mistakes in the treatment of patients).
In 1846, according to the project of Pirogov, the first anatomical institute in Russia was created at the Medico-Surgical Academy, which allowed students and doctors to engage in applied anatomy, practice operations, and conduct experimental observations. The creation of a hospital surgical clinic, an anatomical institute allowed Pirogov to carry out a number of important studies that determined the further paths for the development of surgery. Attaching special importance to the knowledge of anatomy by doctors, Pirogov in 1846 published "Anatomical images human body, appointed mainly for forensic doctors", and in 1850 - "Anatomical images of the external appearance and position of the organs contained in the three main cavities of the human body."
After the death of his wife, Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina, Pirogov wanted to marry twice. By calculation. I didn't believe that I could still love. His wife, leaving Pirogov two sons, Nikolai and Vladimir, died in January 1846, twenty-four years old, from a postpartum illness. In 1850, Nikolai Ivanovich finally fell in love and got married. Four months before marriage, he bombarded the bride with letters. He sent them several times a day - three, ten, twenty, forty pages of small, compact handwriting! He revealed to the bride his soul, his thoughts, views, feelings. Not forgetting their "bad sides", "irregularities of character", "weaknesses". He did not want her to love him only for "great things". He wanted her to love him for who he is. While he was preparing for the wedding with the nineteen-year-old Baroness Alexandra Antonovna Bistrom, the niece of General Kozen, his mother died.
Pirogov's method of "ice sculpture" is known. May this smile be forgiven the author: maniacs are forbidden to read further, so as not to become a guide to action. Having set himself the task of finding out the forms of various organs, their relative positions, as well as their displacement and deformation under the influence of physiological and pathological processes, Pirogov developed special methods of anatomical research on a frozen human corpse. Consistently removing tissue with a chisel and hammer, he left the organ or system of interest to him. In other cases, with a specially designed saw, Pirogov made serial cuts in the transverse, longitudinal, and front-rear directions. As a result of his research, he created an atlas "Topographic anatomy, illustrated by cuts made through the frozen human body in three directions", provided with an explanatory text.
This work brought Pirogov worldwide fame. The atlas not only gave a description of the topographic relationship of individual organs and tissues in different planes, but also showed for the first time the significance of experimental studies on a corpse.
Pirogov's works on surgical anatomy and operative surgery laid the foundation for scientific foundations for the development of surgery. An outstanding surgeon, who possessed a brilliant technique of operations, Pirogov did not limit himself to the use of surgical approaches and techniques known at that time; he created a number of new methods of operations that bear his name. The osteoplastic amputation of the foot, proposed by him for the first time in world practice, marked the beginning of the development of osteoplastic surgery. Pirogov's pathological anatomy did not go unnoticed. His well-known work "The Pathological Anatomy of Asiatic Cholera" (atlas 1849, text 1850), awarded the Demidov Prize, is still an unsurpassed study.
Rich personal experience Pirogov received during the wars in the Caucasus and Crimea, allowed him to develop for the first time a clear system for organizing surgical care for the wounded in the war.
The operation of resection of the elbow joint developed by Pirogov contributed to a certain extent to limiting amputations. In "The Beginnings of General Military Field Surgery ..." (published in 1864 in German; in 1865-1866, in two parts - in Russian, in two parts in 1941-1944), which are a generalization military surgical practice of Pirogov, he outlined and fundamentally resolved the main issues of military field surgery (issues of organization, the doctrine of shock, wounds, pyemia, etc.). As a clinician, Pirogov was exceptionally observant; his statements concerning wound infection, the meaning of miasma, the use of various antiseptic substances in the treatment of wounds (iodine tincture, bleach solution, silver nitrate), are essentially an anticipation of the work of the English surgeon J. Lister.
Great is the merit of Pirogov in the development of anesthesia issues. In 1847, less than a year after the discovery of ether anesthesia by the American physician W. Morton, Pirogov published an extremely important pilot study devoted to the study of the effect of ether on the animal organism ("Anatomical and physiological studies on esterization"). He proposed a number of new methods of ether anesthesia (intravenous, intratracheal, rectal), and devices for "ether" were created. Along with the Russian physiologist Alexei Matveyevich Filomafitsky (1807-1849), professor at Moscow University, he made the first attempts to explain the essence of anesthesia; he pointed out that the narcotic substance has an effect on the central nervous system and this action is carried out through the blood, regardless of the ways it is introduced into the body.
At seventy, Pirogov became quite an old man. The cataract closed the joy of seeing the colors of the world clearly. His face still lived swiftness and will. There were almost no teeth. It made it difficult to speak. In addition, he suffered from a painful ulcer on the hard palate. The ulcer appeared in the winter of 1881. Pirogov mistook it for a burn. He had a habit of rinsing his mouth with hot water to keep the smell of tobacco out. A few weeks later, he dropped in front of his wife: "It's like cancer." In Moscow, Pirogov was examined by Sklifosovsky, then Val, Grube, Bogdanovsky. They suggested surgery. His wife took Pirogov to Vienna, to the famous Billroth. Billroth persuaded not to be operated on, swore that the ulcer was benign. Pirogov was hard to deceive. Against cancer, even the almighty Pirogov was powerless.
In Moscow in 1881, the 50th anniversary of scientific, pedagogical and social activities Pirogov; he was awarded the title of honorary citizen of Moscow. On November 23 of the same year, Pirogov died in his estate Vishnya, near the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa, his body was embalmed and placed in a crypt. In 1897, a monument to Pirogov was erected in Moscow with funds raised by subscription. In the estate where Pirogov lived, a memorial museum named after him was organized in 1947; Pirogov's body was restored and placed for viewing in a specially rebuilt crypt.
Nikolai Pirogov - a surgeon from God
The name of the Russian surgeon and anatomist Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov is known not only to doctors, but to all cultured people. Pirogov in the history of surgery took the same place as Mendeleev - in the history of chemistry, Pavlov - in the history of physiology, Lobachevsky - in the history of mathematics.
Nikolai Pirogov was born in 1810 in Moscow into a poor family of a treasury official. He studied at the private boarding school Kryazhev. The boy was very fond of when a doctor came to visit them, Uncle Efrem - a famous Moscow doctor, professor at Moscow University, surgeon, anatomist and forensic doctor Efrem Mukhin. Mukhin treated the Pirogov family and Special attention paid, of course, to little Kolya. After the departure of his beloved doctor, the boy threw a white towel over his shoulders, picked up a tube and, pretending to be a doctor, took up the treatment of his family. So even in childhood, Pirogov chose his profession. Imperceptibly, children's fun grew into a real passion for medicine.
In 1824, under the influence of Dr. Mukhin, Nikolai decided to enter the medical faculty of Moscow University. But the young man was only 14 years old, and they were accepted there from the age of sixteen! He had to give himself two years. Nikolai Pirogov successfully entered the medical faculty of Moscow University. The student years of the young man passed in conditions quite unfavorable for the development of surgery. Demands were publicly heard to stop "the vile and ungodly use of a person, created in the image and likeness of the creator, on anatomical preparations." In Kazan, it came to burying the entire anatomical cabinet: coffins were specially ordered, all preparations were placed in them, and after a memorial service, the coffin was taken to the cemetery with a procession. This happened in Russia XIX century, although at the beginning of the 18th century, Tsar Peter himself was engaged in anatomy and bought anatomical preparations abroad, which have been partially preserved to this day. The teaching of anatomy at universities was conducted not on corpses, but, in particular, on scarves, the twitching of the edges of which depicted the functions of the muscles.
In 1828, Pirogov graduated with honors from the university and defended his PhD thesis. Among his teachers were the anatomist Kh. I. Loder, clinicians M. Ya. Mudrov, E. O. Mukhin. As the best graduate, Pirogov was sent to the University of Dorpat (now Tartu) to prepare for a professorship.
Nikolai wanted to specialize in physiology, but due to the lack of this profile of special training, he chose surgery. In 1829 he received gold medal Derpt University for performing a competitive study in the surgical clinic of Professor Moyer. At 22, Pirogov defended his doctoral dissertation. In 1833-1835, in order to complete his training for a professorship, he improved himself in anatomy and surgery in Germany, at the Langenbeck clinic. Upon his return to Russia, he worked in Dorpat, from 1836 he became a professor of theoretical and practical surgery at the University of Dorpat.
In 1841, Pirogov created a hospital surgical clinic of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy and until 1856 headed it, while being the chief physician of the surgical department of the 2nd military land hospital, and since 1846 - director of the Institute of Practical Anatomy created at the Medical and Surgical Academy . When he was 36 years old, Nikolai Ivanovich became an academician of the Medico-Surgical Academy.
In 1856, due to illness and domestic circumstances, Pirogov left the service at the academy and accepted the offer to take the post of trustee of the Odessa educational district; from that time begins a ten-year period of his activity in the field of education. Since 1862, Nikolai Ivanovich has been leading young Russian scientists who were preparing in Germany for professorial and teaching activities.
Since 1866, Pirogov lived on his estate in the village of Vishnya near Vinnitsa. But as a consultant on military medicine, he traveled to the theaters of operations during the Franco-Prussian (1870-1871) and Russian-Turkish (1877-1878) wars.
The scientific, practical and social activities of N. I. Pirogov brought him world medical fame, undeniable leadership in domestic surgery and put him forward among the largest representatives of European medicine in the middle of the 19th century. Nikolai Ivanovich worked in various fields medicine. He made a significant contribution to each of them, which has not lost its significance until now. Despite almost two centuries ago, Pirogov's works continue to amaze the reader with their originality and depth of thought.
Pirogov's classic works - "Surgical Anatomy of Arterial Trunks and Fascia" (1837), "Complete Course of Applied Anatomy of the Human Body" with drawings - descriptive-physiological and surgical anatomy (1843-1848) and "Illustrated topographic anatomy of cuts made in three directions through frozen human body" (1852-1859). Each of these works was awarded the Demidov Prize of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and became the foundation of topographic anatomy and operative surgery.
Nikolai Pirogov was the first among Russian scientists to come up with the idea of plastic surgery and was the first in the world to put forward the idea of bone grafting. His method of connecting the supporting stump during amputation of the lower leg due to the calcaneus is known as the "Pirogov operation", it served as an impetus for the development of other osteoplastic operations. The extra-abdominal access proposed by Pirogov to the external iliac artery (1833) and the lower third of the ureter has also received widespread attention. practical use and was named after him.
An exceptional role was played by Nikolai Ivanovich in the development of the problem of anesthesia. Narcosis was proposed in 1846, and the very next year, Pirogov conducted a wide experimental and clinical test of the analgesic properties of ether vapors. He studied their action in experiments on animals with various methods of administration and on volunteers, including himself.
On February 14, 1847, one of the first in Russia, the surgeon performed an operation under ether anesthesia, which lasted only 2.5 minutes; in the same month, for the first time in the world, he operated under rectal ether anesthesia, for which a special apparatus was designed. Pirogov believed that the possibility of using ether anesthesia on the battlefield was undeniably proven.
Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov made a significant contribution to the history of asepsis and antiseptics, which, along with anesthesia, determined the success of surgery in the last quarter of the 19th century. The surgeon carried out antiseptic treatment of wounds, using iodine tincture, a solution of silver nitrate, constantly emphasizing the importance of hygienic measures for the treatment of the sick and wounded. Pirogov also tirelessly promoted the preventive trend in medicine.
The reputation of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov as a practical surgeon was brilliant. Back in Derpt, the operations of the young doctor impressed with the boldness of the idea and the skill of execution. At that time, anesthesia was not carried out, so they tried to do the operations as quickly as possible. For example, the removal of a stone from the bladder or mammary gland was carried out by Pirogov in 1.5–3 minutes. During the Crimean War on March 4, 1855, in the main dressing station of Sevastopol, in less than 2 hours, he performed 10 amputations. The authority Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov had among the international medical community is evidenced, in particular, by his invitation for a consultative examination to the German Chancellor Otto Bismarck (1859) and national hero Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi (1862). The best European surgeons could not determine the location of the bullet in the body of Garibaldi, wounded at Aspromonte. Pirogov not only removed the bullet, but also cured the famous Italian.
Military medicine owes a lot to Pirogov: he created the scientific foundations of domestic military field surgery and a completely new section of military medicine - the organization and tactics of the medical service. In 1854-1855, during the Crimean War, Nikolai Ivanovich went to the places of military operations and took part in organizing medical support for the troops and in treating the wounded. He initiated the involvement of women in the care of the wounded at the front: this is how the sisters of mercy appeared. To get acquainted with the work of dressing stations, infirmaries and hospitals in the conditions of hostilities, he later traveled to Germany (1870) during the Franco-Prussian war and Bulgaria (1877) during the Russian-Turkish war. Later, Pirogov generalized the results of his observations in his works.
Nikolai Ivanovich did not consider combat damage as a simple mechanical violation of the integrity of tissues, he attached great importance in the occurrence and course of combat injuries, general fatigue and nervous tension, lack of sleep and malnutrition, cold, hunger and other inevitable adverse factors in the combat situation that contribute to the development of wound complications and the occurrence of a number of diseases in soldiers of the active army. He talked about two ways of developing surgery (especially military field surgery): expectant-saving and active-prophylactic. With the discovery and introduction of antisepsis and asepsis into surgical practice, surgery began to develop.
Pirogov is the founder of the doctrine of medical sorting. He argued that sorting the wounded according to the urgency of treatment, the volume of surgical care and indications for evacuation is the main means of preventing "confusion and confusion" in medical institutions. To do this, he considered it necessary to have in medical institutions designed to receive the wounded and sick and provide them with qualified assistance, a sorting and operational dressing unit, as well as a unit for the slightly wounded, and sorting hospitals on the evacuation routes.
Pirogov's works devoted to the problems of immobilization and shock were of great importance not only for military field surgery, but also for clinical medicine in general. In 1847, at the Caucasian theater of military operations, for the first time in military field practice, he used a fixed starch bandage for complex fractures of the limbs. During the Crimean War, he also for the first time (1845) applied a plaster bandage in the field. Nikolai Pirogov described in detail the pathogenesis, outlined methods for the prevention and treatment of shock; the clinical picture of shock described by him is classical and continues to be mentioned in textbooks on surgery. He also described a concussion, gaseous swelling of tissues, singled out "wound consumption" as a special form of pathology, currently known as wound exhaustion.
An important merit of Pirogov in the region medical education is the opening of hospital clinics for 5th year students. He was the first to substantiate the need to create such clinics and formulated the tasks facing them. In 1841, a medical and surgical clinic began to operate at the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy, and in 1842, the first hospital therapeutic clinic. In 1846, hospital clinics were opened at Moscow, Kazan, Kiev and Derpt universities with the simultaneous introduction of the 5th year of study for students of medical faculties. Thus, a reform of higher medical education was carried out, contributing to the improvement of the training of doctors.
Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov sought to disseminate knowledge among the people, was a supporter of competitions that provide a place for more capable and knowledgeable applicants. He defended equal rights to education for all nationalities, large and small, and for all classes, strove for the implementation of universal primary education and was the organizer of Sunday schools in Kyiv. In assessing the merits of the head of the department, he gave preference to scientific rather than pedagogical abilities and was deeply convinced that science is driven by the method.
The eminent surgeon died in 1881. After his death, the Society of Russian Doctors was founded in memory of Pirogov, which regularly convened Pirogov congresses. In 1897, in Moscow, in front of the building of the surgical clinic on Tsaritsynskaya Street, a monument was erected to Nikolai Pirogov. In the village of Pirogovo (former Cherry), where a crypt with the embalmed body of a surgeon has been preserved, a memorial estate museum has been opened. More than three thousand books and articles are devoted to Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov. His works on general and military medicine, upbringing and education continue to attract the attention of scientists, doctors and educators.
Meaning:
Anatomy became a practical school for Pirogov, which laid the foundation for his further successful surgical activities. His works were the foundation of topographic anatomy and operative surgery.
Pirogov is rightly called the "father of Russian surgery" - his activities led to the entry of Russian surgery to the forefront of world medical science. His works on the problems of anesthesia, immobilization, bone grafting, shock, wounds and wound complications, on the organization of military field surgery and the military medical service as a whole are fundamental. His scientific school is not limited to direct students: in fact, all advanced surgeons of the 2nd half of XIX century developed the anatomical and physiological direction based on the provisions and methods developed by Pirogov.
His initiative to involve women in the care of the wounded, that is, in the organization of the institute of sisters of mercy, played important role in attracting women to medicine and contributed to the creation of the international Red Cross.
Pirogov first
- came up with the idea of plastic surgery,
– used anesthesia in military field surgery,
- applied a plaster bandage in the field,
- suggested the existence of pathogens that cause suppuration of wounds.
What they said about him:
“Pirogov created a school. His school is the whole of Russian surgery ... it was built by a mass of surgeons - academic, university, zemstvo, city, built by male surgeons, now it is being built by female surgeons - and all these surgeons are grouped around the figure of the genius Pirogov "(V. A. Oppel).
“If only his pedagogical writings remained from Pirogov, then he would forever remain in the history of science”(N. A. Dobrolyubov).
“... In the darkness of the deep darkness of ignorance, in the darkness of the Russian night, the genius of Pirogov shone like a bright star in the Russian sky, and the radiance of this star, the radiant brilliance was visible outside of Russia ... Even during the life of Nikolai Ivanovich, the scientific European world recognized him, and recognized him not only as a great scholar, but in certain areas his teacher, his leader"(V. I. Razumovsky).
What did he say:
“I believe in hygiene. This is where the true progress of our science lies. The future belongs to preventive medicine. This science, going hand in hand with medical science, will bring undoubted benefits to mankind.
“Where the spirit of science reigns, great things are done with small means.”
"Every school is glorious not by the number, but by the glory of its students."
"War is a traumatic epidemic."
"Not medicine, but the administration plays a role in helping the wounded and sick in the theater of war."
“The rod only corrects the weak-hearted, who would be corrected by other means, less dangerous.”
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Future great doctor was born on November 27, 1810 in Moscow. His father served as treasurer. Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov had fourteen children, most of them died in infancy; of the six survivors, Nikolai was the youngest.
An acquaintance of the family helped him get an education - a well-known Moscow doctor, professor of Moscow University E. Mukhin, who noticed the boy's abilities and began to work with him individually.
When Nikolai was fourteen years old, he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University. To do this, he had to add two years to himself, but he passed the exams no worse than his older comrades. Pirogov studied easily. In addition, he had to constantly earn extra money to help his family. Finally, Pirogov managed to get a job as a dissector in the anatomical theater. This job gave him invaluable experience and convinced him that he should become a surgeon.
Graduated from the university one of the first in terms of academic performance. Pirogov went to prepare for a professorship at Yuriev University in the city of Tartu. At that time, this university was considered the best in Russia. Here, in the surgical clinic, Pirogov worked for five years, brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation, and at the age of twenty-six became a professor of surgery.
The subject of his thesis, he chose the ligation of the abdominal aorta, performed until that time - and then with a fatal outcome - only once by the English surgeon Astley Cooper. The conclusions of the Pirogov dissertation were equally important for both theory and practice. He was the first to study and describe the topography, that is, the location of the abdominal aorta in humans, circulatory disorders during its ligation, the circulatory pathways with its obstruction, and explained the causes of postoperative complications. He proposed two ways to access the aorta: transperitoneal and extraperitoneal. When any damage to the peritoneum threatened death, the second method was especially necessary. Astley Cooper, who for the first time bandaged the aorta in an transperitoneal way, said, having become acquainted with Pirogov's dissertation, that if he had to do the operation again, he would have chosen a different method. Is this not the highest recognition!
When Pirogov, after five years in Dorpat, went to Berlin to study, the famous surgeons, to whom he went with a respectfully bowed head, read his dissertation, hastily translated into German.
He found a teacher who, more than others, combined everything that he was looking for in the surgeon Pirogov, not in Berlin, but in Göttingen, in the person of Professor Langenbeck. The Göttingen professor taught him the purity of surgical techniques. He taught him to hear the whole and complete melody of the operation. He showed Pirogov how to adapt the movements of the legs and the whole body to the actions of the operating hand. He hated slowness and demanded fast, precise and rhythmic work.
Returning home, Pirogov fell seriously ill and was left for treatment in Riga. Riga was lucky: if Pirogov had not fallen ill, she would not have become a platform for his rapid recognition. As soon as Pirogov got up from the hospital bed, he undertook to operate. The city had heard rumors before about the promising young surgeon. Now it was necessary to confirm the good reputation that ran far ahead.
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He began with rhinoplasty: he carved out a new nose for a noseless barber. Then he recalled that it was the best nose he had ever made in his life. Plastic surgery was followed by the inevitable lithotomies, amputations, removal of tumors. In Riga, he operated for the first time as a teacher.
From Riga he went to Derpt, where he learned that the Moscow chair promised to him had been given to another candidate. But he was lucky - Ivan Filippovich Moyer handed over his clinic in Dorpat to the student.
One of the most significant works of Pirogov is the "Surgical Anatomy of Arterial Trunks and Fascias" completed in Dorpat. Already in the name itself, giant layers are raised - surgical anatomy, a science that Pirogov created from his first, youthful works, erected, and the only pebble that started the movement of bulks - fascia.
Before Pirogov, they almost did not deal with fascia: they knew that there were such fibrous fibrous plates, membranes surrounding muscle groups or individual muscles, they saw them when opening corpses, stumbled upon them during operations, cut them with a knife, not attaching importance to them.
Pirogov begins with a very modest task: he undertakes to study the direction of the fascial membranes. Having learned the particular, the course of each fascia, he goes to the general and deduces certain patterns of the position of the fascia relative to nearby vessels, muscles, nerves, and discovers certain anatomical patterns.
Everything that Pirogov discovered, he does not need in itself, he needs all this to indicate best ways operations, first of all "find the right way to ligate this or that artery," as he says. This is where the new science created by Pirogov begins - this is surgical anatomy.
Why does a surgeon need anatomy at all, he asks: is it just to know the structure of the human body? And he answers: no, not only! The surgeon, explains Pirogov, should deal with anatomy differently than an anatomist. Thinking about the structure of the human body, the surgeon cannot for a moment lose sight of what the anatomist does not even think about - the landmarks that will show him the way during the operation.
Pirogov supplied the description of operations with drawings. Nothing like the anatomical atlases and tables that were used before him. No discounts, no conventions - the greatest accuracy of the drawings: the proportions are not violated, every branch, every knot, lintel is preserved and reproduced. Pirogov, not without pride, suggested that patient readers check any detail of the drawings in the anatomical theater. He did not yet know that he had new discoveries ahead of him, the highest precision ...
In the meantime, he goes to France, where five years earlier, after a professorial institute, the authorities did not want to let him go. In the Parisian clinics, he grasps some amusing particulars and does not find anything unknown. It is curious: as soon as he was in Paris, he hurried to the famous professor of surgery and anatomy Velpo and found him reading "The Surgical Anatomy of the Arterial Trunks and Fascia" ...
In 1841, Pirogov was invited to the Department of Surgery at the Medical and Surgical Academy of St. Petersburg. Here the scientist worked for more than ten years and created the first surgical clinic in Russia. In it, he founded another branch of medicine - hospital surgery.
He came to the capital as a winner. No less than three hundred people crowd into the auditorium where he reads a course of surgery: not only doctors are crowded on the benches, students of other students come to listen to Pirogov educational institutions, writers, officials, military, artists, engineers, even ladies. Newspapers and magazines write about him, compare his lectures with the concerts of the famous Italian Angelica Catalani, that is, with divine singing, they compare his speech about incisions, stitches, purulent inflammations and autopsy results.
Nikolai Ivanovich is appointed director of the Tool Factory, and he agrees. Now he comes up with tools that any surgeon will use to perform the operation well and quickly. He is asked to accept the position of a consultant in one hospital, in another, in a third, and he again agrees,
But not only well-wishers surround the scientist. He has a lot of envious people and enemies who are disgusted by the zeal and fanaticism of the doctor. In the second year of his life in St. Petersburg, Pirogov fell seriously ill, poisoned by hospital miasma and the bad air of the dead. I couldn't get up for a month and a half. He felt sorry for himself, poisoned his soul with sorrowful thoughts about years lived without love and lonely old age.
He went over in his memory all those who could bring him family love and happiness. The most suitable of them seemed to him Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina, a girl from a well-born, but collapsed and greatly impoverished family. A hurried modest wedding took place.
Pirogov had no time - great things were waiting for him. He simply locked his wife within the four walls of a rented and, on the advice of acquaintances, furnished apartment. He didn’t take her to the theater, because he disappeared until late in the anatomical theater, he didn’t go to balls with her, because balls were idleness, he took away her novels and slipped her scientific journals in return. Pirogov jealously pushed his wife away from her friends, because she had to belong entirely to him, just as he belongs entirely to science. And for a woman, probably, there was too much and too little of one great Pirogov.
Ekaterina Dmitrievna died in her fourth year of marriage, leaving Pirogov two sons: the second cost her her life.
But in the difficult days of grief and despair for Pirogov, a great event happened - his project of the world's first Anatomical Institute was approved by the highest.
On October 16, 1846, the first test of ether anesthesia took place. And he quickly began to conquer the world. In Russia, the first operation under anesthesia was performed on February 7, 1847 by Pirogov's comrade at the professorial institute, Fedor Ivanovich Inozemtsev. He headed the Department of Surgery at Moscow University.
Nikolay Ivanovich performed the first operation with the use of anesthesia a week later. But from February to November 1847, Inozemtsev performed eighteen operations under anesthesia, and by May 1847 Pirogov had received the results of fifty. During the year, six hundred and ninety operations were performed under anesthesia in thirteen cities of Russia. Three hundred of them are from Pirogovo!
Soon, Nikolai Ivanovich took part in hostilities in the Caucasus. Here, in the village of Salty, for the first time in the history of medicine, he began to operate on the wounded with ether anesthesia. Total great surgeon performed about 10,000 operations under ether anesthesia.
One day while walking through the market. Pirogov saw the butchers sawing the carcasses of cows into pieces. The scientist drew attention to the fact that the location of the internal organs is clearly visible on the cut. After some time, he tried this method in the anatomical theater, sawing frozen corpses with a special saw. Pirogov himself called this "ice anatomy". Thus was born a new medical discipline - topographic anatomy.
With the help of cuts made in this way, Pirogov compiled the first anatomical atlas, which became an indispensable guide for surgeons. Now they have the opportunity to operate, causing minimal injury to the patient. This atlas and the technique proposed by Pirogov became the basis for the entire subsequent development of operative surgery.
After the death of Ekaterina Dmitrievna Pirogov was left alone. "I have no friends," he admitted with his usual frankness. And at home, the boys, sons, Nikolai and Vladimir were waiting for him. Pirogov twice unsuccessfully tried to marry for convenience, which he did not consider it necessary to hide from himself, from acquaintances, it seems that from the girls planned to be the bride.
In a small circle of acquaintances, where Pirogov sometimes spent evenings, he was told about the twenty-two-year-old Baroness Alexandra Antonovna Bistrom, who enthusiastically read and reread his article on the ideal of a woman. The girl feels like a lonely soul, thinks a lot and seriously about life, loves children. In conversation, she was called "a girl with convictions."
Pirogov proposed to Baroness Bistrom. She agreed. Gathering at the estate of the bride's parents, where it was supposed to play an inconspicuous wedding. Pirogov, confident in advance that the honeymoon, violating his usual activities, would make him quick-tempered and intolerant, asked Alexandra Antonovna to pick up crippled poor people in need of an operation for his arrival: work will delight the first time of love!
When in 1853 began Crimean War, Nikolai Ivanovich considered it his civic duty to go to Sevastopol. He was appointed to the active army. Operating on the wounded. Pirogov, for the first time in the history of medicine, used a plaster cast, which made it possible to speed up the healing process of fractures and saved many soldiers and officers from ugly curvature of the limbs.
The most important merit of Pirogov is the introduction of sorting the wounded in Sevastopol: one operation was done directly in combat conditions, others were evacuated deep into the country after first aid. On his initiative, a new form of medical care was introduced in the Russian army - nurses appeared. Thus, it was Pirogov who laid the foundations of military field medicine.
After the fall of Sevastopol, Pirogov returned to St. Petersburg, where, at a reception at Alexander II, he reported on the mediocre leadership of the army by Prince Menshikov. The tsar did not want to heed the advice of Pirogov, and from that moment Nikolai Ivanovich fell out of favor.
He left the Medico-Surgical Academy. Appointed as a trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts, Pirogov is trying to change the system that existed in them school education. Naturally, his actions led to a conflict with the authorities, and the scientist had to leave his post.
For some time, Pirogov settled in his estate "Cherry" near Vinnitsa, where he organized a free hospital. He traveled from there only abroad, and also at the invitation of St. Petersburg University to give lectures. By this time, Pirogov was already a member of several foreign academies.
In May 1881, Moscow and St. Petersburg solemnly celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of scientific activity Pirogov. The great Russian physiologist Sechenov addressed him with a greeting. However, at that time the scientist was already terminally ill, and in the summer of 1881 he died on his estate.
The significance of Pirogov's activity lies in the fact that with his selfless and often disinterested work he turned surgery into a science, equipping doctors with a scientifically based method of surgical intervention.
Shortly before his death, the scientist made another discovery - he proposed completely new way embalming the dead. To this day, the body of Pirogov himself, embalmed in this way, is kept in the church of the village of Vishni.
The memory of the great surgeon is preserved to this day. Every year on his birthday, a prize and a medal named after him are awarded for achievements in the field of anatomy and surgery. In the house where Pirogov lived, a museum of the history of medicine was opened, in addition, some medical institutions and city streets were named after him.
Place of Birth: Moscow
Activities and Interests Key words: surgery, anatomy, military field surgery, embalming
Biography
Russian surgeon, naturalist, anatomist, teacher, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. The founder of military field surgery in Russia, the creator of topographic anatomy, which is of applied importance for modern medicine. He worked on the front line, operated on the wounded: in the army in the Caucasus (1847), during the Crimean War (1855) he was the chief surgeon of the besieged Sevastopol, during the Russian-Turkish war (1877 - 1878) he operated on soldiers in Bulgaria. In the field, he organized the treatment of soldiers on the ground, in practice tested the previously developed surgical methods. He substantiated the tactics of surgical intervention, which turned surgery into a science. After the fall of Sevastopol and returning to St. Petersburg, he constantly clashed with the authorities: in particular, he criticized the general condition of the Russian army, for which he fell out of favor with Alexander II. He was exiled to Ukraine, where he tried to reform the school system, but was eventually dismissed without the right to a pension. The last years of his life he worked as a simple doctor in a village hospital organized by him.
Education, degrees and titles
1824, Moscow, private pension Kryazheva
1824−1828, Moscow State University Faculty: medical: graduate (doctor of the 1st category)
1832, Dorpat University (Tartu, Estonia) Faculty: Medical: Doctor of Science
Job
1832−1835, Berlin and Göttingham hospitals, Germany, Berlin, Göttingham: medical practitioner
1836, Obukhov Hospital, St. Petersburg, Fontanka: practitioner, lecturer
1836−1841, Dorpat University, Dorpat (Tartu): lecturer in clinical, operative, theoretical surgery
1841−1856, St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy, St. Petersburg, st. Academician Lebedeva, d. 6: professor
1847−1855, Caucasus, active troops
1855, Crimea, Sevastopol
1858−1861, Kiev educational district, Ukraine, Kyiv: trustee
1866−1881, Cherry Village: doctor
1870, International Red Cross, active troops (Franco-Prussian War)
1870s, Ukraine: trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts
1877−1878, Bulgaria, active troops ( Russian-Turkish war)
House
1810−1832, Moscow
1832−1835, Germany, Berlin and Gottingham
1836, St. Petersburg
1836−1841, Dorpat (Tartu)
1841−1858, St. Petersburg
1866−1881, Podolsk province, p. Cherry (now in Vinnitsa)
Facts from life
He entered the university at the age of 14, having added two years to himself, graduated from it at 18, at 22 he became a doctor of science, at 26 - a professor of medicine.
In Dorpat, he became friends with military doctor Vladimir Dal, the author of " explanatory dictionary».
Pirogov's lectures at the Medical-Surgical Academy were listened to not only by medical students, but also by the military, artists, and writers. Newspapers and magazines wrote about the brilliant speaker, and his passages about amputations and suppuration were compared with the divine singing of the Italian Angelica Catalani.
In 1855, Dmitry Mendeleev, a teacher at the Simferopol gymnasium, approached Pirogov, who was suspected of having consumption. After the examination, the surgeon noted: you will outlive me. The prediction came true.
They say that when Pirogov demanded that surgeons come to operations in boiled bathrobes, because microbes dangerous to the patient could be on their ordinary clothes, colleagues hid the doctor in a madhouse, from where Pirogov, however, left three days later.
Having married Ekaterina Berezina, Pirogov took up her education: he locked her at home, canceled all visits of her friends, balls, took away romance novels and embroidery, handing over a stack of medical books in return. There were rumors that the scientist killed his wife with science, but in fact, after the second birth, Catherine began to bleed. Pirogov tried to save his wife, but she died during the operation.
Was a passionate smoker and died of cancer of the upper jaw. The diagnosis was made by N.V. Sklifosovsky.
Discoveries
He defended his thesis on the safe ligation of the abdominal aorta. Before Pirogov, such an operation was performed only once, by the English surgeon Astley Cooper, but with a fatal outcome.
He organized a hospital surgery clinic, where he developed a number of techniques to avoid amputation. One of them is still used in surgery and is called the “Pirogov operation”.
Seeing the butchers sawing cow carcasses into pieces, Pirogov noticed that the location of the internal organs was clearly visible on the cut and began to cut frozen corpses, calling the experiments ice anatomy. Thus, a new discipline was born - topographic anatomy, and the surgeon published the first anatomical atlas "Topographic anatomy, illustrated by cuts made through the frozen human body in three directions", which became a guide for surgeons in many countries.
During the Crimean War, Pirogov was the first in the history of medicine to use a plaster cast to heal fractures.
While working in Sevastopol, he was the first in the world to introduce a sorting system for the wounded, which still works: the hopeless and mortally wounded; seriously and dangerously wounded, requiring urgent assistance; lightly wounded or those who can be evacuated and operated on already in the rear. This is how the direction was born, which later became known as military field surgery.
At the initiative of Pirogov, sisters of mercy appeared in the Russian army.
During the fighting in the Caucasus, for the first time in history, Pirogov used ether anesthesia in military conditions.
Shortly before his death, he developed a new, unique method of embalming. Using this method, the body of Pirogov was embalmed. In the mausoleum in the village of Vishnya (now Vinnitsa), it is still kept in a special sarcophagus.
Author of many textbooks, manuals and scientific papers. In addition, he wrote the famous Sevastopol Letters and Questions of Life. Diary of an old doctor.
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Biography Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich.
The last orders have been given. The voices were silent in the house.
Alexandra Antonovna sat comfortably in a large armchair in the living room, put a stack of letters on her knees, and began to read. Congratulations, wishes of happiness to the young, promises that the whole family of distant relatives will certainly be at the wedding. Here is a letter from Nicholas. In the letter, Nikolai asked the bride to search in advance in the district for the sick and crippled who need help. “Work will delight the first season of love,” he wrote to the bride. Alexandra smiled. If he had been at least a little different, he would never have become the person she fell in love with - the genius surgeon Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich.
The people called Nikolai Ivanovich "a wonderful doctor." The “miracles” that this remarkable Russian scientist and surgeon, anatomist worked for half a century were not only a manifestation of his high talent. All Pirogov's thoughts were guided by love for ordinary people and to their homeland. His scientific works on the anatomy of the human body and innovation in surgery brought him worldwide fame.
Nikolai Pirogov was born in November 1810 in Moscow. The father of the family, Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov, had to feed his wife and six children, among whom Nikolai was the youngest, on his modest salary as a treasurer. And although the Pirogov family did not live in poverty, all household members knew the bill.
From childhood, little Kolya knew that one day he would become a doctor. After the doctor Efrem Osipovich Mukhin, who treated one of his children for a cold, looked into the Pirogovs' house, Nikolai was fascinated by this profession. For days on end, Kolya harassed the family, listening to them with a toy pipe and prescribing “treatment”. Parents were sure that this hobby would soon pass: at that time it was believed that medicine was too low an occupation for noble children.
Nikolai received his primary education at home, and when he turned 10, his parents sent him to study at a boarding school for boys. It was planned that Kolya would finish his boarding school at the age of 16, but it turned out differently. A colleague of his father went missing in the Caucasus along with 30 thousand rubles from the state. The money was listed on Major Pirogov, and the shortage was recovered from him. Almost all the property went under the hammer - the house, furniture, utensils. There was nothing to pay for Nikolai's education at the boarding school. A friend of the Pirogov family, doctor Mukhin, offered to help the boy enter the medical faculty, bypassing the rule to accept students from the age of 16. Nikolai went to the trick and added two years to himself. He passed the entrance exam on a par with everyone else, because he knew much more than was required in those years to enter the university.
The father wept in front of the icons: “I treated my boy badly. Was he, a noble son, born for such a low career? - but there was no choice. And Nikolai was simply delighted that he would be allowed to practice medicine. He studied easily, but he also had to think about his daily bread.
When the father died, the house and almost all the property went to pay off debts - the family was immediately left without a breadwinner and without shelter. Nikolai sometimes had nothing to go to lectures: the boots were thin, and the jacket was such that it was embarrassing to take off his overcoat. So, interrupting from bread to kvass. In less than 18 years, Nikolai graduated from the university, at 22 he became a doctor of science, and at 26 - a professor of medicine. His dissertation on the operation on the abdominal aorta was translated into all European languages, this work was admired by venerable surgeons. After graduating from the university, a young but promising doctor, Nikolai Pirogov, went to the Estonian town of Tartu to prepare his dissertation at the department of Yuriev University. There was nothing to live on, and Pirogov got a job as a dissector. Here, in the surgical clinic of the University, Pirogov worked for five years and made the first big scientific research"On Ligation of the Abdominal Aorta". He was then twenty-two.
Subsequently, he said that work in the anatomical theater gave him a lot - it was there that he began to study the location of the internal organs relative to each other (at that time, doctors did not pay too much attention to anatomy). Well, in order to improve his skills as a surgeon, Pirogov did not disdain and autopsies of sheep. Pirogov performed a huge number of operations in those years in clinics, hospitals and hospitals. The practice of the surgeon grew rapidly, fame was ahead of it.
After defending his thesis, only four years passed, and the young scientist so surpassed his peers in the vastness of knowledge and brilliant technique in performing operations that he could rightfully become a professor at the Surgical Clinic of Yuryev University at the age of 26. Here, in a short time, he wrote remarkable scientific works on surgical anatomy. Pirogov created topographic anatomy. In 1837-1838. he published an atlas, in which all the information needed by the surgeon was given in order to accurately find and tie off any artery during the operation. The scientist worked out the rules for how a surgeon should go with a knife from the surface of the body to the depth, without causing unnecessary damage to the tissues. This work, unsurpassed so far, put Pirogov in one of the first places in world surgery. His research became the basis of everything that followed.
In 1841, the young scientist was invited to the Department of Surgery of the Medico-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg. It was one of the best educational institutions in the country. Here, at the insistence of Pirogov, a special clinic was created, which was called the “Hospital Surgical”. Pirogov became the first professor of hospital surgery in Russia. The desire to serve his people, true democracy were the main character traits of the great scientist.
However, in a series of endless suturing, there was a place for quite romantic thoughts. The bright image of Natalya Lukutina, the daughter of Pirogov's godfather, no, no, and distracted the young surgeon from thinking about incisions and bleeding. But disappointment in the first love came very quickly. Once on a visit to Moscow, Pirogov carefully curled his thinning hair with medical tongs and went to the Lukins. During dinner, he entertained Natalie with talk about his life in Estonia. However, to Nikolai's great dismay, she suddenly declared: “Nicolas, enough about the corpses. This, by God, is disgusting!”. Offended by a misunderstanding, Pirogov forever forgot the way to the Lukutins' house.
A few years after the quarrel with Natalie, Nikolai nevertheless decided to marry. Someone must take care of him! After all, he is already a professor and it is unsuitable for him to walk around in a blood-splattered frock coat and a stale shirt. Pirogov's chosen one was the young Ekaterina Berezina. As a doctor, he liked her blooming appearance and excellent health. Having married 20-year-old Katya, 32-year-old Nikolai immediately took up her education - he believed that this would make his wife happy. He forbade her to waste time visiting friends and balls, seized all books about love from the house, and in return provided his wife with medical articles. In 1846, after four years of marriage, Ekaterina Berezina died, leaving Pirogov with two sons. There were rumors that Pirogov killed his wife with his science, but in fact Berezina died due to bleeding during her second birth. Pirogov tried to operate on his wife, but even he could not help her. For six months after the death of his wife, pirogues did not touch the scalpel - he helped so many patients whom others considered hopeless, but failed to save Katya. And yet, over time, the pain dulled a little, and he again took up surgery.
Three years after the death of Ekaterina Berezina, Nikolai Ivanovich realized that he needed to marry a second time. The sons needed a kind mother, and it was difficult for him to cope with the household. This time, Pirogov approached the choice of the bride even more thoroughly. He wrote out on paper all the qualities that he would like to see in his wife. When he read out this list at a reception in one of the secular drawing rooms, the ladies whispered indignantly. But suddenly the young Baroness Bistorm rose from her chair and declared that she completely agreed with Pirogov's opinion about the qualities that an ideal wife should have. Pirogov did not delay the marriage proposal - Alexandra Bistorm really understood him like no other, and in July 1850, 40-year-old Nikolai Pirogov married 25-year-old Alexandra Bistorm.
Three years after the wedding, Nikolai Ivanovich had to part with his young wife for a while. When the Crimean War began in 1853 and the fame of the heroic defenders of Sevastopol spread throughout the country, Pirogov decided that his place was not in the capital, but in the besieged city. He was appointed to the active army. Pirogov worked almost around the clock. During the war, doctors were forced to resort very often, even with simple fractures, to amputation of limbs. Pirogov was the first to use a plaster cast. She saved many soldiers and officers from a disfiguring operation.
Six years before the defense of Sevastopol (in 1847), Pirogov took part in military operations in the Caucasus. The village of Salty became the place where for the first time in the history of wars 100 operations were performed, during which the wounded were put to sleep with ether. In Sevastopol, 10,000 operations have already been performed under anesthesia. Especially Pirogov taught doctors a lot in the treatment of wounds. Nothing was yet known about vitamins, and he already claimed that carrots, yeast and fish oil are very helpful for the wounded and sick. At the time of Pirogov, they did not know that microbes transmit infection from person to person; doctors did not understand why, for example, suppuration of wounds occurs after surgery. Pirogov used disinfectants during his operations - iodine and alcohol, so the wounded he treated were less likely to suffer from infections. For the first time in surgery, he used ether for anesthesia, created a number of new methods of operations that bear his name.
The works of Pirogov put forward Russian surgery to one of the first places in the world.
The First Moscow Medical Institute is named after Pirogov.
The main merit of Pirogov during the Crimean War was the organization of a clear military medical service. Pirogov proposed a well-thought-out system for evacuating the wounded from the battlefield. He also created new form medical care in the war - proposed to use the work of sisters of mercy, i.e. anticipated the creation of the international organization of the Red Cross. Much of what he did in those early years was used by Soviet doctors during the Great Patriotic War.
The people knew and loved Pirogov. He treated everyone: from a poor peasant to members of royal family- and always did it disinterestedly. Once Pirogov was invited to the bed of the wounded hero of the Italian people Garibaldi. None of the most famous doctors in Europe could find the bullet lodged in his body. Only a Russian surgeon managed to remove the bullet and cure the famous Italian. The wounded called him none other than the “wonderful doctor”, at the front there were legends about his skill as a surgeon. Once, the body of a dead soldier was brought to Pirogov's tent. The body was missing a head. The fighters explained that they were following the head, now Professor Pirogov would “Tie” it somehow, and the dead soldier would return to duty again.
Soon after returning from Sevastopol to the capital, Pirogov left the Medico-Surgical Academy and devoted himself entirely to pedagogical and social activities. He was appointed trustee of the Odessa, and then the Kyiv educational district. As a teacher, Pirogov published a number of essays. They aroused great interest. They were read in deaf exile by the Decembrists. Pirogov called for making knowledge accessible to the people - "to make science public". But Pirogov fell out of favor with the authorities - at every corner he tried to expose the quartermasters who stole soldiers' rations, sheets, lint and medicines, and diatribes were not in vain for Nikolai Ivanovich. The great scientist boldly declared that all classes and all nationalities, including the smallest, have the right to education. The scientist's new views on school and education provoked furious attacks from officials, and he had to resign. In 1861, he settled in his estate "Cherry" near Vinnitsa and lived there until the end of his life.
In May 1881, the 50th anniversary of Pirogov's scientific and social activities was solemnly celebrated. On this day, he was presented with an address from St. Petersburg University, written by I.M. Sechenov. For love for the Motherland, tested by hard disinterested work, for the steadfastness and independence of convictions of a truly honest person, for talent and loyalty to the obligations assumed, Sechenov called Pirogov "a glorious citizen of his land." The talent and great heart made the name of the scientist-patriot immortal: the streets and squares of many cities, scientific institutes bear his name, the Pirogov Prize is awarded for the best works on surgery, the so-called “Pirogov Readings” are held annually on the day of the scientist’s memory, and the Pirogov’s house, where he spent last years turned into a museum.
N.I. Pirogov was a passionate smoker and died of a cancerous tumor in his mouth. The great surgeon was 71 years old. His body, with the consent of the church authorities, was embalmed with a special compound developed by the scientist shortly before his death. Embalming was carried out entirely on the initiative of the widow - Pirogov himself wanted to be buried in the ground under the linden trees of his estate.
Above the tomb is the church of St. Nicholas. The tomb is located at some distance from the estate: the wife was afraid that the descendants might sell the Pirogov estate and therefore acquired another land plot. The remains of Pirogov, untouched by time, are still kept in the museum named after him in the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa, in the family tomb. Alexandra Bistorm outlived her husband by 21 years.
On September 9, 1947, the opening of the memorial museum-estate of N.I. Pirogov, created in the village of Sheremetka (later - Pirogovo) in the Vinnitsa region. Here in 1861-1881. there was the estate "Cherry", the estate of the "first surgeon of Russia", where he spent the last years of his life. However, only a few original exhibits from the former museum of N.I. Pirogov, who at one time was in St. Petersburg. Most of the Pirogovo rarities exhibited in the museum-estate were presented in the form of copies.
Internet resources used:
yaca.yandex.ru/yca/cat/Culture/Organizations/Memorial_museum/2.html
news.yandex.ru/people/pirogov_nikolaj.html ·
http://www.hist-sights.ru/node/7449
